Birth rate

Definition: the average number of the children born for every 1000 people

This calculation is the total number of births divided by the total number of people in that population,
including men, women and children. This is then multiplied by 1000. So. . . if we have 400,000 births in
PA, and we have 700,000 residents of PA the birth rate would be:

(400,000 / 700,000) * 1000 = 571 births for every 1000 people in PA.

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Fertility rate:

The number of pregnancies per 1,000 women of childbearing age.

Similar to birth rate the general fertility rate is calculated per 1000 people. But in this case those people
are only women, ages 15-44. Why those ages?

Because that is the average reproductive lifespan of a female, the time during a woman's life in which
most children are born. So back to our PA example. We still have 400,000 births but now our rate is
calculated using only women, ages 15-44. So say that number is 500,000.

But sometimes these large numbers can get confusing so we can also calculate the TFR. This calculation
gives us the average number of children, per woman in a given population. This is calculated regardless
of age. This calculate is a little more complicated to do so we won't get into that but we can explain the
results. If PA has a TFR of 2 that would mean that, on average, there are 2 children for every woman in
PA.

This number is important because in order for a population to stay stable, the total fertility rate needs to
be 2.1 or higher. Meaning, on average, there are 2.1 children born for every female during her lifetime.

The fertility rate of a country is a figure that reflects the number of children a woman would give birth to
under two conditions:

1. the woman were to experience age-specific fertility rates

2. 2. if the woman were to survive through her reproductive child-bearing years. Statistically, this
means ages 15 to 44, or in some cases, ages 15 to 49.
Factors

1. Religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms. Examples: Prohibition of the use of
contraceptives, girls marring at an early age
2. Limited knowledge on family planning
3. Cost of raising and educating children.Rates tend to be lower in developed countries, where
raising children is much more costly because children don't enter the labor force
until their late teens or early twenties.
4. Urbanization.
People living in urban areas usually have better access to family planning services
and they tend to have fewer children than those living in rural areas where children are needed
to perform essential tasks.
5. Importance of children as a part of the labor force.
Rates tend to be higher in developing countries
(especially in rural areas,
where children begin working to help raise crops at an early age).
6. Educational and employment opportunities for women.
TFRs tend to be low when women have access to education and paid
employment outside the home.
In developing countries, women with no education generally have
two more children than women with a secondary school education.
7. Infant mortality rate.
In areas with low infant mortality rates, people tend to have
less children because fewer children die at an early age.
8. Availability of legal abortions.According to the UN and the World Bank, an estimated
26 million legal abortions and 20 million illegal (and often unsafe)
abortions are performed worldwide each year among the roughly
190 million pregnancies per year