Electronics Navigational Aids and Devices Radio Navigation – with radio navigation,  The range of Decca is around 400

 The range of Decca is around 400 nautical

position is determined by measuring the travel time miles during daylight.
Navigation of an electromagnetic wave as it moves from the tx  During night the range reduces 200 to 250
- is the art and science of plotting, asserting or to rx. nautical miles.
directing the course of movement 2 types:
- navigate, Latin navigare = “ to sail” * Terrestrial Broadcast
navis – ship * Space – Based Broadcast Decca Accuracy:
agere – to move  Accuracy of DECCA depends on:
- “where you are and being able to find your Terrestrial Broadcast - Width of lanes
way around”  DECCA - Angle cut of hyperbolic lines of position
 OMEGA - Instrumental errors
Methods of Navigation  LORAN - Propagation errors
 Wandering Decca parameters:
 Celestial Navigation DECCA  Baseline length –
 Piloting - the DECCA navigator System was hyperbolic  Pattern - a set of hyperbolic lines of position
 Dead Reckoning low frequency radio navigation system ( also from the master to one of the slaves
 Radio or Electronic Navigation known as multilateration) that was first deployed  Lane – the interval to adjacent hyperbolas in
during WW2 when the Allied Forces needed a w/c the signals are in phase. Lanes were
Wandering – is simply continuing to travel about until system w/c could be used to achieve accurate grouped into zones.
you reach your destination assuming you have one. landings. Decometers – a device that compares the in phase
freq; take the phase difference
Celestial Navigation – direction and distance are Decca Components: - it tells you what lane or zone is your location
determined from precisely timed sightings of celestial  The Decca Navigator System Consisted of Lanes:
bodies, including the stars and moon. It works best at a number of land-based stations organized Red: 0 to 23
night. into chains. Green: 30 to 47
 Each chain consisted of a Master station Purple: 50 to 79
Piloting – is fixing a position and direction with and three ( occasionally two) Slave Zone: A – J
respect to familiar significant landmarks, such as stations, termed Red, Green and Purple.
railroad tracks, mountain peaks and bodies of water.  Ideally, the Slaves would be positioned at OMEGA
Devices: the vertices of an equilateral triangle with - was the first truly global radio navigation
 Alidade - is a device that allows one to sight the Master at the center. system for aircraft, operated by the US in
a distant object & use light of sight to  Master – Slave distance is also known as cooperation with other nations
perform a task baseline length typically 60 – 120 nautical - it has 8 tx and 6 partner nations
 stadimeter – used to measure distance from a miles. - John Alvin Pierce – father of Omega
given landmark by knowing the specific Miles or statue = 5280 ft - Operation: VLF bet 10 to 14kHz
height of the landmark. Nautical miles = 6080 ft - 4 miles accuracy
Radar mile = 6000 ft - Sept. 30, 1997, all omega stations ceased
Dead Reckoning – is a navigation technique that  Pattern is a set of hyperbolic lines of operation
determines position by extrapolating series of position from the master to one of the - Needs at least 2 freqs from the tower
measured velocity increments. slaves. - Use phase difference comparison
- the term “dead” is derived from the word “  The patterns are termed Red, Green and 8 stations:
deduced”. Purple. A – Norway E – Madagascar
- Widely used method of navigation B – Liberia F – Argentina
Decca Range: C – Hawaii G – Australia
D – North Dakota H - Japan
Engr. MGDAYADAY Electronic Navigational Aids & Devices 1
LORAN ( Long Range Navigation) Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)(plane)
- is a terrestrial radio navigation system using - is a navigational aid that is used for
low freq radio tx that uses multiples tx automatic determination of relative
( multilateration) to determine location and/or bearing to a transmitting radio station or
speed of the rx. Non- Directional Beacon ( NDB)
- The current version of LORAN in common (ground)
use is LORAN-C, w/c operates in the low - it is also used for reception of weather
freq portion of the EM spectrum from 90 to information and other broadcast program.
110 kHz. - Freq of operation; 190 to 1860 kHz
- Alfred Lee Loomis, inventor - Signal Modulation: AM
- Originally known as LRN ( Loomis Radio Non-Directional Beacon – is a radio tx at a known
Navigation) location, used as an aviation or marine navigational
- Use distance, speed and time aid.
LORAN – A - omnidirectional antenna
- range was 700 miles ( day) & 1400 miles - 190kHz and 535 kHz ( below AM)
( night)
- 1750 kHz, 1850kHz, 1900kHz and 1950kHz VHF Omnidirectional Frequency ( VOR)
LORAN C - is a short range navigation aid operating
- EM spectrum from 90 to 110 kHz in the VHF band w/c provides the pilot
- 0.1 to 0.25 n mile accuracy with a track to steer to the VOR beacon
- PT peak = 100 kW to 400 MW and also deviate left or right of any
Other LORANS selected track.
- Freq of operation: 108 to 117. 95 MHz
LORAN B
- phase comparison variation of LORAN A Distance Measuring Equipment ( DME)
LORAN D - the DME measures distance through air
- short-range tactical system designed for US ( slant range) from the aircraft to DME
AF bombers ground station.
- a mobile LORAN - It is used primarily for position fixing en
eLORAN ( enhanced LORAN) route separation, approach to an airport,
- accuracy ±8m avoiding protected air space and
- competitive w/ enhanced GPS calculating ground speeds.
- more affordable than GPS - Freq of operation: 1025 – 1150 MHZ
( Tx)
Air Navigational Aids 962 – 1213 MHZ ( Rx)
 ADF ( Automatic Directional Finder) Low Range Radio Altimeter ( LRRA)
 VOR ( VHF Omnidirectional range) - The LRRA system measures the absolute
 DME ( Distance Measuring Equipment) aircraft height above the terrain. The
 LRRA ( Low Range Radio Altimeter) Flight Displays ( PFD) show the Radio
 GPWS ( Group Proximity Warning System ) Altitude ( RA)
 TCAS ( Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Radio Altimeter and Radar Altimeter
System) - Can flight give altitude up to 2500 ft from
 ILS ( Instrument Landing System ) the tip of the terrain.
Barometer Altimeter – measure altitude w/ respect
to the sea level.
Ground Proximity Warning System ( GPWS)
- the purpose of GPWS is to alert the flight
crew of the existence of an unsafe condition
due to terrain proximity.
- The GPWS gives the crew visual and voice
warnings when the aircraft flight path and
position w/ respect to terrain.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
(TCAS)
- the TCAS alerts crew of potential conflicts w/
other airplanes in the areas.
- Visual & aural
- Forms of TCAS:
o TCAS I
o TCAS II
o TCAS III
TCAS 1:
- 1st Generation for general aviation use
- generate collision workings in the form of a “
Traffic Advisory”
- its up to the pilot to avoid; advisory (warning)
- “clear of traffic”
TCAS 2:
- 2nd current generation
- used in the majority of commercial aviation
aircraft
- offers recommended resolution advisory
( RA)
- move right or left advisory
TCAS 3:
- next generation
- resolve traffic using horizontal as well as
vertical advisory.
Instrumentation Landing System ( ILS)
- is the radio system enabling aircraft to locate
the selected runway, adopt the correct glide
slope and approach in all weather conditions.
- It gives lateral and vertical guidance in
approach to a runway
- Freq of operation: 108 – 111.95 MHZ
- Signal Modulation: AM

Engr. MGDAYADAY Electronic Navigational Aids & Devices 2

Glide Scope – transmits two beams to give vertical  165 m vertically GLONASS Satellites:
guidance over the glide path.  185 m 3D - each satellite of GLONASS was named
- the glide path has an angle of approximately  time transfer accuracy URAGAN ( Hurricane)
3 degrees to UTC within 340 - 1st generation GLONASS Satellites was name
- freq of operation: 329.3 – 335 MHZ nanosec URAGAN
Marker Beacon System – gives information about the Precise Positioning Services ( PPS) - 2nd generation GLONASS Satellites was
distance of the runway - is a highly accurate military positioning, named URAGAN – M
- there are 3 marker beacons at fixed distances velocity and timing service that is - 3rd generation GLONASS Satellites was
from the runway. available on a continuous, worldwide named URAGAN-K
 Outer beacon basis to users authorized by the DOD GLONASS SYSTEM:
 Middle beacon - PPS will provide predictable positioning No. of satellites: 24
 Inner beacon accuracy 95% of the time at least No. of Orbital Planes: 3
Freq of operation: 75 MHZ  22m horizontally Separation of Orbital Planes: 120 deg
 27.7m vertically No. of Satellites / Orbital Plane: 8
LOCALIZER  35.4m 3D Angle of Inclination: 64.8 deg
- lateral guidance ( right, left or center of the  time transfer accuracy Altitude: 19,100km
runway) to UTC w/in 200 Orbital Period: 11 hrs 15 min
- transmits 2 beams nanosec
 150Hz in the right Galileo
 90 Hz in the left NAVSTAR GPS System - is intended to provide more precise
- freq of operation: 108 – 111.95 MHz No. of satellites: 24 measurements than available through GPS or
- singal modualiton: AM No. of Orbital Planes: 6 GLONASS ( Galileo will be accurate down to
Satellite Navigational System Separation of Orbital Planes: 60 deg the meter range)
 NAVSTAR GPS No. of Satellites / Orbital Plane: 4 - has better positioning services at high
 GLONASS Angle of Inclination: 55 deg latitudes and independent positioning system
Altitude: 20, 200km Galileo Services:
 Galileo
Orbital Period: 12 hours There are 4 services offered by Galileo Satellite
 VIDO ( China)
system:
NAVSTAR GPS
GLONASS  Open Service ( OS)
- stands for Navigation System with Time and
- is a radio-based satellite navigation  Commercial Services ( CS)
Ranging.
system, developed by the Soviet Union  Public Regulated Services ( PRS)
- GPS stand for Global Positioning System
and now operated for the Russian  Safety of Life Service ( SoL)
- NAVSTAR = was developed by US
government by the Russian Space Forces. Galileo Satellite System:
Department of Defense to provide
- It is an alternative and complementary to No. of satellites: 30
continuous, highly precise position, velocity
the United State’s Global Positioning No. of Orbital Planes: 3
and time information to land, sea, space –
System ( GPS) and planned Galileo Separation of Orbital Planes: 120 deg
based users.
positioning system or the European Union No. of Satellites / Orbital Plane: 10
GPS Services
(EU) Angle of Inclination: 56 deg
- Standard Positioning System ( SPS)
- Precise Positioning System ( PPS) Altitude: 23,222km
GLONASS Services: Orbital Period: 12 years
Standard Positioning Services ( SPS)
 GLONASS use 2 types of signals and
- is available to all GPS users on a continuous
FDMA technique:
and worldwide basis.
 Standard Precision ( SP)
- Will provide a predictable positioning
 Obfuscated High
accuracy that 95% if the time within
Precision (HP)
 100 m horizontally
Engr. MGDAYADAY Electronic Navigational Aids & Devices 3
Engr. MGDAYADAY Electronic Navigational Aids & Devices 4