PIPE

CLASS, MATERIAL & THICKNESS

on Shipbuilding Application

Hari Prastowo
the Department of Marine Engineering ITS

SCOPE OF CLASS RULES

ON PIPING SYSTEMS

Apply to piping systems, including valves, fittings and

pumps, which are:
1. Necessary for the operation of the main propulsion
and its auxiliaries and equipment
2. Piping systems used in operation of the ship,
whose failure could directly or indirectly impair
the safety of the ship or cargo
3. Piping systems which are dealt with other sections
of the rules
DOCUMENTS FOR CLASS APPROVAL
1. Engine room arrangement plan
2. Diagrammatic plans (incl. detail
necessary e.g. list of valves,
fittings, and pumps) of:
 Steam lines & Condensate system
 Boiler feed water system
 Thermal Oil system
 FO system (Bunkering, Transfer, and
Supply lines)
 Cooling system (SW and FW)
 LO system
 Starting & compressed air system
 Exhaust gas system
 Bilge system & Ballast system
 Air, overflow, and sounding pipes
including detail of filling pipe cross
section
 Domestic water supply (SW and FW
system incl Drinking water )
 Sanitary / sewage discharge piping
 Equipment for the treatment and
storage of bilge and oil residues
3.Remotely controlled valves
 Diagrammatic piping plans and
diagrammatic plans of location of piping
and control stand in the ship
 Diagrammatic plans and Electrical
Circuit Diagrams of the Control Station
and Power Units, Drawings of as well
as the remotely controlled valves,
control stands, and the corresponding
pressure accumulator
4.For steam lines with working
temperatures > 400 C:
 The Calculation of Corresponding
Stress
 Isometric Data

CLASSIFICATION
OF PIPES
References:
1. Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia / Germanische Lloyd
2. American Bureau of Shipping
3. Piping Hand book
 PIPING SYSTEM: GENERAL DEFINITION
1. Source: source where the fluid
from. i.e.: Tanks & Sea Chest
(4) Regulator 2. Transporter: a means to
transport fluids i.e.: Pipes
(2) Transporter
3. Power Supply: power to make
(5) Sink fluids flow i.e.: Pumps (liquid) &
Compressor (gas)
(3) Power Supply 4. Regulator: components to
regulate flow (pressure, flowrate,
(1) Source direction, temperature, etc) i.e.:
fittings, ellbow, valves, heater,
cooler, etc.
5. Sink: destination where the fluid
is transfered. i.e.: tanks,
overboard, etc

PIPE SPECIFICATION
1. DIAMETER
• Related to the flowrate
• Q = A * v = [ π (D˄2) /4 ] * [velocity of flow]
• Q  by Design, or by Rules or standard, or by Project Guide or
Manufacturer’s recommendation.
• Velocity  by rules or standard, or by recommendation
2. MATERIAL
• strength (due to pressure or temperature)
• property of fluid (corrosive, toxic, flammable, etc)
• Class recommendation
3. THICKNESS
• Strength (Pressure or Temperature)
• Usually expressed as “Schedule Number”
PIPE SIZE (1)
• Initially a system known as Iron Pipe Size (IPS) was established
to designate the pipe size. The size represented the
approximate inside diameter of the pipe in inches.
• To begin, each pipe size was produced to have one thickness,
which later was termed as standard (STD) or standard weight
(STD.WT.).
• As the industrial requirements demanded the handling of
higher-pressure fluids, pipes were produced having thicker
walls, which came to be known as:
• extra strong (XS) or extra heavy (XH), and
• double extra strong (XXS) or double extra heavy (XXH) walls
while the standardized outside diameters are unchanged.

PIPE SIZE (2)

• The need for thinner wall pipe resulted in a new method of
specifying pipe size and wall thickness. The designation known
as Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) replaced IPS, and the term schedule
(SCH) was invented to specify the nominal wall thickness of
pipe.
• Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of pipe
size. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the
specific size designation number without an inch symbol.
• For example: NPS 2 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is
2.375 in. The NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter
greater than the size designator (say, 2, 4, 6, . . .). However, the
outside diameter of NPS 14 and larger pipe is the same as the
size designator in inches.
 PIPE SIZE (3)
• Diameter nominal (DN) is also a dimensionless designator of pipe size in the metric unit
system, developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO). It indicates standard
pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without a millimeter
symbol. For example, DN 50 is the equivalent designation of NPS 2.

THICKNESS OF PIPE
• A schedule number indicates the approximate value of the expression 1000
P/S, where P is the service pressure and S is the allowable stress, both
expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).

• Schedule is expressed in numbers (5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 20S, 30, 40, 40S, 60,
80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160).

• The higher the schedule number, the thicker the pipe is. The outside
diameter of each pipe size is standardized. Therefore, a particular nominal
pipe size will have a different inside diameter depending upon the schedule
number specified.

• Note that the original pipe wall thickness designations of STD, XS, and XXS
have been retained; however, they correspond to a certain schedule
number depending upon the nominal pipe size. The nominal wall thickness
of NPS 10 and smaller schedule 40 pipe is as same as that of STD.WT. pipe.
Also, NPS 8 and smaller schedule 80 pipe has the same wall thickness as XS
pipe.
TYPE OF PIPES ON SHIPS
Regarding type of seamings:
• Seamless pipe  small diameter (< 8”), high press
• Seam-weld pipe  large diameter
Regarding type of materials: Cast-Steel
• Metal Ferous
Steel
• Non metal Cast-Iron
Non-Ferous
Al
PVC Composite Cu
Pipe Thickness: schedule no.  depends upon working pressure
and temperature of the system
Pipe Materials: see Classification Rules for approved materials

SEAMLESS PIPES
Application of Steel as approved material

Approved material for Castings (valves, fittings, pipes)

Application of Non-ferrous & Non-metallic materials

PIPE CLASSES ref. to GL

CLASSES OF PIPING SYSTEMS ref. to ABS

CLASSES OF PIPING SYSTEMS in General

 APPROVED MATERIALS AND TYPES OF CERTIFICATE

CERTIFICATION OF PIPING COMPONENTS

1. ABS certification
• This involves design approval of the component, as
applicable, and testing in accordance with the standard of
compliance at the manufacturer’s plant.

2. Design approval
• the piping components are to meet applicable recognized
standard, or are to be design-approved by the Bureau.
• For the latter purpose, pipe fittings and valves are to be
evaluated for their adequacy for the rated pressures and
temperatures,
• and, as applicable, type inspection and testing are to be
conducted as part of the design evaluation process.
 CERTIFICATION OF PIPING COMPONENTS
3. Manufacturer certification
• the manufacturer is to certify that the piping component
complies with the standard to which the component is
designed, fabricated and tested, and to report the results
of tests so conducted.
• For Class III components, manufacturer’s trademark,
pressure/temperature rating and material identification,
as applicable, stamped or cast on the component and
verifiable against the manufacturer’s catalog or similar
documentation will suffice.

CERTIFICATION OF PIPING COMPONENTS

4. Identification
• Where indicated as ‘permanent’ in 4-6-1/Table 2, the piping
component is to bear permanent identification, such as
manufacturer’s name or trademark, standard of compliance,
material identity, pressure rating, etc., as required by the
standard of compliance or the manufacturer’s specification.
• Such markings may be cast or forged integral with, stamped
on, or securely affixed by nameplate on the component, and
are to serve as a permanent means of identification of the
component throughout its service life.
• Where indicated as ‘temporary’, the pipe is to have
identification for traceability during fabrication.
 CALCULATION
OF THE REQUIRED
PIPE THICKNESS

Ref:
1. BKI vol III: Rules for Machinery Installations, 1996
2. Lloyd’s Register of Shipping: Rules and Regulations for
the Classification of Ships’
PARAMETERS OF
PIPE THICKNESS
• Material of the pipe
• Working Pressure & Temperature
• Allowance for Corrosion
• Allowance for Manufacturing Tolerance
• Allowance for Bending (for pipes bend)

CALCULATION OF PIPE THICKNESS

S = So + c + t + b
S = Minimum required thickness [mm]
So = calculated thickness [mm]
c = allowance for corrosion [mm]
t = allowance for manufacturing tolerance [mm]
b = allowance for bending [mm]
CALCULATED THICKNESS

So = (da . Pc) / (20. σ.v + Pc)

So = calculated thickness [mm]

da = outside diameter [mm]
Pc = design pressure [bar]
σ = max permissible design stress [N/mm2]
v = weld efficiency factor

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DESIGN STRESS

(σ )
The maximum permissible design stress (σ) is to be
taken from the lowest value of the followings:
• σ = R(at)/2.7
R(at) = specified min tensile strength at ambient temp
• σ = E(t)/1.6
E(t) = specified lower yield strength, or 0.2% proof stress at design
temp
• σ = Sr/1.6
Sr = average stress to produce rapture in 100 000 hrs at the design
temp
CORROSION ALLOWANCE
(for carbon steel pipes)

Type of system c [mm]

Superheated-steam, Hydraulic, Lub oil 0.3
Closed circuits, Refrigerants,
0.5
copper-nickel alloy pipes
Saturated-steam, Fresh-water, Compressed-air, Fuel,
1.0
copper & brass pipes
Open-circuit, boiler-blowdown, 1.5
Steam heating coils, Cargo oil. 2.0
Sea-water lines 3.0
NOTE: For pipes passing through a tank  need additional allowance for external
corrosion

MANUFACTURE ALLOWANCE

Is the allowance for negative tolerance of

manufacturing process

t = [a / (100-a)] . So ….[mm]

a = negative tolerance on thickness [%]

So = calculated wall thickness [mm]
 BENDING ALLOWANCE
Bending process causes ‘reduced-thickness’ at the
outside radius of the pipe bend.

b = 0.4 (da/R) So …[mm]

da = outside diameter of pipe [mm]
R = bending radius (usually > 3D) [mm]
So = calculated thickness [mm]

CHOICE OF PIPE THICKNESS

• Depends on what system and what location in which

the pipe located.
• Category (N, M, or D) for thickness ref. to table 11.4
• Pipe thickness ref to table 11.5 (acc. to category and
diameter)
• The table gives minimum thickness, the choice of
thickness should refer to industrial standards.
• Pay attention on the certain location in which pipes
should not be installed
STEEL PIPE THICKNESS (table 11.4 BKI)

Living Quarter

Weather Deck
F.W. DrinkTk

Pump Room
Cargo holds
Ballast Tank
Void spaces
location

Cargo Tank
F.O. Tank
L.O. Tank
vs
system

E/R
Bilge M D M X @
Ballast M D X @ M
M X
Seawater D X M
F.O. D N X
X
L.O. M @ X X N @
N
Steam M M M @ N M
N
FW Feed wtr X X
M X X
FW Drinking X N N X X
FW Cooling D D X X
X = pipes are NOT to be installed @ = need class approvals

MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS (table 15.4 BKI)

 Engine Cooling pipe
made of galvanized
steel

FO pipes made of
non galvanized cast
iron