Professional Documents
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Changes shown by ç
SCOPE
I ç 1.1 This practice covers the design of systems and equipment for supplying power to essential instrumentation
and other essential services. This practice does not cover d-c power supplies internal to or integrated within
instrument, control and protective systems but does cover the a-c feeds to these systems, see IP 15-7-1.
I 1.2 An asterisk (V ) indicates that additional information is required. If a job is contracted, this additional
information is furnished in the Job Specification.
DEFINITIONS
V
I 3.1 Essential Instrumentation and controls when specified include the following:
a. Transmitters, controllers, recorders, indicators
b. Computers, digital control systems, and related equipment unless otherwise specified
c. Stream analyzers unless otherwise specified
d. Startup, sequence, shutdown, and emergency trip systems
e. Actuators
f. Annunicators, monitors, alarms, telemetry
g. Drives in purging, pressurizing, and air conditioning systems necessary to instrumentation
V
I 3.2 When specified, other essential services that may be fed from the instrument and essential services power
supply, include (but are not limited to) the following:
a. Radio or other communications equipment needed during a power outage.
b. Control house (or room) emergency lighting.
c. Drives in purging, pressurizing, and air conditioning systems necessary for maintaining a non
hazardous (unclassified) building area classification.
d. Boiler drum gage glass lighting.
e. Motor operated valves in emergency service.
I 3.3 Non-essential services are those loads which are not required during general power outages, and whose
loss may also be tolerated during infrequent maintenance and repair of their power supply.
I 3.4 Tolerable transfer and outage times are the longest supply interruption which will not have a significant
effect on process or equipment operation.
V
I 3.5 Each unit or group of units considered critical and independent to plant operations will be specified by
the Owner's Engineer. As a guide for large plants, a unit or group of units are defined as critical and
independent if they can operate without the other(s) and they represent or are needed for 20% or more of
plant throughput. The unit(s) can be process units, utilities, or other non process units. Facilities not
meeting the 20% rule may also be defined as critical and independent for commercial reasons.
DOCUMENTATION
O,M 4.1 One-line diagrams shall cover all equipment up to and including distribution panels, and shall show the
following:
a. All power connections
b. Metering
c. Identification of normal and standby equipment and circuits, and means of initiating switching to and
from standby
d. Transformer connections (delta, wye)
e. System grounding
f. Bus ampere ratings
g. Breaker and fuse ratings
O ç 4.2 Equipment ratings, provided with the one-line diagram, shall include:
a. Batteries: Ampere-hour rating along with discharge rate and ambient temperature at which it applies,
number of cells, recommended float voltage, maximum ambient temperature, and maximum equalize
voltage.
b. Battery chargers and rectifiers: Maximum output current at rated voltage, maximum output voltage.
c. Inverters:
1. Output voltage, frequency, watts, and volt-amperes.
2. Maximum steady state tolerance, at any load from zero to rated, for percent harmonics, voltage
deviation and frequency deviation. Also, provide the range of load power factor, input (d-c)
voltage, and ambient (room) temperature for which these tolerances hold.
3. Minimum and maximum voltage, and time to recover rated voltage, upon sudden application or
removal of rated load at rated power factor.
d. Stabilizers:
1. Output voltage, watts, and volt-amperes.
2. Maximum steady state tolerance, at any load from zero to rated, for percent harmonics (a-c
stabilizers) and voltage deviation. Also, provide the range of load power factor (a-c stabilizers),
input voltage, input frequency (a-c stabilizers), and ambient (room) temperature for which these
tolerances hold.
3. Minimum voltage, and time to recover rated voltage, upon sudden application of rated load at
rated power factor.
e. Transfer and Bypass Switches: Amperes, switching time
f. Generators:
1. Voltage, number of phases, output power, and power factor.
2. Maximum steady state tolerance, at any load from zero to rated load/phase, for percent
harmonics and voltage deviation both for balanced load and for single-phase load only.
3. Minimum and maximum voltage, and time to recover rated voltage, upon sudden application or
removal of rated load.
4. Rated voltage (saturated) subtransient, transient, and synchronous reactance; rated current
(unsaturated) subtransient, transient, and synchronous reactance.
5. No load and full load current decrement curves for 3-phase, line-to-line, and line-to-ground short
circuits. Curves shall be provided for operation with and without the effects of the voltage
regulator.
O 4.3 A load list covering each load shall include the following:
a. Load classification per Par. 5.1.
b. Voltage, frequency, and total harmonic distortion tolerances, if critical.
c. kVA (rms) at full load, and inrush on energizing.
d. Range of power factor from no load to full load.
e. Crest factor (peak current/rms current) at full load and minimum load.
f. Peak current at full load and minimum load.
g. RMS current at full load.
O,M ç 4.4 Operation and maintenance manuals shall be furnished by the vendor supplying each (a-c or d-c) system.
Manuals shall be written specifically for the equipment being furnished and shall contain (but not be limited
to) the following information:
a. Procedures for the installation, commissioning, operation and shutdown of the system.
b. Procedures for maintenance and trouble-shooting of the system utilizing shop test results as a basis.
c. Results of shop tests.
d. Complete Bill of Materials, Parts List and set of final “as-built" drawings.
e. Full description of each alarm including initiating conditions, effects on transfer status and further
implications.
f. Full description of all conditions that will initiate or inhibit transfer.
R,O 4.5 A coordination study shall be prepared and shall demonstrate the selectivity of circuit protective devices
throughout each system. The study shall consider all protective devices in the system, including those
protecting individual loads and subfeeders downstream of the distribution panel in the stabilizing and
distribution section. Where system components have a current limiting effect, the study shall include the
bases other than time - current curves used to establish selectivity. The study shall identify any fault
locations, and ranges of fault current, for which fault clearing time exceeds the tolerable outage time of any
affected instrumentation (as established by the load classification per Par. 5.1). The effect of battery
internal resistance shall be considered in the study. The coordination study shall be furnished on two
occasions:
a. Before final protective device characteristics are specified. This issue of the coordination study is
preliminary and need only be complete and accurate enough to verify that proper ranges and types of
protective devices have been selected.
b. When the coordination study is presented for final approval.
R,O 4.6 Each designated a-c and d-c power supply vendor shall furnish the o
f llowing information for use by
contractor in preparing the coordination study:
a. Time vs. current characteristic curves of all protective devices in the equipment components furnished.
b. Data to assist the contractor in selecting protective devices for the battery which will be selective with
other protective devices in the stabilization and distribution sections.
c. Data to assist the contractor in selecting protective devices for the branch circuit feeders in the power
distribution section panels which will be selective with upstream devices in the distribution and
stabilization sections.
d. Time-current characteristics of batteries (when supplied by designated vendor), battery chargers,
inverters and voltage stabilizers under short circuit conditions.
LOAD CLASSIFICATION
R,O 5.1 Classification of a-c essential instrumentation and other essential services loads shall be based on
the tolerable time of transfer between normal and standby supplies, as follows:
Note:
(1) Nominal transfer time approximately 10 seconds for diesel driven standby generator and may be 30
seconds or more if repeat start attempts are required.
V
R 5.2 Classification of d-c instrument power loads shall be by specification of tolerable outage time for each.
Particular attention shall be given to devices in shutdown circuits.
SOURCES OF POWER
R,O 6.1 Sources of power for control center power supplies shall be selected according with Figures 1a, 1b,
and 1c.
R,O ç 6.2 Control center power supply arrangements shall be provided per the following:
a. Figure 1d for control centers without standby generation
b. Control centers shall be provided with a standby power generator and essential services switchgear
per Figure 1e if any of the following conditions exist:
1. Instrument power is required for the control instruments or shutdown systems of boilers.
Examples of such loads are firewater, instrument air compression, or cooling water.
V 2. Instrument power is required for the operation of process, manufacturing, or utility units or any
essential services for which continuous operation during main power supply failure is specified.
O 6.3 Sizing of standby generator shall be based on total non diversified load of instruments and other loads
connected to essential services switchgear Bus A and B of Figure 1e.
R ç 6.4 A withdrawable type ASCO transfer switch, or equivalent, shall be used to supply essential services
switchgear unless it is not large enough to serve the expected load.
V
O,C 6.5 Generator driver shall be a diesel engine unless otherwise s pecified.
V
R ç 6.6 The driver for the standby instrument power generator shall be arranged for automatic starting. Manually
operated start and stop controls shall also be provided. Location of these controls will be specified.
V
O,M 8.8 Ground fault location. When specified by the Owner's Engineer, facilities shall be provided for each d-c
instrument power supply to allow maintenance personnel to locate and repair ground faults with minimum
shutdown time of operating circuits. Design of such facilities shall be approved by the Owner's Engineer.
M ç 8.9 The blocking diodes shown in Figure 2(a) for each incoming line supplying the d-c distribution panels
shall be physically located and mounted so that they may be safely removed and replaced with the panel
energized.
BATTERY SIZING
R,S ç 10.1 Design load for battery sizing purposes shall be:
a. For a-c systems. The full load rating of the inverter. Batteries supplying inverters shall not supply
other loads.
b. For d-c systems. The maximum demand of all loads supplied from the normal supply power
distribution panel of Figure 2(a).
S,R V 10.2 Batteries shall be sized for 1 hour operation at the end of design life (10 years minimum), without
charger, at design load, starting fully charged, and at specified minimum design ambient (1/2 hour is
sufficient if a standby generator is provided).
ALARMS
O,R ç 11.1 The following main power failure or standby power failure alarms shall be provided:
a. Loss of a-c to battery charger. The detecting device shall be connected to the load side of the
protective device or switch (including devices internal to the charger) closest to the charger in the
supply circuit.
b. Loss of a-c to d-c power supplies (same as for chargers).
c. Low battery voltage as measured on the charger side of the battery main fuse and switch.
d. Low a-c or d-c output voltage for voltage stabilizers.
e. Generator/driver trouble. Provide alarms for conditions of the generator and driver which could prevent
starting or cause improper operation or shutdowns (e.g., local generator breaker open, if any; regulator
switch off; low fuel supply, low lube oil pressure; high engine temperature; etc., as applicable. Provide
time delay alarms where necessary to prevent nuisance operations of alarms during driver startup).
f. Generator running
g. Generator startup failure
h. Transfer switch in “alternate" position (alarm for each switch)
i. Ground on battery or charger d-c circuits
j. Ground on load bus of d-c power supplies
k. Loss of synchronization for inverters
l. Essential services switchgear bus or generator fault
m. Essential services switchgear normal source or standby generator breaker out of position or cable tie
switch open.
n. Essential services switchgear transfer to generator
o. Essential services switchgear automatic transfer to normal source
p. Low battery charger or rectifier d-c output voltage
q. High battery charger or rectifier d-c output voltage
r. Bypass switch off normal position (alarm for each switch)
s. Battery discharging
S,O 11.2 Alarms specified in Par. 11.1 shall be supervised by local annunciators. A single alarm for each
annunciator shall be located in the control house (or room). Annunciators shall be provided with lamp test
facility for all alarms and with reflash facility to prevent initial alarm from blocking subsequent alarms. Local
annunication shall be provided by one of the following:
a. Annunciator panels located in the instrument power supply equipment room and in the generator or
essential services switchgear room (associated alarms only).
V b. When approved by the Owner's Engineer, one annunciator located in the instrument power supply
equipment room, if in close proximity to the generator and essential services switchgear.
c. The alarms displayed as an integral part of a vendor's equipment package and supplemental
annunication, if necessary. Vendor displayed alarms need not be duplicated in any supplementary
annunciator except for a common supervisory alarm.
S,R 11.3 Ionization type smoke detectors shall be provided per the following:
V a. Location. Smoke detectors shall be provided in each room containing control center or remote
instrument building essential services switchgear or instrument power supplies. The location and
number of smoke detectors shall be approved by the Owner's Engineer.
b. Installation. Smoke detectors shall be classified as safety critical devices. A common alarm for
each building's smoke detectors shall annunciate in the main control house (or room).
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT SUPPLY
R,O ç 12.1 A-c instrument power supplies. A single vendor shall be designated as the supplier for the a-c stabilizing
and distribution sections of Figure 2(b).
R,O ç 12.2 D-c instrument power supplies. A single vendor shall be designated as the supplier for the d-c stabilizing
and distribution sections of Figure 2(a).
VENDOR QUALIFICATION
R 12.3 Vendors of a-c and d-c power supply equipment including inverters, rectifiers, battery chargers, standby
generators, transfer and bypass switches shall, for each item to be supplied from the intended point of
manufacture, provide a user's list for comparable equipment. To qualify, the vendor must have at least two
applications of comparable equipment which have been in service for at least one year.
INVERTERS
V
C 12.14 Inverters shall be static type unless a non-static type is specified.
Where a static type is not available that meets the requirements of Vendor Qualification, a non-static type
may be proposed for approval by the Owner's Engineer. Inverters shall be sized to supply continuously their
instrument loads plus any a-c emergency lighting and boiler drum gage glass lighting they are to serve.
O,M ç 12.15 Static inverters shall have performance characteristics and s ynchronizing features as described below:
V a. Performance characteristics shall be as shown below for 0-100% load, at specified power factor
range and crest factor, for input voltage variations from the battery discharged or battery disconnected
value to the charger maximum output value, and for specified ambient temperature extremes:
Voltage ± 2%, steady state.
Frequency ± 1 Hz when operating on internal frequency reference.
Wave Shape (Output Voltage) Less than 5% Total Harmonic Distortion and no single harmonic to
exceed 3% rms.
Transient Maximum voltage variation after sudden application or removal of
full load shall not exceed the limits that can be successfully
tolerated by the loads served. Recovery to steady-state shall be
within 100 milliseconds.
b. Automatic synchronizing to maintain output voltage within ± 5 degrees of external reference signal,
provided the reference frequency stability is within ± 1 Hz. Upon failure of this reference, the inverter
shall maintain frequency as specified above until the external reference returns. The inverter shall then
automatically re-synchronize to the external reference. Rate of frequency change during synchronizing
shall not exceed 1 Hz.
O 12.16 Metering shall indicate output voltage, output current and output frequency.
O 12.17 Non-linear loads. Inverters shall be capable of supplying the actual load specified (including non-linear
loads e.g., switching-mode power supplies) without exceeding the performance requirements of Par. 12.15a.
If inverter rating is limited by peak amperes rather than rms amperes at the specified crest factor, then an
ammeter reading peak amperes shall be provided showing the maximum inverter rated peak amperes.
GENERATORS
R 12.18 Standby generators shall be brushless, a-c synchronous type, self-cooled and enclosed in a fully guarded
housing.
O 12.19 The vendor shall specify the capabilities of the generator and its excitation system, while under
automatic voltage regulator control, by providing: Percent of generator rated current that can be maintained
for a minimum of 2 seconds for any type of short circuit at the generator terminals.
R,O 12.20 Voltage regulation shall not exceed ± 5% for 0-100% of load rating and shall be by means of an electronic
regulator, preferably installed in the generator control panel.
O,M 12.21 Instruments, controls and indicators, readily accessible for maintenance and identified with permanently
affixed engraved nameplates, are required as follows:
a. Output voltmeter and ammeter (with phase selector switches if three phase).
b. Frequency meter with high and low alarm contacts.
c. Generator output voltage control adjuster.
d. Battery charger, d-c voltmeter and ammeter.
e. Alarm annunciator.
O 12.22 Speed governor for internal combustion engine drivers shall meet the following:
a. Adjustable Speed Range 30%
b. Maximum Steady-State Regulation 1.5%
c. Maximum Speed Variation ± 1.5%
d. Maximum Speed Rise 7%
e. Over-Speed Trip 110%
O ç 12.23 Synchronizing. Facilities shall be provided to allow one person at one location to perform the necessary
synchronizing and switching operations to momentarily parallel the incoming normal source and generator
circuit breakers on each bus of the essential services switchgear. Such operation is to permit manually
transferring from one source to the other on either bus without an interruption of load voltage. This only
applies to installations using circuit breakers rather than an ASCO transfer switch to power essential
services busses.
TRANSFER SWITCHES
R 12.27 Electromechanical switches shall be of the mechanically-held two-position switch type or mechanically
interlocked, two-contactor type. Total transfer time, even after prolonged idleness, shall be less than 100
milliseconds including failure detection time.
O ç 12.28 Solid-state switches shall be fully rated, bi-directional, and without employing wraparound contactors. They
shall have performance characteristics equal to those of inverters. Overall design shall be such that no
single contingency failure mode of the static switch results in a half wave rectified output to the load.
O ç 12.29 The following controls shall be provided on all transfer switches and the actuating devices for these
controls shall be so located or guarded to prevent accidental operation:
a. Controls permitting manually initiated transfers to either source.
b. A two-position selector switch controlling the automatic retransfer operation as described in Par. 9.5.
c. A manual transfer to bypass must always be achievable, even when the standby and inverter supplies
are not in synchronism.
O 12.30 Front-of-panel indication shall be provided on each transfer switch to show switch position.
O ç 12.31 Pilot lights shall indicate the incoming voltage for both the normal and alternate supply. Lamps shall be
neon, LED, or similar long-life lamp type.
O 12.32 Operation of contactor type transfer switches whose magnet coils are energized from system voltage shall
be coordinated with system protective devices to prevent contactor drop-out (and possible subsequent cyclic
transfer-retransfer operation) during periods of reduced system voltages caused by faults on the system.
INSTALLATION
S 14.1 Ventilation. Provisions shall be made for sufficient diffusion and ventilation of the gases from the batteries
to prevent the accumulation of an explosive mixture in the room where the battery is installed.
O 14.2 Heating and Cooling. The room or rooms in which the instrument power supply components are located
shall be provided with heating and cooling to maintain the room temperature within the limits specified by the
instrument power supply and battery vendors at both maximum and minimum loading. Heat losses of all
components shall be considered in calculating needed amounts of artificial heating and cooling.
TESTING
R,O ç 15.1 Shop tests. Each instrument power supply system including inverters, a-c or d-c voltage stabilizers, and
transfer switches, shall be given a shop test which includes the following:
a. Full load heat run for 48 hours with determination of efficiency and losses.
b. Transient voltage response with step load changes up to 100% load.
c. Output short circuit tests to establish ability of equipment to clear downstream faults. This test shall
also be used to prove the selectivity between all protective devices for the normal and standby
stabilization sections and protective devices in the down stream distribution sections.
d. Measurement of total transfer time including failure detection period.
e. Check all voltage and current wave shapes. Ability of inverters to meet the harmonic distortion and
crest factor requirements with the shop load used in this test does not relieve the vendor of the
responsibility of meeting the harmonic distortion and crest factor requirements when the inverter
supplies the actual load at the plant site.
f. Ability to sustain full rated load within tolerances during transfer and retransfer.
I 15.2 Witnessing tests. If the instrument power supply system is to be inspected, shop tests shall be witnessed
by the Inspector.
Revision Memo
1/69 Original Issue of Basic Practice 1/75 Revision 4
6/69 Revision 1 1/81 Revision 5
1/71 Revision 2 6/82 Revision 6
1/73 Revision 3 12/93 Revision 7
3/98 Revision 0 - Original Issue of International Practice
6/99 Revision 1
Par. 1.1 added description of equipment not covered by this practice. Par. 4.2 added battery ratings in subpar. a. Par. 4.4 added
new subpars. e & f. Par 6.2 editorial change in subpar b. Par. 6.4 revised requirements for transfer switch and deleted reference
to Figures 2 and 6. Par. 6.6 deleted reference to Figure 6(f). Par. 9.4 deleted reference to different class loads. Par. 9.6 revised
allowable transfer time for electro-mechanical switches. Par. 11.1 added R code and defined types of alarms, added new subpar.
s. Par. 12.8 added battery recharge to 90% of rated capacity. Par. 12.15 added M code and added battery disconnected value to
subpar. a. Par. 12.23 added that requirements do not apply to ASCO switches. Par. 12.28 added additional static switch
requirements. Par. 12.29 added new subpar. c. Par. 12.31 added LED type of lamps. Par. 12.38 added new subpar. d. Par.
13.1 deleted reference to Figure 2. Par. 15.1 added new subpar. f. Par. 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.6, 8.7, 8.9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8
10.1, 12.1, 12.2, revised Figure number. Old Figures 2, 6 and 7 deleted. Figure 1 editorial change in notes. Figure 2 deleted
note 2 and revised note numbers in figure. Figure 5 deleted/revised symbols and functions.
FIGURE 1
CONTROL CENTER POWER SUPPLY
Process A B Process
a,b,c,d a,b,c,d B A
Process Process Process
A B loads To Control loads
a,b,c,d a,b c,d
Center Bus A,B To Control
To Control loads loads loads
Center Bus A,B
Center Bus A,B Units with Single Secondary Units with Multiple Secondary
Units with Single Selective or Spot Network Selective or Spot Network
Radial Source Substation Source Substation Source Substations
(a) (b) (c)
From Source
From Source Substation(s)
Substation(s)
Stand By
Bus 1 Bus 2
Bus 1 Generator
Bus 2
Normal
Source
Non-
Essential
Process a,b,c,d Services Process a,b,c,d
Instrumentation Instrumentation
Control Center Power Supply Control Center Power Supply
Without Standby Generator With Standby Generator and
(d) Essential Services Switchgear
(e)
Notes:
(1) To a-c and d-c stabilizing and distribution sections of Figure 2.
* (2) Circuit breaker and terminals for connection of a load test cell when specified.
(3) Essential services switchgear with automatic transfer to standby generator.
(4) When approved by Owner's Engineer, Bus A and B loads may be supplied from upstream source secondary
* selective substations (Figure 1b or 1c).
160801f1
FIGURE 2
STABILIZING AND DISTRIBUTION SECTIONS
(See Figure 5 For Symbol And Function Legend)
A B A B A B
(Note 4)
(Note 4) (Note 4)
Normal supply for each Normal supply for each Common backup supply
unit (or group of units) boiler (or group of boilers)
specified as critical specified as critical
and independent and independent
160801f2
(a) d-c loads for control, alarms, and protective (shutdown) systems
FIGURE 2 (Cont)
A B B A A B
Stabilizing
Section
S S E
Power Distribution
Class I,II Section
Instruments Loads Class II
(Note 1, 4, & 6) Instruments Loads
With With
Batteries Batteries
FIGURE 2 (Cont)
V
A
A
A A
V V
SYNC
A
V F A
Class I V Class II
N A N A
WL S WL WL E WL
Bypass Switch
(3 Position) Transfer Switch
Inverter
Stabilizer
2 3
1
Pos Function
1 Bypass loads to
alternate supply (stabilizer)
Distribution Panel 2 Normal
3 Bypass load to
normal supply (inverter)
FIGURE 3
METERING FOR D-C SECTIONS
(See Figure 5 For Symbol And Function Legend)
WL WL WL WL
A V A
A
(a) Metering for d-c
Backup Supplies
V
FIGURE 4
BYPASS SWITCH NAMEPLATE (1)
WARNING
Note:
(1) Engrave white on red background
160801f4
FIGURE 5
SYMBOLS
(USED HEREIN, NOT MANDATORY FOR VENDOR)
GENERATOR
BATTERY CHARGER
OR RECTIFIER
INVERTER
A-C VOLTAGE
STABILIZER
D-C VOLTAGE
STABILIZER
TRANSFER SWITCH
E - ELECTROMECHANICAL
S - SOLID STATE
N - NORMAL SUPPLY
A - ALTERNATE SUPPLY
STORAGE BATTERY
DISCONNECT SWITCH
AND FUSE
MANUAL SELECTOR SWITCH
LINK
160801F5