_____________________________________________________

Seminar in Educational Research Preparation

The Effect of Social Media Exposure on Academic

Performance of Senior High School Students
Candylyn M. Ruiz, Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Management, La
Consolacion University Philippines. Candylynruiz@yahoo.com. +639066761009

Klineth A. Fabian, Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Management, La

Consolacion University Philippines. Madie.fabian@gmail.com. +639061299740

Kristine Hazel Q. Cabrera, Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational

Management, La Consolacion University Philippines. kristinehazelqc@gmail.com.
+639667790265

Ruffa B. Sunga, Master of Arts in Education Major in Mathematics, La Consolacion

University Philippines. ruffatuts@gmail.com. +639269882838
______________________________________________________________________

Abstract: The focus of the study is to determine the effect of social media exposure on the

academic performance of senior high school students of Masantol High School.

Questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The survey research method

was adopted, employing the questionnaire as an instrument of data collection. The

findings show that senior high school students of Masantol High School – Masantol

Pampanga have access to social media and that their exposure to social media is about

3.01 – 6 hours. Findings also show that Facebook is the most used social media by senior

high school students of Masantol High School. Based on the findings, the paper

concludes that too much exposure to social media by the senior high school students of

Masantol High School has negative effect on their academic performance. To this end,

1
the paper recommends that the students should pay minimal attention to social media and

focus more on their academic activities.

________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

In the century we live in, which is called the Digital age, computer and internet

have gained an absolutely central importance in human life, and social media had a

prominent role in this picture. Besides easy, cheap and fast access to information through

computers and the Internet, the expansion of the communication network is one of the

factors that lead individuals to use social media. The internet is now very vital in the

modern world. It has become an important instrument in education and social life such

that it is gradually becoming indispensable in the daily life of many people (Pew Internet

Research, 2004). The internet is a highly enlightening and entertaining medium, therefore

people engage in several activities on it; some of which may be potentially addictive. One

of such activities is the use of social media (Kuss & Griffiths 2011).

Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube and other

form of social media attract individuals of all ages and all classes, where users interact by

sharing photos, text, voice and data. Social media has functions such as creating public

awareness, mobilizing the masses and it is very important means of communication

among peers, families and all manner of persons all over the world.

Since students are highly motivated in using social media sites the majority of

them use these to satisfy their social needs more than their academic needs. They have

the freedom to do whatever they want- they can upload or download data, they can make

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new friends, and they can even create other online identities the real world does not

allow.

The magnitude of the use of these various platforms of social media have become

a cause for concern in recent times as this phenomenon has driven many researchers

across the globe to undertake studies in the area both from the psychology point of view

and the angle of communication studies. Like any other place in the world, users of social

media in our country can be affected by the Social media addiction phenomenon. Social

media addiction is a term used to describe a situation where a user spends too much time

on social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube and others) such that it

negatively affects other aspects of his or her daily life like school, work or relationship

with others (Walker, 2011). Addiction as described by the American Psychological

Association refers to a compulsive behaviour that leads to negative effects. According to

Pavlicek (2013) a social media addict can be considered as one with an urge to use social

media excessively. For instance, engaging in activities like “frequently checking status

updates and posts or "stalking" the profiles of other users for many hours” and this

behaviour or habit conflicts with his/her everyday responsibilities, such as family, school,

work or other social obligations.

Social networking is one of the most active web-based activities in the

Philippines, with Filipinos being declared as the most active users on a number of web-

based social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter. The use of

social media has become so extensive in the Philippines at the country has been tagged as

“The social networking capital of the world,” and has also become part of Filipino

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cyberculture (Wikepedia). And according to the survey conducted by comScore, Inc., a

global leader in measuring the digital world and preferred source of digital marketing

intelligence, Filipino internet users are the most engaged in social networking online, a

leading online audience measurement service for the past years.

Because of this issue, this study is based on the premised that there is a need to

determine the effect of social media exposure on academic performance of senior high

school students.

Objectives

The main objective of the study is to find the effect of social media exposure on

academic performance of senior high school students. The following objectives guided

the study:

1. To identify social networking sites visited by senior high school students.

2. To determine the exposure of senior high school students to social media networks.

3. To describe the students’ academic performance in terms of General Weighted

Average.

4. To determine the effect of social media exposure to senior high school students’

academic performance.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

In the process of conceptualizing the model of this study, different viewpoints,

studies and literatures of various experts and authorities were synthesized and collated to

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understand deeply the wider range of ideas underlying the effect of social media exposure

on academic performance of senior high school students.

In the study of Morallo (2014) on the effects of social networking sites on

students’ academic the results show that there is no significant relationship between

Social Networking Sites usage and student academic performance because correlation

coefficients show a negative relationship between SNSs use and academic performance.

Social media tools have enabled each user to become a content producer through

account/profile creation with the burst of web 2.0 technologies (Tekvar, 2012). Social

media contributes to the transformation of users from passive listeners to active content

producers and it makes it easier to stay connected and to produce content by providing

applications for different mobile devices and operating systems (Karasu & Arıkan, 2016).

Therefore, people use social media more widely than expected. Excessive, problematic,

and pathological use leads to personal, social, vocational and educational problems for

individuals (Griffiths Kuss & Demetrovics, 2014). There is no consensus among

researchers about identifying problematic social networking or Internet addiction

(Wegmann, Stodt & Brand, 2015), depending on the conceptual confusion surrounding

the problematic internet use classification.

People think that addiction usually involves substances use such as drugs or

alcohol. Uncontrollable habits or practices are also referred to as addiction (Harris, Nagy

& Vardaxis, 2014). In this sense, the concept of technological dependency has also been

used to describe the extreme Internet usage behaviors that arise due to developed

technologies (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012; Turel & Seronko, 2012).

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 The individual, who, with his desire to grow up, is constantly unsatisfied, has an

insatiable demand, and seeking personal fulfillment, begins to search for peace and

happiness in cyberspace, leading him to the Internet and social media. However, this

quest often results in the exact opposite, and individuals fail to find the peace they are

searching for, and they have great problems with both their working environment, friends

and family as well (Bulac, 2012).

Social media is a phrase being tossed around a lot. It is a website that does not just

give you information but interact with you while giving you information. It is a group of

internet based application that allows the creation and exchange of users generated

content. It is easy to confuse social media with social news because we often refer to

members of the news as the media.

Keol Lim and Ellen B Meier (2012), in their study clearly highlighted how and

why Korean students use Social Networking Sites and what are the advantages they find

by using Social Networking Sites. The study as such begins with the explanation of how

the number of international students getting admission in U S universities has increased.

It also refers to psychological experiences of international students such as disorientation,

nostalgic depressive reactions, and feelings of isolation, alienation and powerlessness.

However, international students may have limited ways to cope with stress, which could

lead to stress-related illnesses such as anxiety or depression.

Social media is the interaction among individuals in which they create, share

information and ideas in communities and also in networks. Social media rely on cell

phone and internet-based technologies for developing most interconnected platforms

which help people and groups to discuss, create, share out, and convert generated content

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Student is a scholar, or person connects to educational complex. In our Pakistan twelve-

year school is fall in category of 3 stages: Primary level, Secondary level and Higher-

level school. It contains5 years of a student to graduate through Primary level, 3 years for

Secondary level and 2 years for higher level school. Bachelor's degree is of 4 years and

after that 2 years of Master's degree. Basically, this study is about how social Media

networks effects the performance of students that how their grade points affected through

using such networks. Some most commonly used social Medias are Facebook, Skype,

twitter, YouTube, Google. In different countries a large number of researchers have been

work on this issue to evaluate this increasing trend among students. Most of the studies

presented the results in against Social Media and argued that it has negative results for

student and younger generation. According to this study social media has emerging

positive effect on the students and causes for their high results grade. These studies also

argued that students spent most of their time on such activates and easily completed their

home assignments and Projects. Students having age group of 23 were notice to like more

to use text messaging and web calling instant messaging by a significant margin. An

annual survey of ECAR made a collection of data and chooses undergraduates of 100

universities and colleges in USA. According to their statistics usage of social networking

in not much changed for young students. In a survey of 2007, in older students there is a

dramatic increase of social networking. As in 2007, up to 90.1 % of students having age

group of 18-24-year-old’s used sites of social networking and in 2010; this ratio had

increased by three points only. As compare to age group of 25-29-year old’s students,

increase in social networking in that time period increased by 38 points as from 57.6 % to

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85.7 %. In contrast Twitter, also, promotes social networking among students. It can be

used to increase communication skills and thinking among them.

Junco, Heibergert, and Loken et. al. (2011), a study is conducted on 132 students

in order to examine the relationship of social media and engagement of students with it&

social media and grades of students. To examine this relationship the students were

divided into two groups, one group use twitter and the other group did not use twitter

account. It was used to make discussions about study material, organize the study groups

in a manner, also post the announcements of class, and remain in touch with class

fellows. Junco and his coworkers (2011) surprised that the students of Twitter group

achieve greater GPAs and higher scores than the other group.

Examine by online mailing questionnaires to respondents that the Person having

smart phones are the most frequent users of social networking sites and have easy access

to these sites, more over it showed that junior and senior student are more interesting to

use twitter, LinkedIn and read blogs. twitter and LinkedIn having more rating by older

students to communicate and shared information and material with their friends and the

younger are frequent user of Facebook for their different activities while usage of such

media have no negative effect on students grades (J,S et al (2010).

Shambare, R et al. (2012), a study conducted on Social networking habits among

students their study indicates that such medias most commonly used by Younger’s and

Facebook is most widely using by a large number of communities and have multiple

effects on student's life. The high speed and quickly approach to internet and the

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development of smart phone technology are most important drivers behind the adoption

and connectivity with social networking websites and conclude that SNS enhance their

knowledge level.

In the study of Ahmad, A. (2011), showed that social networking sites have

number of advantages for their users, it enable the community to keep in touch with their

peers and relink with old ones and help to find new friends according to your interest

from all around the and a large number of persons are linking with these networks. Hence

the network of social media is growing globally.

Heeter, (2011) a study at University of Michigan State give information about

technology use in higher education, particularly in relation to faculty. This survey

interprets teaching and learning habits for staff members online, students that are

graduate and undergraduate are also included. About 65 % of faculty and students both

read blogs but here faculty for personal information was more likely read them. Students

post for both educational and personal proposes. Faculty used online photo sharing

programs more than students such as Flicker, but about 50 % of both groups used it.

Students used Facebook 70 percent while faculty used less than 10 percent of either

Facebook or MySpace. Students send text message more likely.

Lenhart (2010), for online users most popular is social networking a group age of

25 years old students and that ratio decreased for each succeeding group 10% or for

adults is less over 55 in November 2011. A paper is released which stated that 66% of

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“adults” use different types of social media which is MySpace, Facebook, and percent

use Twitter.

Kim et al. (2009) roles of international students are support through internet and

social network sides. Specially, for particular international students which are using their

internet for building new relationships, also for study, and the other students using the

internet in their host country. To develop new relationships with students they also

utilized technologies from their entertainer country. Rather than focus on build and

maintain relationships, primary goal of students‟ was to meet academic needs this

research’s major focus on using Internet as a whole .

Lin et al. (2011) focusing on a study conducted primarily on the Facebook

outcomes, which are used by international students in the USA. The researchers found

that Facebook usage contributed to students‟ ability to participate socially and culturally

in their new environment. It is founded in a survey that out of the international students,

46 % of students point out a social media site.

DeAndrea et. al.(2002) it is founded that the social support is expanded by social

networking. New students are allowed to adjust in successful academic study. Junco et al

(2011) it is founded that when Facebook Groups allow the students to do political or

public engagement, rather than using social networking websites for social contribution,

students are using these sites for public involvement. This perception is carry by Junco

study, where it was originated that students use Facebook for cause other than to

socialize. Information collecting and Information sharing activities make up a time to

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spend on Facebook as student. Students which use Facebook more for data sharing and

collecting activities get high grades than those who used it for socializing This evidence

suggest that students use Facebook for study activities however it is positive or not.

Methods of Study

The researchers used the descriptive-survey design with questionnaire as the chief

instrument for gathering pertinent data and to determine the effects of social media

exposure on the academic performance of senior high school students and to develop an

interventions schema for further used of the social media on students’ learning.

Descriptive research refers to the type of research question, design, and data

analysis that will be applied. It tells what is or what are the things being measured. It is

also unique in the number of variables employed in the study. Additionally, descriptive

method is a purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data

about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends, and cause and effect

relationship and then making an adequate and precise interpretation about gathered data

(Salaria, 2012).

The descriptive correlation method of research employed in the present study in

determining the effects of social media exposure on the academic performance of the

senior high school students and its relationship with student’s profile. In this connection,

the present study involved data gathering on some factors like the demographics of the

respondents in terms of sex and age, most visited networking sites, the amount of time

student spends on social media and students’ general weighted average for the first

quarter was also included in the study.

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 Participants of the Study

The population aggregates of this study were consist of all students from Grade

11 to Grade 12 students who have experience in using Social Media. The respondents

were enrolled during the first semester of the academic year 2018-2019 at the Masantol

High School, Bebe Anac, Masantol, Pampanga. The participants were consist of two

hundred twenty-four (224) Senior High School students of Masantol High School.

In this study, the researchers used stratified random sampling to identify the

respondents. This method was used because the population was divided into categories or

strata since the respondents were from two (2) year levels with different number of

populations. Stratified random sampling aided to get the proportion to its size or

enrolment. Slovin’s Formula was also used in determining the number of respondents

that will be included in the study. With this technique, the error of getting too many or

too few samples were avoided. The total number of each year level can be seen in Table 1

or the Samples of the Study, as well as the number of respondents derived from the total

population.

Table 1: Samples of the Study

Year level Enrolment % Sample Size

Grade 11 282 55.08 (224) 0.5508 123

Grade 12 230 44.92 (224) 0.4492 101

Total 512 224

Using the Slovin’s Formula and 0.05 as the margin of error, the respondents of

this study were consist of 224 out of 512 senior high school students. 123 out of 282

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students came from Grade 11 or the 55.08 % of the total respondents. On the other hand,

101 out of 230 students came from Grade 12 or 44.92 % of the total respondents.

Research Instrument

The researchers made used of the self-made questionnaire to gather the necessary

data on the effects of social media exposure on senior high school students’ academic

performance in Masantol High School – Masantol, Pampanga. The questionnaire was

consist of the demographics of the respondents in terms of sex and age, most visited

networking sites of the students, the amount of time student spends on social media and

students’ general weighted average for the first quarter.

Data Collection Procedure

Classes of the senior high school students in the two grade levels were randomly

chosen to respond to the survey questionnaires. Data were gathered using a researcher-

made instrument. The questionnaire was validated by researchers and statisticians based

from their field of expertise. Permission to conduct the study and to gather data for the

study is secured by the researchers from the school focal person of Masantol High

School. The questionnaire administered personally to the respondents. The researchers

discussed every important detail to the people concerned especially the respondents and

then, distributed the questionnaire. A total of 224 fully completed answered

questionnaires were directly retrieved.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The gathered data from the research instrument were presented in tabular forms.

The tabulated data served as the basis of presenting the results of the analysis.

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Appropriate statistical treatments were used to analyze the data. For this study, mean,

percentage and frequency counts were utilized as the descriptive statistical tools. Pearson

correlation coefficient was also used to test the relationship between the effects of social

media exposure on the academic performance of the senior high school students.

Results and Discussion

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data

gathered in answering the problems connected to the effect of social media exposure on

the academic performance of senior high school students in Masantol High School. Based

from the gathered data from the survey tool interpretations were derived. In order to

calculate the corresponding statistic treatment Portable IBM SPSS Statistics v21 was

utilized in the interpretation of data.

Profile of Senior High School Students

Based from the data collected, the respondents profile which is summarized in

Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. In terms of sex, the total respondents have one hundred

twenty one (121) or 54.02% male and one hundred three (103) or 45.98% female. Age

distribution is as follows: there are thirty five (35) or 15.63% participants in age 16, one

hundred three (103) or 45.98% in age 17, sixty three (63) or 28.13% in age 18,

seventeen (17) or 7.59% in age 19 and six (6) or 2. 68% in age 20.

Table 2: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents’ Sex

SEX TOTAL Percentage (%)

Male 121 54.02

Female 103 45.98

Total 224 100.00

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 Table 3: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents’ Age

AGE TOTAL Percentage (%)

16 35 15.63

17 103 45.98

18 62 28.13

19 17 7.59

20 6 2.68

Total 224 100.00

Table 4: Frequency of Social Networking Sites visited by the Respondents

Social Networking Sites Frequency Percentage (%)

Facebook 224 100.00

Yahoo 3 1.34

Twitter 31 13.84

Google 163 72.77

YouTube 140 62.50

Instagram 49 21.88

Table 4 shows the frequency of the social networking sites from the respondents.

All of our respondents visited Facebook with 100.00%. It shows that the Facebook is the

social media network that is most used by the senior high school students of Masantol

High School.

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 The Facebook, as noted by Asemah and Edegoh (2013), is a social networking

site, which allows participant to create a profile, search and receive friend request.

Participants can upload profile pictures, tags pictures and comment on pictures of friends.

It also gives participants the opportunity to upload and share information, either public or

private. There is also room of privacy in which participants grant access to selected

participant within his or her group of friends. Face book is one the fast developing social

networking site, particularly popular with people under the age of 40, with nearly 500

million users worldwide. In many cases, it is just a way for people to keep in touch with

each other and exchange news and photographs.

Table 5: Time Spent on Social Media Sites

TIME SPENT Frequency Percentage (%)

3 hours below 61 27.23

3.01 to 6 hours 104 46.43

6.01 to 9 hours 59 26.34

more than 9 hours 0 0

Total 224 100.00

Shown in table 5 the time spent on social media sites of the senior high school

students. The result of the analysis shows that majority of the respondents are exposed to

social media from about 3.01 to 6 hours with 46.43%.

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 Table 6: Respondents’ General Weighted Average

GWA TOTAL Percentage (%)

75 – 79 81 36.16

80 – 84 87 38.84

85 – 89 39 17.41

90 – 100 17 7.59

Total 224 100.00

Table 6 shows the respondents’ General Weighted Average (GWA). There are

eighty-one (81) or 36.16% of the participants has a grade from 75-79, while eighty-seven

(87) or 38.84% has a grade from 80-84. Thirty-nine (39) or 17.41% has a grade from 85-

89 and seventeen (17) or 7.59% of them has a grade from 90-100.

In the study of Paculan (2013), “Children who spend much of their time online

find it harder to focus in class and have short attention span. Malaney (2005) found that

some students in multiple studies in 2000 and 2003 reported that their grades had suffered

as a result of too much time spent on social media. There is also found evidence of a

continuing drop of grades among students because of using social networking (Banquil,

et. al., 2009).

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 Table 7: Correlations between Time Spent on Social Media Sites and
General Weighted Average of the Respondents

Time General
Spent Weigthed
Average
Pearson 1 -.318**
Correlation
Time Spent
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 224 224
Pearson -.318** 1
General Weigthed Correlation
Average Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 224 224
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

In correlation test, correlation is significant at the 0.01 level 2-tailed tests. The

results of table shows that there is weak negative correlation between the time spent on

social media sites and General Weighted Average (GWA) of the students as (r = -.318).

All variables are significant at 1% level of significance. Since the value r is a negative

correlation, it shows that the relationship between the time spent on social media sites

and GWA is inversely proportional. This means that students who spend more time on

social media are likely to perform poorly in their academics. However, students who

spend less time on social media are likely to perform well in their academics.

Conclusions

It is without doubt that social media is an important tool in human life. It has

become very popular all around the world due to a great development of technology. Not

only celebrities but general public has also turned out to be a huge user of these social

18
media sites. The basic purpose behind conducting this study was to see the effect of

social media exposure on the academic performance senior high students. They use their

smartphones to call family and friends, messaging, listening to music and for using social

networking sites. It is found that the Facebook is the social media network that is most

used by the senior high school students of Masantol High School. It also shows that they

usually exposed to social media from about 3.01 to 6 hours. They usually use this time in

searching information, communication and also for entertainment purpose. Use of these

sites becomes the habit of some students and mostly takes the time for studying their

lesson. The students who prefer to spend 3.01-6 hours on social media influence the

students’ habits, grades and socialization. The results showed that the too much exposure

on social media has negative impacts on students’ academic performance. When their

time spent on social media exposure increases their academic performance decreases.

And when their time spent decreases on these social media, their academic performance

in school increases.

Recommendations

In the light of the findings of this study the following recommendations are made:

1. Students should reduce their exposure to social media and pay more attention to

their studies.

2. Students, especially those willing to record huge academic success should

guide themselves against the use of social media.

3. The impact of social media on the academic performance of students should

focus more on the positive side than on the negative side to achieve balance.

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 4. Students should be monitored by teachers and parents on how they use these

sites.

5. The teacher should also help the students on how to make used of social media

and also tell them the advantages and disadvantages of social media so that they

can be aware of what to do and what not to do.

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