Mechanics of Materials-7th EditionChapter-6 PDF

CHAPTER 6
s PROBLEM 6.1
s
50 mm Three full-size 50  100-mm boards are nailed together to form a
50 mm beam that is subjected to a vertical shear of 1500 N. Knowing that the
50 mm
allowable shearing force in each nail is 400 N, determine the largest
longitudinal spacing s that can be used between each pair of nails.
100 mm
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I  bh  (100)(150)3  28.125  106 mm 4
12 12
 28.125  106 m 4
A  (100)(50)  5000 mm2
y1  50 mm
Q  A y1  250  103 mm3  250  106 m3
VQ (1500)(250  106 )
q   6
 13.3333  103 N/m
I 28.125  10
2 Fnail (2)(400)
qs  2Fnail s    60.0  103 m
q 13.3333  103
s  60.0 mm 
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893
s PROBLEM 6.2
s
50 mm For the built-up beam of Prob. 6.1, determine the allowable shear if
the spacing between each pair of nails is s  45 mm.
50 mm
50 mm PROBLEM 6.1 Three full-size 50  100-mm boards are nailed
together to form a beam that is subjected to a vertical shear of 1500 N.
Knowing that the allowable shearing force in each nail is 400 N,
100 mm determine the largest longitudinal spacing s that can be used between
each pair of nails.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I  bh  (100)(150)3  28.125  106 mm 4
12 12
 28.125  106 m 4
A  (100)(50)  5000 mm 2
y1  50 mm
Q  A y1  250  103 mm3  250  106 m3
VQ
q  qs  2 Fnail
I
VQ 2 Fnail
Eliminating q, 
I s
2IFnail (2)(28.125  106 )(400)
Solving for V, V    2.00  103 N
Qs (250  106 )(45  103 )
V  2.00 kN ◄
894
s PROBLEM 6.3
s
s Three boards, each 2 in. thick, are nailed together to form a beam
2 in. that is subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the allowable
shearing force in each nail is 150 lb, determine the allowable shear
4 in. if the spacing s between the nails is 3 in.
2 in.
2 in.
6 in.
SOLUTION
1 3
I1  bh  Ad 2
12
1
 (6)(2)3  (6)(2)(3) 2  112 in 4
12
1 3 1
I2  bh  (2)(4)3  10.6667 in 4
12 12
I 3  I1  112 in 4
I  I1  I 2  I 3  234.67 in 4
Q  A1 y1  (6)(2)(3)  36 in 3
qs  Fnail (1)
VQ
q (2)
I
1 VQ
Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1), 
s Fnail I
Fnail I (150)(234.67)
V   V  326 lb 
Qs (36)(3)
895
s
s PROBLEM 6.4
s
20 mm A square box beam is made of two 20  80-mm planks and two
80 mm 20  120-mm planks nailed together as shown. Knowing that the
20 mm spacing between the nails is s  30 mm and that the vertical shear in
the beam is V  1200 N, determine (a) the shearing force in each nail,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
120 mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I b2 h23  b1h13
12 12
1 1
 (120)(120)3  (80)(80)3  13.8667  106 mm 4
12 12
6 4
 13.8667  10 m
(a) A1  (120)(20)  2400 mm 2

y1  50 mm
Q1  A1 y1  120  103 mm3  120  106 m3
VQ (1200)(120  106 )
q  6
 10.3846  103 N/m
I 13.8667  10
qs  2 Fnail
qs (10.3846  103 )(30  103 )
Fnail   Fnail  155.8 N 
2 2
(b) Q  Q1  (2)(20)(40)(20)
 120  103  32  103  152  103 mm3
 152  106 m3
VQ (1200)(152  106 )
 max  
It (13.8667  106 )(2  20  103 )
 329  103 Pa  max  329 kPa 
896
16 ⫻ 200 mm PROBLEM 6.5
The American Standard rolled-steel beam shown has been reinforced by

S310 ⫻ 52
attaching to it two 16  200-mm plates, using 18-mm-diameter bolts
spaced longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the average allowable
shearing stress in the bolts is 90 MPa, determine the largest permissible
vertical shearing force.
SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia:

Part A (mm 2 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )
Top plate 3200 * 82.43 0.07
160.5
S310  52 6650 0 95.3
*
Bot. plate 3200 160.5 82.43 0.07
 164.86 95.44
*d 305 16
   160.5 mm
2 2
I  Ad 2  I  260.3  106 mm 4  260.3  106 m 4
Q  Aplate d plate  (3200)(160.5)  513.6  103 mm3  513.6  106 m3
 
Abolt  2
d bolt  (18  103 )2  254.47  106 m 2
4 4
Fbolt   all Abolt  (90  106 )(254.47  106 )  22.90  103 N
2Fbolt (2)(22.90  103 )
qs  2 Fbolt q  3
 381.7  103 N/m
s 120  10
VQ Iq (260.3  106 )(381.7  103 )
q V    193.5  103 N
I Q 513.6  106
V  193.5 kN 
897
y
16 in. ⫻ 1
in.
PROBLEM 6.6
2
The beam shown is fabricated by connecting two channel shapes and two
plates, using bolts of 34 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 7.5 in.
C12 ⫻ 20.7 Determine the average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing
z force of 25 kips parallel to the y axis.
C
SOLUTION
C12  20.7: d  12.00 in., I x  129 in 4
12.00  1  1 
For top plate, y      6.25 in.
2  2  2 
3
1 1 1
I t  (16)    (16)   (6.25) 2  312.667 in 4
12 2 2
For bottom plate, I b  312.667 in 4

Moment of inertia of fabricated beam:
I  (2)(129)  312.667  312.667
 883.33 in 4
1
Q  Aplate yplate  (16)   (6.25)  50 in 3
2
VQ (25)(50)
q   1.41510 kips/in.
I 883.33
1 1
Fbolt  qs    (1.41510)(7.5)  5.3066 kips
2 2
2
  3
Abolt  (d bolt ) 2   0.44179 in 2
4 4  4 
F 5.3066
 bolt  bolt   12.01 ksi  bolt  12.01 ksi 
Abolt 0.44179
898
y PROBLEM 6.7
A columm is fabricated by connecting the rolled-steel members shown by

C8 ⫻ 13.7 bolts of 34 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 5 in. Determine the
average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing force of 30 kips
parallel to the y axis.
z C
S10 ⫻ 25.4
SOLUTION
Geometry:
d
f     (tw )C
 2 s
10.0
  0.303  5.303 in.
2
x  0.534 in.
y1  f  x  5.303  0.534  4.769 in.
Determine moment of inertia.
Part A(in 2 ) d (in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
C8  13.7 4.04 4.769 91.88 1.52
S10  25.4 7.45 0 0 123
C8  13.7 4.04 4.769 91.88 1.52
 183.76 126.04
I  Ad 2  I  183.76  126.04  309.8 in 4

Q  A y1  (4.04)(4.769)  19.2668 in 3
VQ (30)(19.2668)
q   1.86573 kip/in.
I 309.8
1 1
Fbolt  qs    (1.86573)(5)  4.6643 kips
2 2
2
 2  3 2
Abolt  d bolt     0.44179 in
4 4 4
Fbolt 4.6643
 bolt    10.56 ksi  bolt  10.56 ksi 
Abolt 0.44179
899
PROBLEM 6.8
The composite beam shown is fabricated by connecting two W6  20 rolled-steel

members, using bolts of 85 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 6 in. Knowing
that the average allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 10.5 ksi, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear in the beam.
SOLUTION
W6  20: A  5.87 in 2 , d  6.20 in., I x  41.4 in 4

1
y  d  3.1 in.
2
Composite: I  2[41.4  (5.87)(3.1) 2 ]
 195.621 in 4
Q  A y  (5.87)(3.1)  18.197 in 3
5
Bolts: d  in.,  all  10.5 ksi, s  6 in.
8
2
 5 2
Abolt     0.30680 in
4 8
Fbolt   all Abolt  (10.5)(0.30680)  3.2214 kips
2Fbolt (2)(3.2214)
q   1.07380 kips/in.
s 6
VQ Iq (195.621)(1.0780)
Shear: q V   V  11.54 kips 
I Q 18.197
900
15 15 30 15 15 PROBLEM 6.9
20 0.5 m 72 kN
For the beam and loading shown, consider
a section n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing
20
n stress in that section, (b) the shearing stress at
40
point a.
120
n
20
1.5 m
20 0.8 m
90
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
M B  0: 2.3 A  (1.5)(72)  0
A  46.957 kN 
At section n-n, V  A  46.957 kN
Calculate moment of inertia:
1  1  1
I  2  (15)(40)3   2  (15)(80)3   (30)(1203 )
12  12  12
 5.76  106 mm 4  5.76  106 m 4
At a, ta  30 mm  0.030 m
Qa  (30  20)(50)  30  103 mm3
 30  106 m3
VQa (46.957  103 )(30  106 )
a  
Ita (5.76  106 )(0.030)
 8.15  106 Pa = 8.15 MPa
At b, tb  60 mm  0.060 m
Qb  Qa  (60  20)(30)  30  103  36  103  66  103 mm3  66  106 m 4
VQb (46.957  103 )(66  106 )
b    8.97  106 Pa  8.97 MPa
Itb (5.76  106 )(0.060)
At NA, t NA  90 mm  0.090 m
QNA  Qb  (90  20)(10)  66  103  18  103  84  103 mm3  84  106 m3
VQNA (46.957  103 )(84  106 )
 NA    7.61  106 Pa  7.61 MPa
It NA (5.76  106 )(0.090)
(a)  max occurs at b.  max  8.97 MPa 

(b)  a  8.15 MPa 
901
0.3 m PROBLEM 6.10
n
10 kN 40 mm For the beam and loading
a
12 mm shown, consider section n-n
150 mm and determine (a) the largest
12 mm
100 mm shearing stress in that section,
n (b) the shearing stress at
1.5 m 200 mm
point a.
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  10 kN.

I  I1  4I 2
1  1 
 b1h13  4  b2h23  A2d 22 
12  12 
1  1  
 (100)(150)3  4   (50)(12)3  (50)(12)(69)2 
12  12  
 28.125  106  4 0.0072  106  2.8566  106 
 39.58  106 mm 4  39.58  106 m 4
(a) Q  A1 y1  2 A2 y2
 (100)(75)(37.5)  (2)(50)(12)(69)
 364.05  103 mm3  364.05  106 m3
t  100 mm = 0.100 m
VQ (10  103 )(364.05  106 )
 max    920  103 Pa  max  920 kPa 
It (39.58  106 )(0.100)
(b) Q  A1 y1  2 A2 y2
 (100)(40)(55)  (2)(50)(12)(69)
 302.8  103 mm3  302.8  106 m3
t  100 mm  0.100 m
VQ (10  103 )(302.8  106 )
a    765  103 Pa  a  765 kPa 
It (39.58  106 )(0.100)
902
t PROBLEM 6.11
18 in. 3 in.
a
t
For the beam and loading shown,
t consider section n-n and determine
n
3 in. (a) the largest shearing stress in that
25 kips
section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
n
3 in. t = 0.25 in.
25 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
1 1 2
I  (8 in.)(9 in.)3  (7.25 in.)(8.5 in.)3  (0.25 in.)(3 in.)3
12 12 12
I  113.8 in 4
V = 25 kips
M  (25 kips)(18 in.) = 450 kip  in.
(a)  m: At neutral axis, thickness  0.25 in.
Q  2(3 in.  0.25 in.)(3 in.)  (7.5 in.)(0.25 in.)(4.375 in.)  (4.25 in.)(0.25 in.)(2.125 in.)
Q  4.5 in 3  8.203 in 3  2.258 in 3  14.96 in 3
t  0.25 in.
V (25 kips)(14.96 in 3 )
m  Q   m  13.15 ksi ◄
It (113.8 in 4 )(0.25 in.)
903
PROBLEM 6.11 (Continued)
(b)  a: At point a, t = 0.25 in.

See sketch above.
Qa  4.5 in 3  8.203 in 3  12.70 in 3
VQa (25 kips)(12.70 in 3 )
a    a  11.16 ksi ◄
It (113.8 in 4 )(0.25 in.)
904
1
2
in. PROBLEM 6.12
10 kips 10 kips
8 in.
a For the beam and loading shown, consider
n 4 in.
1
2
in. section n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing
stress in that section, (b) the shearing stress at
n point a.
4 in.
16 in. 12 in. 16 in.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, RA  RB .
Fy  0: RA  RB  10  10  0
RA  RB  10 kips
From the shear diagram, V  10 kips at n-n.

1 1
I  b2h23  b1h13
12 12
1 1
 (4)(4)3  (3)(3)3  14.5833 in 4
12 12
1 1
(a) Q  A1 y1  A2 y2  (3)   (1.75)  (2)   (2)(1)  4.625 in 3
2 2
1 1
t    1 in.
2 2
VQ (10)(4.625)
 max    max  3.17 ksi 
It (14.5833)(1)
1
(b) Q  Ay  (4)   (1.75)  3.5 in 3
2
1 1
t    1 in.
2 2
VQ (10)(3.5)
    a  2.40 ksi 
It (14.5833)(1)
905
10
30
10 PROBLEM 6.13
For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
40 allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.
Dimensions in mm 40
40
SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia.
1  1
I  2  (10 mm)(120 mm)3   (30 mm)(40 mm)3
12  12
 2[1.440  106 mm 4 ]  0.160  106 mm 4
 3.04  106 mm 4
I  3.04  106 m 4
Assume that  m occurs at point a.

t  10 mm  0.01 m
Q  (10 mm  40 mm)(40 mm)
 16  103 mm3 Q  16  106 m3
VQ
For  all  60 MPa,  m   all 
It
V (16  106 m3 )
60  106 Pa  V  114.0 kN 
(3.04  106 m 4 )(0.01m)
Check  at neutral axis:

t  50 mm  0.05 m
Q  2[(10  60)(30)]  (30  20)(10)  42  103 m3  42  106 m3
VQ (114.0 kN)(42  106 m3 )

 NA    31.5 MPa  60 MPa OK
It (3.04  106 m 4 )(0.05 m)
906
10
30
10 PROBLEM 6.14
10 For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.
30
Dimensions in mm 40
30
10
SOLUTION

1 1 
I  (50 mm)(120 mm)3  2  (30 mm)4  (30 mm  30 mm)(35 mm)2 
12 12 
I  7.2  106 mm 4  2[1.170  106 mm 4 ]  4.86  106 mm 4
 4.86  106 m 4
Assume that  m occurs at point a.
t  2(10 mm)  0.02 m

Q  (10 mm  50 mm)(55 mm)  2[(10 mm  30 mm)(35 mm)]
 48.5  103 mm3  48.5  106 m3
907
VQ
For  all  60 MPa,  m   all 
It
V (48.5  106 m3 )
60  106 Pa  V  120.3 kN 
(4.86  106 m 4 )(0.02 m)
Check  at neutral axis: t  50 mm  0.05 m
Q  (50  60)(30)  (30  30)(35)  58.5  103 mm3
VQ (120.3 kN)(58.5  106 m3 )
    29.0 MPa  60 MPa OK
It (4.86  106 m 4 )(0.05 m)
908
1.5 in. PROBLEM 6.15
2 in. For a timber beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest allowable
vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 150 psi.
4 in.
w = 2.5 in.
2 in.
1.5 in.
SOLUTION
1
I  (1.5  83  2(0.5)(4)3 )
12
I  69.333 in 4
 all  150 psi
At point a: Q  (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.)  9 in 3; t  1.5 in.

VQ V (9 in 3 )
m  ; 150 psi  ; V  1733 lb 
It (69.333 in 4 )(1.5 in.)
At neutral axis:
Q  (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.)  (2.5 in.)(2 in.)(1 in.)  14 in 3, t  2.6 in.
VQ V (14 in 3 )
m  ; 150 psi  ; V  1857 lb 
It (69.333 in 4 )(2.5 in.)
We choose smaller shear. V  1733 lb ◄
909
220 mm PROBLEM 6.16
12 mm
Two steel plates of 12  220-mm rectangular cross section are welded to the
W250  58 beam as shown. Determine the largest allowable vertical shear if
W250 3 58
the shearing stress in the beam is not to exceed 90 MPa.
252 mm
12 mm
SOLUTION

Part A(mm 2 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )
Top plate 2640 *132 45.999 0.032
W250 × 58 7420 0 0 87.3
Bot. plate 2640 *132 45.999 0.032
 91.999 87.364
252 12
*d  
2 2
I  Ad 2  I  179.363  106 mm 4  179.363  106 m 4

 max occurs at neutral axis. t  8.0 mm  8.0  103 m
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

 Top plate 2640 132 348.48
 Top flange 2740.5 119.25 326.805
 Half web 900 56.25 50.625
 725.91
Dimensions in mm:  12  220 ;  13.5  203 ;  8.0  112.5
Q  A y  725.91  103 mm3  725.91  106 m3

VQ It (179.363  106 )(8.0  103 )(90  106 )
  V  
It Q 725.91  106
 177.9  103 N V  177.9 kN 
910
PROBLEM 6.17
Two W8  31 rolled-steel sections may be welded at A and B in either

of the two ways shown in order to form a composite beam. Knowing
A B A B that for each weld the allowable shearing force is 3000 lb per inch of
weld, determine for each arrangement the maximum allowable vertical
shear in the composite beam.
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
A  9.12 in 2
W8  31 I x  110 in 4
I y  37.1 in 4
(a) I  2[ I x  Ad 2 ]
 2[110 in 4  (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.)2 ]
I  511.84 in 4
Q  Ay  (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.)  36.4 in 3
For two welds each with allowable shearing force of 3 kips/in.,

q  2(3 kips/in.)  6 kips/in.
VQ V (36.4 in 3 )
q ; 6 kips/in.  V  84.2 kips 
I (511.84 in 4 )
(b)
I  2[ I y  Ad 2 ]
 2[37.1 in 4  (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.) 2 ]
I  366.04 in 4
Q  Ay  (9.12 in 2 )(4 in.)  36.4 in 3
q  6 kips/in. (same as in part a)
VQ V (36.4 in 3 )
q ; 6 kips/in.  V  60.2 kips 
I (366.04 in 4 )
911
2.4 kN 4.8 kN 7.2 kN
PROBLEM 6.18
b
For the beam and loading shown, determine the
B C D
A E 150 mm minimum required width b, knowing that for the
grade of timber used,  all  12 MPa and
 all  825 kPa.
1m 1m 1m 0.5 m
SOLUTION
M D  0: 3 A  (2)(2.4)  (1)(4.8)  (0.5)(7.2)  0

A  2 kN 
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams.
|V |max  7.2 kN  7.2  103 N

|M |max  3.6 kN  m  3.6  103 N  m
M
Bending: 
S
|M |max
S min 

3.6  103

12  106
 300  106 m3
 300  103 mm3
1
For a rectangular section, S  bh 2
6
6 S (6)(300  103 )
b 2   80 mm
h (150)2
Shear: Maximum shearing stress occurs at the neutral axis of bending for a rectangular section.
1 1 1
A bh, y  h, Q  Ay  bh 2
2 4 8
1 3
I  bh t  b
12
VQ V ( 18 bh 2 ) 3V
  3

It ( 12 bh )(b) 2 bh
1
3V (3)(7.2  103 )
b   87.3  103 m
2h (2)(150  103 )(825  103 )
The required value of b is the larger one. b  87.3 mm 
912
PROBLEM 6.19
P A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a
L/2 L/2 b single concentrated load P at its midpoint C. (a) Show that the ratio
A
C
B h
 m / m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal stresses in
the beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively, the depth and
the length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and the width b of the
beam, knowing that L  2 m, P  40 kN,  m  960 kPa, and
 m  12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Reactions: RA  RB  P/2 
P
(1) Vmax  RA 
2
(2) A  bh for rectangular section.
3 Vmax 3P
(3) m   for rectangular section.
2 A 4bh
PL
(4) M max 
4
1 2
(5) S  bh for rectangular section.
6
M max 3PL
(6) m  
S 2bh 2
m h
(a)  
 m 2L
2 L m (2)(2)(960  103 )
(b) Solving for h, h   320  103 m h  320 mm 
m 12  10 6
Solving Eq. (3) for b,

3P (3)(40  103 )
b   97.7  103 m b  97.7 mm 
4h m (4)(320  103 )(960  103 )
913
PROBLEM 6.20
w
b A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a
A B h uniformly distributed load w and is supported as shown. (a) Show that
the ratio  m / m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal
C D
stresses in the beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively,
L/2 the depth and the length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and
L/4 L/4
the width b of the beam, knowing that L  5 m, w  8 kN/m,
 m  1.08 MPa, and  m  12 MPa.
SOLUTION
wL
RA  RB 
2
wL
From shear diagram, |V |m  (1)
4
For rectangular section, A  bh (2)
3 Vm 3wL
m   (3)
2 A 8bh
wL2
From bending moment diagram, |M |m  (4)
32
For a rectangular cross section,
1 2
S  bh (5)
6
|M |m 3wL2
m   (6)
S 16 bh 2
m 2h
(a) Dividing Eq. (3) by Eq. (6),  
m L
(b) Solving for h,

L m (5)(1.08  106 )
h   225  103 m h  225 mm 
2 m 6
(2)(12  10 )
Solving Eq. (3) for b,

3wL (3)(8  103 )(5)
b 
8h m (8)(225  103 )(1.08  106 )
 61.7  103 m b  61.7 mm 
914
25 kips 25 kips
PROBLEM 6.21
n
7.25 in.
3
4
in. For the beam and loading shown,
A B
b
1.5 in. consider section n-n and determine the
n
a
1.5 in. shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
3 3
20 in. 20 in. 4
in. 4
in.
10 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  25 kips
Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.
Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) A y (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
 4.875 6.875 33.52 2.244 24.55 0.23
 10.875 3.625 39.42 1.006 11.01 47.68
 15.75 72.94 35.56 47.91
Ay 72.94
Y    4.631 in.
A 15.75
I  Ad 2  I  35.56  47.91  83.47 in 4
3
(a) Qa  Ay    (1.5)(4.631  0.75)  4.366 in 3
4
3
t   0.75 in.
4
VQ (25)(4.366)
a    a  1.744 ksi 
It (83.47)(0.75)
3
(b) Qb  Ay    (3)(4.631  1.5)  7.045 in 3
4
t  0.75 in.
VQ (25)(7.045)
b    b  2.81 ksi 
It (83.47)(0.75)
915
180 kN 160 mm PROBLEM 6.22
n a 20 mm
For the beam and loading
A B 100 mm shown, consider section n-n
b and determine the shearing
n 30 mm
stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
500 mm 500 mm
30 mm 30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) A y (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

 3200 90 288 25 2.000 0.1067
 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
 6400 416 4.000 1.8133
Ay 416  103

Y    65 mm
A 6400
I  Ad 2  I  (4.000  1.8133)  106 mm 4
 5.8133  106 mm 4  5.8133  106 m 4
(a) A  (80)(20)  1600 mm 2

y  25 mm
Qa  Ay  40  103 mm3  40  106 m3
VQa (90  103 )(40  106 )
a    31.0  106 Pa
It (5.8133  106 )(20  103 )
 a  31.0 MPa 
(b) A  (30)(20)  600 mm 2 y  65  15  50 mm

Qb  Ay  30  103 mm3  30  106 m3
VQb (90  103 )(30  106 )

b    23.2  106 Pa
It (5.8133  106 )(20  103 )
 b  23.2 MPa 
916
25 kips 25 kips
PROBLEM 6.23
n
7.25 in.
3
4
in. For the beam and loading shown,
A B
b
1.5 in. determine the largest shearing stress
n
a
1.5 in. in section n-n.
3 3
20 in. 20 in. 4
in. 4
in.
10 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  25 kips
Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.
Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )

 4.875 6.875 33.52 2.244 24.55 0.23
 10.875 3.625 39.42 1.006 11.01 47.68
 15.75 72.94 35.56 47.91
A y 72.94
Y    4.631 in.
A 15.75
I  Ad 2  I  35.56  47.91  83.47 in 4
Largest shearing stress occurs on section through centroid of entire cross section.
3  4.631 
Q  Ay    (4.631)    8.042 in 3
4  2 
3
t   0.75 in.
4
VQ (25)(8.042)
   m  3.21 ksi 
It (83.47)(0.75)
917
180 kN 160 mm PROBLEM 6.24
n a 20 mm
For the beam and loading
A B 100 mm shown, determine the largest
n
b
30 mm
shearing stress in section n-n.
500 mm 500 mm
30 mm 30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN
Part A (mm 2 ) x Ay (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

 3200 90 288 25 2.000 0.1067
 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
 6400 416 4.000 1.8133
Ay 416  103

Y    65 mm
A 6400
I  Ad 2  I  (4.000  1.8133)  106 mm 4
 5.8133  106 mm 4  5.8133  106 m 4
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

 3200 25 80
 300 7.5 2.25
 300 7.5 2.25
 84.5
Q  Ay  84.5  103 mm3  84.5  106 m3

t  (2)(20)  40 mm  40  103 m
VQ (90  103 )(84.5  106 )
 max  
It (5.8133  106 )(40  103 )
 32.7  106 Pa  m  32.7 MPa 
918
PROBLEM 6.25
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the following
expression for the maximum shearing stress
c
V
 max  k
A
where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.
SOLUTION

I  c4 and A   c2
4
 4c
For semicircle, As  c2 y 
2 3
 4c 2
Q  As y  c2   c3
2 3 3
(a)  max occurs at center where t  2c 
VQ V  2 c3 4V 4V 4
(b)  max    43  2
 k   1.333 
It 4
c  2c 3 c 3A 3
919
PROBLEM 6.26
tm A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the
following expression for the maximum shearing stress
rm
V
 max  k
A
SOLUTION
For a thin-walled circular section, A  2 rmtm
1
J  Arm2  2 rm3tm , I  J   rm3tm
2
2rm
For a semicircular arc, y 

As   rmtm
2rm
Q  As y   rmtm  2rm2tm

(a) t  2tm at neutral axis where maximum occurs. 
VQ V (2rm2tm ) V 2V
(b)  max     k  2.00 
It ( rmtm )(2tm )  rmtm
3
A
920
PROBLEM 6.27
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
h horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the
following expression for the maximum shearing stress
h
V
 max  k
A
b
SOLUTION
1   1  1
A  2  bh   bh I  2  bh3   bh3
2   12  6
For a cut at location y, where y  h,
1  by  by 2
A( y)   y 
2 h  2h
2
y ( y)  h  y
3
by 2 by 3
Q( y)  Ay  
2 3h
by
t ( y) 
h
V   y  y 
2
VQ 6 h by 2 by 3
 ( y)  V 3     3    2   
It bh by 2 3h bh   h   h  
d
(a) To find location of maximum of  , set  0.
dy
d V y ym 3 1
 2 [3  4 m ]  0  , i.e.,  h from neutral axis. 
dy bh h h 4 4
V  3 3  9 V
2
V
(b)  ( ym )  3    2      1.125 k  1.125 
bh   4   4   8 bh A
921
PROBLEM 6.28
b A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine
(a) the horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in
the following expression for the maximum shearing stress
h
V
 max  k
A
SOLUTION
1 1 3
A bh I  bh
2 36
For a cut at location y,
1  by  by 2
A( y)    y 
2 h  2h
2 2
y ( y)  h y
3 3
by 2
Q( y)  Ay  (h  y )
3
by
t ( y) 
h
2
by
VQ V 3 (h  y) 12Vy(h  y) 12V
 ( y)     (hy  y 2 )
It 1 bh3 ) by
( 36 bh 3
bh 3
h
d
(a) To find location of maximum of  , set  0.
dy
d 12V 1
 ( h  2 ym )  0 ym  h, i.e., at mid-height 
dy bh3 2
12V  1 2  1   3V
2
12V 3V 3
(b) m  3
2
(hym  ym )  3
 h   h    k   1.500 
bh bh  2  2   bh 2A 2
922
2 in. PROBLEM 6.29
The built-up timber beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of

10 in. 1200 lb. Knowing that the allowable shearing force in the nails is 75 lb,
determine the largest permissible spacing s of the nails.
2 in.
s
s
s
2 in.
SOLUTION
1
I1  b1h13  A1d12
12
1
 (2)(2)3  (2)(2)(4)2  65.333 in 4
12
1 1
I2  b2h23  (2)(10)3  166.67 in 4
12 12
I  4 I1  I 2  428 in 4
Q  Q1  A1 y1  (2)(2)(4)  16 in 3
VQ (1200)(16)
q   44.86 lb/in.
I 428
Fnail  qs
Fnail 75
s    1.672 in. 
q 44.86
923
50 mm PROBLEM 6.30
The built-up beam shown is made by gluing together two 20  250-mm

150 mm plywood strips and two 50  100-mm planks. Knowing that the allowable
average shearing stress in the glued joints is 350 kPa, determine the largest
permissible vertical shear in the beam.
50 mm
20 mm 20 mm
100 mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I  (140)(250)3  (100)(150)3  154.167  106 mm 4
12 12
 154.167  106 m 4
Q  Ay  (100)(50)(100)  500  103 mm3
 500  106 m3
t  50 mm  50 mm  100 mm  100  103 m
VQ
 
It
It (154.167  106 )(100  103 )(350  103 )
V  
Q 500  106
 10.79  103 N V  10.79 kN 
924
1.5
0.8 0.8
1.5
PROBLEM 6.31
4
0.8
The built-up beam was made by gluing together several wooden planks.
A B Knowing that the beam is subjected to a 1200-lb vertical shear, determine
3.2 the average shearing stress in the glued joint (a) at A, (b) at B.
0.8
Dimensions in inches
SOLUTION
1 1 
I  2  (0.8)(4.8)3  (7)(0.8)3  (7)(0.8)(2.0) 2 
12 12 
 60.143 in 4
(a) Aa  (1.5)(0.8)  1.2 in 2 ya  2.0 in.
3
Qa  Aa ya  2.4 in
ta  0.8 in.
VQa (1200)(2.4)
a    a  59.9 psi 
Ita (60.143)(0.8)
(b) Ab  (4)(0.8)  3.2 in 2 yb  2.0 in.
Qb  Ab yb  (3.2)(2.0)  6.4 in 3
tb  (2)(0.8)  1.6 in.
VQb (1200)(6.4)
b     b  79.8 psi 
Itb (60.143)(1.6)
925
20 mm 60 mm 20 mm PROBLEM 6.32
A
Several wooden planks are glued together to form the box beam shown.
20 mm
Knowing that the beam is subjected to a vertical shear of 3 kN, determine the
B
30 mm average shearing stress in the glued joint (a) at A, (b) at B.
20 mm
30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
1 3 1
IA  bh  Ad 2  (60)(20)3  (60)(20)(50)2
12 12
 3.04  106 mm 4
1 3 1
IB  bh  (60)(20)3  0.04  106 mm 4
12 12
1 3 1
IC  bh  (20)(120)3  2.88  106 mm 4
12 12
I  2 I A  I B  2 I C  11.88  106 mm 4  11.88  106 m 4
QA  Ay  (60)(20)(50)  60  103 mm3  60  106 m3
t  20 mm  20 mm  40 mm  40  103 m
VQA (3  103 )(60  106 )
(a) A    379  103 Pa
It (11.88  10 6 )(40  103 )
QB  0  A  379 kPa 
VQB
(b) B  0 B  0 
It
926
50 300 50 PROBLEM 6.33
B
A A 100 The built-up wooden beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of
8 kN. Knowing that the nails are spaced longitudinally every 60 mm
50 at A and every 25 mm at B, determine the shearing force in the nails
400
C
x
(a) at A, (b) at B. (Given: I x  1.504  109 mm 4.)
50
200
A A
B
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
I x  1.504  109 mm 4  1504  106 m 4

s A  60 mm  0.060 m
sB  25 mm  0.025 m
(a) QA  Q1  A1 y1  (50)(100)(150)  750  103 mm3

 750  106 m3
FA  q As A
VQ1s A (8  103 )(750  106 )(0.060)
 
I 1504  106
FA  239 N 
(b) Q2  A2 y2  (300)(50)(175)  2625  103 mm3

QB  2Q1  Q2  4125  103 mm3
 4125  106 m3
VQB sB (8  103 )(4125  106 )(0.025)

FB  qB sB   FB  549 N 
I 1504  106
927
105 mm PROBLEM 6.34
A Knowing that a W360  122 rolled-steel beam is subjected to a 250-kN vertical shear,
determine the shearing stress (a) at point A, (b) at the centroid C of the section.
C
SOLUTION
For W360  122, d  363 mm, bF  257 mm, t F  21.70 mm, tw  13.0 mm
I  367  106 mm 4  367  106 m 4
(a) Aa  (105)(21.70)  2278.5 mm 2
d tF 363 21.70
ya      170.65 mm
2 2 2 2
Qa  Aa ya  388.8  103 mm3  388.8  106 m3
ta  t F  21.70 mm  21.7  103 m
VQa (250  103 )(388.8  106 )
a    12.21  106 Pa  a  12.21 MPa 
Ita (367  106 )(21.7  103 )
(b) A1  bF t F  (257)(21.70)  5577 mm 2
d tF 363 21.70
y1      170.65 mm
2 2 2 2
d 
A2  tw   t F   (13.0)(159.8)  2077 mm 2
2 
1d 
y2    t F   79.9 mm
2 2 
Qc  Ay  (5577)(170.65)  (2077)(79.9)  1117.7  103 mm3
 1117.7  106 m3
tc  t w  13.0 mm  13  103 m
VQc (250  103 )(1117.7  106 )
c   6 3
 58.6  106 Pa  c  58.6 MPa 
Itc (367  10 )(13  10 )
928
b PROBLEM 6.35
12 12
6 An extruded aluminum beam has the cross section shown.
80 a
Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 150 kN, determine
6 40 the shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
150
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I  (150)(80)3  (126)(68)3
12 12
 3.098  106 mm 4  3.0985  106 m 4
(a) Qa  A1 y1  2 A2 y2
 (126)(6)(37)  (2)(12)(40)(20)
 47.172  103 mm3  47.172  106 m3
ta  (2)(12)  24 mm  0.024 m
VQa (150  103 )(47.172  106 )
a   6
 95.2  106 Pa
Ita (3.0985  10 )(0.024)
 a  95.2 MPa 
(b) Qb  A1 y1  (126)(6)(37)  27.972  103 mm3
 27.972  106 m3
tb  (2)(6)  12 mm  0.012 m
VQb (150  103 )(27.972  106 )
b    112.8  106 Pa
Itb (3.0985  106 )(0.012)
 b  112.8 MPa 
929
6
b
PROBLEM 6.36
An extruded aluminum beam has the cross section shown. Knowing that the
12 12 vertical shear in the beam is 150 kN, determine the shearing stress at
80 a
(a) point a, (b) point b.
6 40
80
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I (80)(80)3  (56)(68)3  1.9460  106 mm 4
12 12
 1.946  106 m 4
(a) Qa  A1 y1  2 A2 y2
 (56)(6)(37)  (2)(12)(40)(20)  31.632  103 mm3
 31.632  106 m3
ta  (2)(12)  24 mm  0.024 m
VQa (150  103 )(31.632  106 )

a   6
 101.6  106 Pa
Ita (1.946  10 )(0.024)
 a  101.6 MPa 
(b) Qb  A1 y1  (56)(6)(37)  12.432  103 mm3
 12.432  106 m3
tb  (2)(6)  12 mm  0.012 m
VQb (150  103 )(12.432  106 )
b    79.9  106 Pa
Itb (1.946  106 )(0.012)
 b  79.9 MPa 
930
120 PROBLEM 6.37
50 50
10
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of
c 75 MPa in an extruded beam having the cross section shown, determine the
40
b shearing stress at the three points indicated.
30
a 160
30
40
10
20 20
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
VQ
  τ is proportional to Q/t.
It
Point c: Qc  (30)(10)(75)
 22.5  103 mm3
tc  10 mm
Qc /tc  2250 mm 2
Point b: Qb  Qc  (20)(50)(55)
 77.5  103 mm3
tb  20 mm
Qb /tb  3875 mm 2
Point a: Qa  2Qb  (120)(30)(15)
 209  103 mm3
ta  120 mm
Qa /ta  1741.67 mm 2
(Q/t )m occurs at b.  m   b  75 MPa
a b c
 
Qa /ta Qb /tb Qc /tc
a 75 MPa a
2
 2

1741.67 mm 3875 mm 2250 mm 2
 a  33.7 MPa 
 b  75.0 MPa 
 c  43.5 MPa 
931
0.5 in. d 5 in. d PROBLEM 6.38
b The vertical shear is 1200 lb in a beam having the cross section
shown. Knowing that d  4 in., determine the shearing stress at
8 in. a
(a) point a, (b) point b.
4 in.
0.5 in.
SOLUTION
1
I1  (4)(0.5)3  (4)(0.5)(3.75) 2  28.167 in 4
12
1
I 2  (5)(4)3  106.67 in 4
3
I  4 I1  2I 2  326 in 4
(a) Qa  2 A1 y1  A2 y2
 (2)(4)(0.5)(3.75)  (5)(4)(2)  55 in 3
ta  5 in.
VQa (1200)(55)
a    40.5 psi 
Ita (326)(5)
(b) Qb  A1 y1  (4)(0.5)(3.75)  7.5 in 4
tb  0.5 in.
VQb (1200)(7.5)
b    55.2 psi  
Itb (326)(0.5)
932
0.5 in. d 5 in. d PROBLEM 6.39
b The vertical shear is 1200 lb in a beam having the cross section
shown. Determine (a) the distance d for which a  b, (b) the
8 in. a
corresponding shearing stress at points a and b.
4 in.
0.5 in.
SOLUTION
A1  0.5d in 2 , y1  3.75 in., tb  0.5 in.

A2  (5)(4)  20 in 2 , y2  2 in., ta  5 in.
Qb  A1 y1  1.875d in 3
VQb V 1.875d Vd
b    3.75
Itb I 0.5 I
Qa  A2 y2  2Qb  (20)(2)  (2)(1.875d )
 40  3.75d
ta  5 in.
VQa V (40  3.75d ) V Vd Vd

(a) a    8  0.75   b  3.75
Ita I (5) I I I
8
8  0.75d  3.75d d   2.6667 in.
3
d  2.67 in .
1
(b) I1  (2.6667)(0.5)3  (2.6667)(0.5)(3.75) 2  18.780 in 4
12
1
I 2  (0.5)(4)3  106.667 in 4
3
I  4 I1  2 I 2  288.46 in 4
Vd (3.75)(1200)(2.6667)
 a   b  3.75   a  41.6 psi 
I 288.46
933
c b PROBLEM 6.40
d
1.25 in.
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 18 in. Knowing
a
e that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.
1.25 in.
1.25 in. 1.25 in.
SOLUTION
1 1
I (2.50)(2.50)3  (2.125)(2.25)3  1.23812 in 4 
12 12
t  0.125 in.at all sections.
V  2 kips 
VQa
Qa  0 a   a  0 
It
 1.25  3
Qb  (0.125)(1.25)    0.097656 in 
 2 
VQb (2)(0.097656)
b    b  1.262 ksi 
It (1.23812)(0.125)
Qc  Qb  (1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875)  0.25537 in.2 
VQc (2)(0.25537)
c     c  3.30 ksi 
It (1.23812)(0.125)
Qd  2Qc  (0.125)2 (1.1875)  0.52929 

VQd (2)(0.52929)
d     d  6.84 ksi 
It (1.23812)(0.125)
 1.125 
Qe  Qd  (0.125)(1.125)    0.60839 
 2 
VQ (2)(0.60839)
e    e  7.86 ksi 
It (1.23812)(0.125)
934
c b PROBLEM 6.41
d
1.25 in.
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 18 in. Knowing
e a that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.
1.25 in.
1.25 in. 1.25 in.
SOLUTION
1 1
I (2.50)(2.50)3  (2.125)(2.25)3  1.23812 in 4
12 12
Add symmetric points c’, b’, and a’.
Qe  0 
 1.125  3
Qd  (0.125)(1.125)    0.079102 in td  0.125 in. 
 2 
Qc  Qd  (0.125)2 (1.1875)  0.097657 in 4 tc  0.25 in. 
Qb  Qc  (2)(1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875)  0.41309 in 3 tb  0.25 in. 
 1.25  3
Qa  Qb  (2)(0.125)(1.25)    0.60840 in ta  0.25 in. 
 2 
VQa (2)(0.60840)
a    a  3.93 ksi 
Ita (1.23812)(0.25)
VQb (2)(0.41309)
b    b  2.67 ksi 
Itb (1.23812)(0.25)
VQc (2)(0.097657)
c    c  0.631 ksi 
Itc (1.23812)(0.25)
VQd (2)(0.079102)
d    d  1.02 ksi 
Itd (1.23812)(0.125)
VQe
e   e  0 
Ite
935
40 mm 12 mm 40 mm PROBLEM 6.42
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of

30 mm
a 50 MPa in a thin-walled member having the cross section shown, determine
b 10 mm the corresponding shearing stress (a) at point a, (b) at point b, (c) at point c.
c
50 mm
10 mm
30 mm
SOLUTION
Qa  (12)(30)(25  10  15)  18  103 mm3

Qb  (40)(10)(25  5)  12  103 mm3
Qc  Qa  2Qb  (12)(10)(25  5)  45.6  103 mm3
 25 
Qm  Qc  (12)(25)    49.35  103 mm3
 2 
ta  tc  tm  12 mm
tb  10 mm
 m  50 MPa
 a Qa tm 18 12
(a)      0.36474  a  18.23 MPa 
 m Qm ta 49.35 12
 b Qb tm 12 12
(b)      0.29179  b  14.59 MPa 
 m Qm tb 49.35 10
c Q t 45.6 12
(c)  c  m    0.92401  c  46.2 MPa 
 m Qm tc 49.35 12
936
2 in. 2 in. PROBLEM 6.43
10 in.
Three planks are connected as shown by bolts of 83 -in. diameter spaced every
4 in. 6 in. along the longitudinal axis of the beam. For a vertical shear of 2.5 kips,
10 in.
determine the average shearing stress in the bolts.
SOLUTION
Locate neutral axis.

A  (2)(2)(10)  (10)(4)  80 in 2
Ay  (2)(2)(10)(5)  (10)(4)(8)  520 in 3
Ay 520
Y    6.5 in.
A 80
1 
I  2  (2)(10)3  (2)(10)(1.5) 2 
 12 
1
 (10)(4)3  (10)(4)(1.5) 2  566.67 in 4
12
Q  (2)(10)(1.5)  30 in 3
VQs (2.5)(30)(6)
F  qs    0.79411 kips
I 566.67
2
 2   3 2
Abolt  d bolt     0.110447 in
4 4 8
F 0.79411
 bolt    7.19 ksi 
Abolt 0.110447
937
PROBLEM 6.44
100 mm
A beam consists of three planks connected as shown by steel bolts with a
25 mm longitudinal spacing of 225 mm. Knowing that the shear in the beam is
25 mm vertical and equal to 6 kN and that the allowable average shearing stress in
each bolt is 60 MPa, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that
100 mm
can be used.
50 mm 100 mm 50 mm
SOLUTION
Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

 7500 50 18.75 14.06
 7500 50 18.75 14.06
 15,000 50 37.50 28.12
Σ 75.00 56.24
I   Ay 2   I  131.25  106 mm 4  131.25  106 m 4

Q  A1 y1  (7500)(50)  375  103 mm3
 375  106 m3
VQs
Fbolt   bolt Abolt  qs 
I
VQs (6  103 )(375  106 )(0.225)
Abolt    64.286  106 m 2
 bolt I (6  106 )(131.25  106 )
 64.286 mm 2
4 Abolt (4)(64.286)
d bolt   d bolt  9.05 mm 
 
938
PROBLEM 6.45
6 in.
A beam consists of five planks of 1.5  6-in. cross section connected by steel
bolts with a longitudinal spacing of 9 in. Knowing that the shear in the beam is
1 in. vertical and equal to 2000 lb and that the allowable average shearing stress in
1 in. each bolt is 7500 psi, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that can be
used.
SOLUTION
Part A(in 2 ) y0 (in.) Ay0 (in 3 ) y (in.) Ay 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
 9 5 45 0.8 5.76 27
 9 4 36 0.2 0.36 27
 9 3 27 1.2 12.96 27
 9 4 36 0.2 0.36 27
 9 5 45 0.8 5.76 27
 45 189 25.20 135
Ay 189
Y0    4.2 in.
A 45
I  Ad 2  I  160.2 in 4
Between  and : Q12  Q1  Ay1  (9)(0.8)  7.2 in 3
Between  and : Q23  Q1  Ay2  7.2  (9)(0.2)  5.4 in 3
VQ
q
I
Maximum q is based on Q12  7.2 in 3.

(2000)(7.2)
q  89.888 lb/in.
160.2
Fbolt  qs  (89.888)(9)  809 lb
Fbolt Fbolt 809
 bolt  Abolt    0.1079 in 2
Abolt  bolt 7500
 2 4 Abolt (4)(0.1079)
Abolt  d bolt d bolt   d bolt  0.371 in. 
4  
939
PROBLEM 6.46
Four L102  102  9.5 steel angle shapes and a 12  400-mm plate are bolted
400 mm together to form a beam with the cross section shown. The bolts are of 22-mm
12 mm
diameter and are spaced longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the beam
is subjected to a vertical shear of 240 kN, determine the average shearing stress
in each bolt.
SOLUTION
For one L102  102  9.5,

A  1845 mm 2
I  1.815  106 mm 2
Q  (1845 mm 2 )(171 mm)
 315.5  103 mm3
 315.5  106 m 4
For 12-mm  400-mm plate and four angle,

1
I  (12 mm)(400 mm)3  4[1.815  106 mm 4  (1845 mm 2 )(171 mm) 2 ]
12
 287.06  106 mm 4  287.06  106 m 4
VQ (240 kN)(315.5  106 m3 )
One angle: q   263.78 kN/m
I 287.06  106 m 4
F  qs  (263.78 kN/m)(0.120 m)  31.65 kN
F 31.65 kN
Diam. bolt  22 mm    ;   83.3 MPa ◄
A 
(0.022 m) 2
4
940
D PROBLEM 6.47
1.6 in. A plate of 14 -in. thickness is corrugated as shown and then used as a
A B E F
beam. For a vertical shear of 1.2 kips, determine (a) the maximum
2 in. 2 in.
shearing stress in the section, (b) the shearing stress at point B. Also,
1.2 in. 1.2 in. sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
SOLUTION
LBD  (1.2) 2  (1.6) 2  2.0 in. ABD  (0.25)(2.0)  0.5 in 2
Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.

Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d (in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
AB 0.5 0 0 0.4 0.080 neglect
BD 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.080 *0.1067
DE 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.080 *0.1067
EF 0.5 0 0 0.4 0.080 neglect
Σ 2.0 0.8 0.320 0.2134
* 1 1 Ay 0.8
ABD h 2  (0.5)(1.6)2  0.1067 in 4 Y    0.4 in.
12 12 A 2.0
I  Ad 2  I  0.5334 in 4
(a) Qm  QAB  QBC
QAB  (2)(0.25)(0.4)  0.2 in 3
QBC  (0.5)(0.25)(0.2)  0.025 in 3
Qm  0.225 in 3
VQm (1.2)(0.225)
m    m  2.02 ksi 
It (0.5334)(0.25)
(b) QB  QAB  0.2 in 3

VQB (1.2)(0.2)
B    B  1.800 ksi 
It (0.5334)(0.25)
D  0 
941
22 mm
e PROBLEM 6.48
A plate of 2-mm thickness is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a vertical
shear of 5 kN, determine the shearing stress at the five points indicated and sketch the
shear flow in the cross section.
a d 50 mm
b c
10 mm 10 mm
SOLUTION
1 1 1 
I  2  (2)(48)3  (2)(52)3  (20)(2)3  (20)(2)(25) 2 
12 12 12 
 133.75  103 mm 4  133.75  109 mm 4
Qa  (2)(24)(12)  576 mm3  576  109 mm3
Qa  0
Qc  Qb  (12)(2)(25)  600 mm3  600  109 m3
Qd  Qc  (2)(24)(12)  1.176  103 mm3  1.176  106 m3
Qe  Qd  (2)(26)(13)  600 mm3  500  109 m3
VQa (5  103 )(576  109 )

a    10.77  106 Pa  a  10.76 MPa 
It (133.75  109 )(2  103 )
VQb
b  b  0 
It
VQc (5  103 )(600  109 )

c    11.21  106 Pa  c  11.21 MPa 
It (133.75  109 )(2  103 )
VQd (5  103 )(1.176  106 )

d   9 3
 22.0  106 Pa  d  22.0 MPa 
It (133.75  10 )(2  10 )
VQe (5  103 )(500  109 )

e    9.35  106 Pa  e  9.35 MPa 
It (133.75  109 )(2  103 )

942
60 mm A PROBLEM 6.49
An extruded beam has the cross section shown and a uniform wall
30 mm thickness of 3 mm. For a vertical shear of 10 kN, determine (a) the
shearing stress at point A, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
28 mm
16 mm 16 mm
SOLUTION
16
tan     28.07
30
Side: A  (3 sec  )(30)  102 mm 2

1
I  (3 sec  )(30)3  7.6498  103 mm 4
12
Part A (mm 2 ) y0 (mm) A y (103 mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (103 mm 4 ) I (103 mm 4 )

Top 180 30 5.4 11.932 25.627 neglect
Side 102 15 1.53 3.077 0.966 7.6498
Side 102 15 1.53 3.077 0.966 7.6498
Bot. 84 0 0 18.077 27.449 neglect
Σ 468 8.46 55.008 15.2996
A y 8.46  103
Y0    18.077 mm
A 468
I  Ad 2  I  70.31  103 mm 4  70.31  109 m 4
(a) QA  (180)(11.932)  2.14776  103 mm3  2.14776  10 6 m3
t  (2)(3  103 )  6  103 m

VQ (10  103 )(2.14776  106 )
A   9 6
 50.9  106 Pa  A  50.9 MPa 
It (70.31  10 )(6  10 )
1 
(b) Qm  QA  (2)(3 sec  )(11.932)   11.932 
2 
 2.14776  103  484.06  2.6318  103 mm3
 2.6318  106 m3
t  6  103 m
VQm (10  103 )(2.6318  106 )

m    62.4  106 Pa  m  62.4 MPa 
It (70.31  109 )(6  103 )
943
QB  (28)(3)(18.077)  1.51847  103 mm3

QB 1.51847  103
B  A  (50.9)
QA 2.14776  103
 36.0 MPa
Multiply shearing stresses by t (3 mm  0.003 m) to get shear flow.
944
D
6 in.
E
PROBLEM 6.50
A plate of thickness t is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a

vertical shear of 600 lb, determine (a) the thickness t for which the
4.8 in.
maximum shearing stress is 300 psi, (b) the corresponding shearing
A B F G stress at point E. Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
3 in. 3 in.
2 in.
SOLUTION
LBD  LEF  4.82  22  5.2 in.

Neutral axis lies at 2.4 in. above AB.
Calculate I.
I AB  (3t )(2.4) 2  17.28t
1
I BD  (5.2t )(4.8)2  9.984t
12
I DE  (6t )(2.4)2  34.56t
I EF  I DB  9.984t
I FG  I AB  17.28t
I  I  89.09t
(a) At point C, QC  QAB  QBC  (3t )(2.4)  (2.6t )(1.2)  10.32t
VQC VQ (600)(10.32t )
   t    0.23168 in. t  0.232 in. 
It I (300)(89.09t )
(b) I  (89.09)(0.23168)  20.64 in 4
QE  QEF  QFG
 0  (3)(0.23168)(2.4)  1.668 in 3
VQE (600)(1.668)
E    E  209 psi 
It (20.64)(0.23168)
945
3
8
in. 3
8
in. PROBLEM 6.51
2 in.
The design of a beam calls for connecting two vertical rectangular 83  4 -in. plates
by welding them to horizontal 12  2 -in. plates as shown. For a vertical shear V,
2 in.
a determine the dimension a for which the shear flow through the welded surface is
1
2
in. maximum.
a
2 in.
1
2
in.
SOLUTION
3
 1  3   1  1 1
I  (2)    (4)3  (2)   (2)    (2)(2)   a 2
 12  8   12   2  2
 4.041667  2a 2 in 4
1
Q  (2)   a  a in 3
2
VQ Va dq
q  Set  0.
I 4.041667  2a 2 da
dq  (4.041667  2a 2 )  (a)(4a) 
 V  0
da  (4.041667  2a 2 )2 
2a 2  4.041667
a  1.422 in. 

946
PROBLEM 6.52
The cross section of an extruded beam is a hollow square of side a  3 in. and
thickness t  0.25 in. For a vertical shear of 15 kips, determine the maximum
shearing stress in the beam and sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
a a
SOLUTION
1
Iu  I v  (3.254  2.754 )
12
 4.53125 in 4
Since products of inertia  0,
I x  I y  Iu  I v
I x  4.53125 in 4
V  15 kips
QNA  2[(3 in.  0.25 in.)(1.0607 in.)]  1.59105 in 3

VQNA (15 kips)(1.59105 in 3 )
 m   NA  
I (2t ) (4.53125 in 4 )(2)(0.25 in.)
 m  10.53 ksi ◄

947
a PROBLEM 6.53
a
An extruded beam has a uniform wall thickness t. Denoting by V the vertical
shear and by A the cross-sectional area of the beam, express the maximum
shearing stress as  max  k (V/A) and determine the constant k for each of the
(a) (b) two orientations shown.
SOLUTION
3
(a) h a a
2 (b) h
2
A1  A2  at
A1  at
3 3 1
I1  A1h 2  ath 2  at A2  at
4 2
1 1 3 1 I1  I1  A1d 2
I 2  A2 h 2  at a 2  a 3t
3 3 4 4 2
5 3 1 a h
I  2 I1  4 I 2  a t  ath 2  at   
2 12 2 2
1 3 9 7
3 2  a t  a 3t  a 3t
Q1  A1h  a t 48 16 12
2 3
h 3 2 1 a 1 3
Q2  A2  a t I2  t    at
2 4 3 2 24
Qm  Q1  2Q2  3a 2 t 5
I  4 I1  4 I 2  a3t
2
VQ V 3a 2 t 3V
m    a h 3 2
I (2t ) 5
2
3
a t 2t  5 at Q1  at     a t
2 2 4
6 3 V 6 3V V  1  a  1
  k Q2   at    a 2t
5 6at 5 A A  2  4  8
7
6 3 Q  2Q1  2Q2  a 3t
k k  2.08  4
5
VQ V  74 a3t
m  
I (2t ) 5 3
2  
a t (2t )
7 V 42 V 21 V
  
20 at 20 6at 10 A
V 21
k k  2.10 
A 10
948
u PROBLEM 6.54
P
(a) Determine the shearing stress at point P of a thin-walled pipe of the cross section
C shown caused by a vertical shear V. (b) Show that the maximum shearing stress occurs for
rm
t   90 and is equal to 2V/A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
SOLUTION
1
A  2 rm t J  Arm2  2 rm3t I J   rm3t
2
sin 
r for a circular arc.

AP  2r t
QP  AP r  2rt sin 
VQP (V )(2rt sin  ) V sin 

(a) P   P  
I (2t ) 
 rm3t (2t )   rm t
2V sin 2 2V
(b) m  m  
2 rm t A
949
PROBLEM 6.55
For a beam made of two or more materials with different moduli of elasticity, show that Eq. (6.6)
VQ
 ave 
It
remains valid provided that both Q and I are computed by using the transformed section of the beam
(see Sec. 4.4), and provided further that t is the actual width of the beam where  ave is computed.
SOLUTION
Let Eref be a reference modulus of elasticity.
E1 E
n1  , n2  2 , etc.
Eref Eref
Widths b of actual section are multiplied by n’s to obtain the transformed section. The bending stress
distribution in the cross section is given by
nMy
x  
I
where I is the moment of inertia of the transformed cross section and y is measured from the centroid of the
transformed section.
The horizontal shearing force over length  x is
n(M ) y (M ) Q(M )

H   ( x ) dA   I
dA 
I 
ny dA 
I

Q  ny dA  first moment of transformed section.
 H M Q VQ
Shear flow: q  
x x I I
q
q is distributed over actual width t, thus  .
t
VQ

It
950
90 mm
PROBLEM 6.56
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
84 mm
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
90 mm
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress
at the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)
6 mm 140 mm 6 mm
SOLUTION
Let steel be the reference material.

Ew 10 GPa
ns  1.0 nw    0.05
Es 200 GPa
Depth of section: d  90  84  90  264 mm
1 3  1 
For steel portion, Is  2 bd  (2)   (6)(264)3  18.400  106 mm 4
12  12 
For the wooden portion, Iw 

1
12

b d13  d 23  1
12
(140)(2643  843 )  207.75  106 mm 4
For the transformed section, I  ns I s  nw I w
I  (1.0)(18.400  106 )  (0.05)(207.75  106 )  28.787  106 mm 4  28.787  106 m 4

(a) Shearing stress in the bolts.
For the upper wooden portion, Qw  (90)(140)(42  45)  1.0962  106 mm3
For the transformed wooden portion,
Q  nwQw  (0.05)(1.0962  106 )  54.81  103 mm3  54.81  106 m3

Shear flow on upper wooden portion:
VQ (4000)(54.81  106 )
q   7616 N/m
I 28.787  106
Fbolt  qs  (7616)(0.200)  1523.2 N
 
Abolt  2
d bolt  (12) 2  113.1 mm 2  113.1  106 m 2
4 4
Fbolt 1523.2
Double shear:  bolt  
2 Abolt (2)(113.1  106 )
 6.73  106 Pa  bolt  6.73 MPa 



951
(b) Shearing stress at the center of the cross section.
For two steel plates, Qs  (2)(6)(90  42)(90  42)  76.032  103 mm3  76.032  106 m3
For the neutral axis, Q  54.81  106  76.032  106  130.842  106 m3
Shear flow across the neutral axis:
VQ (4000)(130.842  106 )
q  6
 18.181  103 N/m
I 28.787  10
Double thickness: 2t  12 mm  0.012 m
q 18.181  103
Shearing stress:     1.515  106 Pa
2t 0.012
  1.515 MPa 
952
150 mm PROBLEM 6.57
12 mm
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
250 mm
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress at
the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)
12 mm
SOLUTION
Let Eref  Es  200 GPa

Ew 10 GPa 1
ns  1 nw   
Es 200 GPa 20
Widths of transformed section:

 1 
bs  150 mm bw    (150)  7.5 mm
 20 
1  1
I  2  (150)(12)3  (150)(12)(125  6)2   (7.5)(250)3
12  12
 2[0.0216  106  30.890  106 ]  9.766  106
 71.589  106 mm 4  71.589  106 m 4
(a) Q1  (150)(12)(125  6)  235.8  103 mm3  235.8  106 m3
VQ1 (4  103 )(235.8  106 )

q   13.175  103 N/m
I 71.589  106
Fbolt  qs  (23.187  103 )(200  103 )  2.635  103 N
  
Abolt  2
d bolt    (12)2  113.1 mm 2  113.1  106 m 2
4 4
Fbolt 2.635  103
 bolt    23.3  106 Pa  bolt  23.3 MPa 
Abolt 113.1  106
(b) Q2  Q1  (7.5)(125)(62.5)  235.8  103  58.594  103  294.4  103 mm3  294.4  106 m3
t  150 mm  150  103 m

VQ2 (4  103 )(294.4  106 )
c    109.7  103 Pa  c  109.7 kPa 
It (71.589  106 )(150  103 )
953
PROBLEM 6.58
2 in.
Aluminum A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a
composite beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and that
the modulus of elasticity is 29  106 psi for the steel and 10.6  106 psi for the
1 in.
Steel aluminum, determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in
1.5 in. Prob. 6.55.)
SOLUTION
n  1 in aluminum.
29  106 psi
n  2.7358 in steel.
10.6  106 psi
Part nA (in 2 ) y (in.) nA y (in 3 ) d (in.) nAd 2 (in 2 ) nI (in 4 )
Alum. 3.0 2.0 6.0 0.8665 2.2525 1.0

Steel 4.1038 0.5 2.0519 0.6335 1.6469 0.3420
Σ 7.1038 8.0519 3.8994 1.3420
nA y 8.0519
Y    1.1335 in.
nA 7.1038
I  nAd 2  nI  5.2414 in 4
(a) At the bonded surface, Q  (1.5)(2)(0.8665)  2.5995 in 3
VQ (4)(2.5995)
     1.323 ksi 
It (5.2414)(1.5)
 1.8665  3
(b) At the neutral axis, Q  (1.5)(1.8665)    2.6129 in
 2 
VQ (4)(2.6129)
 max    max  1.329 ksi 
It (5.2814)(1.5)
954
PROBLEM 6.59
2 in.
Steel A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a
composite beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and
that the modulus of elasticity is 29  106 psi for the steel and 10.6  106 psi for
1 in.
Aluminum the aluminum, determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in
1.5 in. Prob. 6.55.)
SOLUTION
n  1 in aluminum.
29  106 psi
n  2.7358 in steel.
10.6  106 psi
Part nA (in 2 ) y (in.) nA y (in 3 ) d (in.) nAd 2 (in 2 ) nI (in 4 )
Steel 8.2074 2.0 16.4148 0.2318 0.4410 2.7358

Alum. 1.5 0.5 0.75 1.2682 2.4125 0.1250
Σ 9.7074 17.1648 2.8535 2.8608
nA y 17.1648
Y    1.7682 in.
A 9.7074
I  nAd 2  nI  5.7143 in 4
(a) At the bonded surface, Q  (1.5)(1.2682)  1.9023 in 3
VQ (4)(1.9023)
    0.888 ksi 
It (5.7143)(1.5)
 1.2318 
(b) At the neutral axis, Q  (2.7358)(1.5)(1.2318)    3.1133 in 3
 2 
VQ (4)(3.1133)
 max    max  1.453 ksi 
It (5.7143)(1.5)
955
PROBLEM 6.60
Consider the cantilever beam AB discussed in Sec. 6.5 and the

portion ACKJ of the beam that is located to the left of the transverse
section CC and above the horizontal plane JK, where K is a point at
a distance y  yY above the neutral axis. (See figure.) (a) Recalling
that  x   Y between C and E and  x  ( Y /yY ) y between E and K,
P show that the magnitude of the horizontal shearing force H exerted
Plastic
on the lower face of the portion of beam ACKJ is
A C E
J K yY
1  y2 
B H b Y  2c  yY  
yY 
E' y
C' 2 
x
Neutral axis
(b) Observing that the shearing stress at K is
H 1 H 1  H
 xy  lim  lim 
 A 0  A  x 0 b  x b x
and recalling that yY is a function of x defined by Eq. (6.14), derive

Eq. (6.15).
SOLUTION
Point K is located a distance y above the neutral axis.
The stress distribution is given by
y
  Y for 0  y  yY and    Y for yY  y  c.
yY
956
For equilibrium of horizontal forces acting on ACKJ,

yY  Y yb c

H   dA  
yY y yY
 Y b dy
dy  
 b  y2  y2 
 Y  Y    y b(c  yY )
yY  2 
1  y2 
H  b  Y  2c  yY   (a)
2  yY 
Note that yY is a function of x.
1  H 1   yY y 2 dyY 
 xy   Y    
b  x 2   x yY 2 dx 
1  y 2  dyY
   Y 1  
2  yY 2  dx
3  1 yY2 
But M  Px  M y 1 
2  3 c 2 
 
dM 3  2 yY dyY 
Differentiating,  P  MY   2 
dx 2  3 c dx 
dyY Pc 2 Pc 2 3 P
  
dx yY M Y yY 3  Y bc
2 2
2  Y byY
1  y2 3 P 3P  y2 
Then  xy   Y 1    1   (b)
2  yY 2  2  Y b Y 4byY  yY 2 
  
957
A
a
B
PROBLEM 6.61
a Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform

D E thickness having the cross section shown.
O a
e
F G
a
H J
SOLUTION
2
 3a  1 9
I AB  I HJ  at    at 3  ta 3
 2 12 4
2
a 1 1
I DE  I FG  at    at 3  ta 2
 2  12 4
1 9
I AH  t (3a )3  ta 3
12 4
29 3
I  I  ta
4
3a 3
Part AB: A  tx y Q  atx
2 2
VQ V  2 atx
3
6Vx
  3

It 29
4
ta t 29a 2 t
a 6Vx 6V a 3

F1   dA   0 2
29a t
t dx 
29a 2  0
x dx 
29
V
a 1
Part DE: A  tx y Q  atx
2 2
VQ V  2 atx
1
2Vx
  3

It 29
4
ta t 29 a 2t
a 2Vx 2V a 1

F2   dA   0 2
29a t
t dx 
29a 2  0
x dx 
29
V
M K  M K : Ve  F1 (3a )  F2 (a )
9 1 10
 Va  Va  Va
29 29 29
10
e a e  0.345a 
29
958
A
PROBLEM 6.62
a
D B
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
thickness having the cross section shown.
a
O
e
a
F
E
a
G
2a
SOLUTION
2
1 3  3a  7
I AB  I FG  ta  (ta)    ta 3
12  2 3
1
I DB  I EF  (2at ) a 2  (2a ) t 3  2a3t
12
1 2 28 3
I DE  t (2a )3  ta 3 I  I  ta
12 3 3
2a  y
Part AB: A  t (2a  y ); y
3
1
Q  Ay  t (2a  y )(2a  y )
2
1
t (4a 2  y 2 )
2
VQ V
  (4a 2  y 2 )
It 2I
2a V

F1   dA  
a 2I
(4a 2  y 2 ) t dy
Vt  2 y 3  2 a Vta 3  (2)3  1 
  4a y    (4)(2)   (4)(1)    
2I  3 a 2I  3  3 
5 Vta 3 5
  V
6 I 56
959
3a
Part DB: Q  (ta )  txa
2
 3a 
 ta   x 
 2 
VQ Va  3a 
   x
It I  2 
2 a Va  3a  Vta 2a  3a 

F2   dA   0

I  2
 x  t dx 
 I  0
 2  x  dx
 
Vta  3ax x 2  2a
Vta 3  (3)(2) (2)2 
       
I  2 2  0 I  2 2 
3
Vta 15
5  V
I 28
MH   M H: Ve  F2 (2a )  2 F1 (2a )
30 20 5
 Va  Va  Va
28 56 7
5
e a  0.714a 
7
960
D B PROBLEM 6.63
a Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
O
A thickness having the cross section shown.
G
e
a
E F
2a
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I AB  I FG  ta I DB  I CP  2ata3  2att 3  2ta3
3 12
1 2 16 3
I DE  t (2a)3  ta 3 I  I  ta
12 3 3
y 1
Part AB: A  ty y  Q  ty 2
2 2
2
VQ V  12 ty 3Vy 2
   16 3 
It 3
ta t 32a3t
a 3V a 2 1
F1    dA   0  t dy  3 0
y dt  V
32a 32
1 2
Part BD: Q  QB  txa  ta  tax
2
VQ Vt  1 2 
    a  ax 
It 16
3
a3t  2 
3 V
 ( a  2 x)
32 a 2
2 a 3V
F2    dA   0 (a  2 x)dx
32a 2
3V 2a
 2
(ax  x 2 )
32a 0
3V 9
 (2a 2  4a 2 )  V
32a 2 16
M H  M H :
Ve  (2a)(2 F1)  (2a)( F2 )
1 9 5 5
 Va  Va  Va e a  1.250a 
8 8 4 4
961
a b PROBLEM 6.64
A D B
O h
e
E G F
SOLUTION
2
h 1 1
I AB  I EF  (a  b)t    (a  b)t 3  t (a  b)h 2
 2  12 4
1 1
I DG  th3 I  I  t (6a  6b  h)h 2
12 12
h 1
Part AD: Q  tx  thx
2 2
VQ Vhx
 
It 2I
a Vhx Vht a

F1   dA  
0 2I
t dx 
2I 0 
x dx
a
Vht x 2 Vhta 2
 
2I 2 0
4I
h 1
Part BD: Q  tx  thx
2 2
VQ Vhx
 
It 2I
b Vhx Vht b

F2   dA 
0 2I t dx 
2I  0
x dx
b
Vht x 2 Vhtb 2
 
2I 2 0
4I
M H  M H :
Vh 2 t (b 2  a 2 )
Ve  F2 h  F1h 
4I
2 2 2
Vh t (b  a ) 3V (b 2  a 2 )
 
4  121 t (6a  6b  h)h 2
6a  6b  h
3(b 2  a 2 )
e 
6(a  b)  h
962
6 mm PROBLEM 6.65
B
A An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of the
12 mm shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the vertical
shearing force V shown applied at O.
O
C 192 mm
e
6 mm
V ⫽ 110 kN
D E
72 mm
SOLUTION
 1   192   1
2
I  2   (72)(6)3  (72)(6)     12 (12)(192)
3
12
   2  
 15.0431  106 mm 4  15.0431  106 m 4
 192 
Part AB: A  6x Q  Ay  (6 x)    576 x
 2 
VQ 576Vx
q 
I I
x  0 at point A. x  l AB  72 mm at point B.
xB 72 576Vx 576V (72)2
F1   xA
q dx   0 I
dx 
I 2
2
(288)(72)
 V  0.099247 V
15.0431  106
MC  M C : Ve  (0.099247 ) V (192)
(a) e  19.0555 mm e  19.06 mm 
(b) Point A: x  0, Q  0, q0 A  0 
Point B in part AB: x  72 mm
Q  (576)(72)  41.472  103 mm3  41.472  106 m3
t  6 mm  0.006 m
VQ (110  103 )(41.472  106 )
B  
It (15.0431  106 )(0.006)
 50.5  106 Pa  B  50.5 MPa 
963
Part BD:
Point B: y  96 mm Q  41.472  103 mm3  41.472  106 m3
t  12 mm  0.012 m
VQ (110  103 )(41.472  106 )
B  
It (15.0431  106 )(0.012)
 25.271  106 Pa  B  25.3 MPa 

Point C: y  0, t  0.012 m
 96 
Q  41.472  103  (12)(96)    96.768  103 mm3  96.768  106 m3
 2 
VQ (110  103 )(96.768  106 )
   58.967  106 Pa  C  59.0 MPa 
It (15.0431  106 )(0.012)
964
D
4.0 in.
B
PROBLEM 6.66
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the
location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses
O A caused by the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
6.0 in.
G
e
V ⫽ 2.75 kips
E F
1
t⫽ 8
in.
SOLUTION
1
I AB  (0.125)(3)3  1.125 in 4
3
1
I BD  (4)(0.125)3  (4)(0.125)(3)2  4.50065 in 4
12
1
I DE  (0.125)(6)3  2.25 in 4
12
I EF  I BD  4.50065 in 4
I FG  I AB  1.125 in 4
I   I  13.50 in 4
y
(a) Part AB: Q ( y )  ty  0.5ty 2
2
VQ ( y ) 0.5Vt 2
q( y )   y
I I
3 0.5Vt 3 Vt

FAB  q ( y ) dy 
0 I  0
y 2 dy  4.5
I

Vt
Its moment about H is 4 FAB  18
I
QB  (0.5)(t )(3) 2  4.5 t
Part BD: Q( x)  QB  xt (3)  (4.5  3x) t
Vq ( x) Vt
q( x)   (4.5  3 x)
I I
4 t 4 Vt
FBD 
 q ( x) dx 
0 I 0 
(4.5  3x) dx  42 
I
Vt
Its moment about H : 3FBD  126
I
QD  [4.5  (3)(4)] t  16.5 t
965
Vt
Part EF: By symmetry with part BD, FEF  42 
I
Vt
Its moment about H is 3FEF  126
I
VT
Part FG: By symmetry with part AB, FFG  4.5 
I
Vt
Its moment about H is 4 FFG  18
I
Moment about H of force in part DE is zero.
Vt 144Vt
Ve   M H  (18  126  0  126  18) 
I I
144 t (2.88)(0.125)
e  e  2.67 in. 
I 13.50
(b) QA  QG  0  A  G  0 
QB  QF  4.5t
VQB (2.75)(4.5 t )
B F    B   F  0.917 ksi 
It 13.50 t
 QD  QE  16.5t 
VQ0 (2.75)(16.5t )
 D E     D   E  3.36 ksi 
It 13.50 t
At H (neutral axis), QH  QD  t (3)(1.5)  21t
VQH (2.75)(21t )
H    H  4.28 ksi 
It 13.50t
966
A PROBLEM 6.67
2 in.
B
D An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of
the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the
O vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
6 in.
e
F
E
V 5 2.75 kips 2 in.
G
4 in.
1
t5 8
in.
SOLUTION
Part A (in2) d (in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )
BD 0.50 3 4.50 0
ABEG 1.25 0 0 10.417
EF 0.50 3 4.50 0
 2.25 9.00 10.417
I   Ad 2   I  19.417 in 4
(a) Part BD: Q( x)  3 tx
VQ ( x) V
q( x)   (3tx)
I I
3Vt 4 3Vt 24Vt
FBD 
I 0 x dx 
I
(8) 
I
72Vt
Its moment about H: ( M BD ) H  3FBD 
I
24Vt 72Vt
Part EF: By same method, FEF  ( M EF ) H 
I I
Moments of FAB , FBE , and FEG about H are zero.
72Vt 72Vt 144Vt

Ve   M H   
I I I
144 t (144)(0.125)
e  e  0.927 in. 
I 19.417
967
(b) At A, D, F , and G, Q0  A   D   F  G  0 

Just above B : Q1  QAB  (2t )(4)  8 t
VQ1 (2.75)(8t )
1   1  1.133 ksi 
It (19.417) t
Just to the right of B: Q2  QBD  (3) t (4)  12t
VQ2 (2.75)(12t )
2    2  1.700 ksi 
It (19.417) t
Just below B: Q3  Q1  Q2  20t
VQ3 (2.75)(20t )
3    3  2.83 ksi 
It (19.417) t
At H (neutral axis), QH  Q3  QBH  20t  t (3)(1.5)  24.5 t

VQH (2.75)(24.5t )
H    H  3.47 ksi 
It (19.417) t
By symmetry,  4   3  2.83 ksi 
  5   2  1.700 ksi 
 6  1  1.133 ksi 
968
A
6 mm
PROBLEM 6.68
B
6 mm 30 mm An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location
4 mm of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by
D E the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
z O
30 mm
e 4 mm
F G
N = 35 kN 30 mm
6 mm
H J
30 mm
Iz = 1.149 × 106 mm4
SOLUTION
1
I AB  I HJ  (30)(6)3  (30)(6)(45)2  0.365  106 mm 4
12
1
I DE  I FG  (30)(4)3  (30)(4)(15) 2  0.02716  106 mm 4
12
1
I AH  (6)(90)3  0.3645  106 mm 4
12
I  I  1.14882  106 mm 4
(a) For a typical flange, A( s )  ts
Q( s )  yts
VQ( s ) Vyts
q(s)  
I I
b Vytb 2

F  q( s )ds 
0 2I
V (45)(6)(302 )
Flange AB: FAB   0.10576V 
(2)(1.14882  106 )
V (15)(4)(30)2
Flange DE: FDE   0.023502V 
(2)(1.14882  106 )
Flange FG: FFG  0.023502V 
Flange HJ: FHJ  0.10576V 
M K  M K : Ve  45 FAB  15FDE  15 FFG
 45 FHJ  10.223V
Dividing by V, e  10.22 mm 
969
(b) Calculation of shearing stresses.
V  35  103 N I  1.14882  106 m 4

At B, E, G, and J,  0 
At A and H,
Q  (30)(6)(45)  8.1  103 mm3  8.1  106 m3
t  6  103 m
VQ (35  103 )(8.1  106 )
   41.1  106 Pa   41.1 MPa 
It (1.14882  106 )(6  103 )
Just above D and just below F:
Q  8.1  103  (6)(30)(30)  13.5  103 mm3  13.5  106 m3
t  6  103 m
VQ (35  103 )(13.5  106 )

   68.5  106 Pa   68.5 MPa 
It (1.14882  106 )(6  103 )
Just to right of D and just to the right of F:
Q  (30)(4)(15)  1.8  103 mm3  1.8  106 m3 t  4  103 m
VQ (35  103 )(1.8  106 )

   13.71  106 Pa   13.71 MPa 
It (1.14882  106 )(4  103 )
Just below D and just above F:
Q  13.5  103  1.8  103  15.3  103 mm3  15.3  106 m3
t  6  103 m
VQ (35  103 )(15.3  106 )

   77.7  106 Pa   77.7 MPa 
It (1.14882  106 )(6  103 )
At K, Q  15.3  103  (6)(15)(7.5)  15.975  103 mm3  15.975  106 m3
VQ (35  103 )(15.975  106 )

   81.1  106 Pa   81.1 MPa 
It (1.14882  106 )(6  103 )
970
A PROBLEM 6.69
1
in. 2 in.
4
B
3 in. thickness having the cross section shown.
O
D
3 in.
r E
2 in.
F
4 in.
SOLUTION
1
LDB  42  32  5 in. ADB  LDBt  (5)    1.25 in 2
4
1 1
I DB  AAB h 2    (1.25)(3)2  3.75 in 4
3 3
1 1 3 1 2 4
I AB    (2)    (2)(4)  8.1667 in
12  4  4
I  (2)(3.75)  (2)(8.1667)  23.833 in 4
1
Part AB: A (5  y) in 2
4
1
y  (5  y) in.
2
1 1
Q  Ay  (5  y)(5  y)  (25  y 2 )
8 8
VQ V (25  y 2 ) V (25  y 2 )
   
It (8)(23.833)(0.25) 47.667
5 V (25  y2) 1
F1    dA   3  dy
(47.667) 4
5
V  1 
  25 y  y 3 
190.667  3 3
V  1 1 
 (25)(5)  (5)3  (25)(3)  (3)3   0.09091V
190.667  3 3 
MD  M D : Ve  2F1(4)  0.7273V e  0.727 in. 
971
B PROBLEM 6.70
6 mm
35 mm
60⬚ Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
O A uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
D
F
e 60⬚
35 mm
SOLUTION
1
I DB  (6)(35)3  85.75  103 mm 4
3
LAB  70 mm AAB  (70)(6)  420 mm 2
1 1
I AB  AAB h 2    (420)(35)2  171.5  103 mm 4
3  3
I  (2)(85.75  103 )  (2)(171.5  103 )  514.5  103 mm 4
Part AB: A  ts  6 s
1 1
y  s sin 30  s
2 4
3 2
Q  Ay  s
2
VQ 3Vs 2
 
It It
70 3Vs 2 3V 70

F1   dA   0 2 It
t ds 
I  0
s 2 ds
(3)(70)3 1
 V V
(2)(3) I 3
M D   M D: Ve  2[( F1 cos 60°)(70 sin 60°)]
 20.2V
Dividing by V, e  20.2 mm 
972
4 in. PROBLEM 6.71
A
3 in. Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
B thickness having the cross section shown.
O
5 in.
D
3 in.
e
E
SOLUTION
LAB  42  32  5 in. AAB  5t

1 1
I AB  AAB h 2  AAB d 2  (5t )(3)2  (5t )(4)2  83.75t in 4
12 12
1
I BD  (t )(5)3  10.417t in 4
12
I  2 I AB  I BD  177.917t in 4
In part BD, Q  QAB  QBY
1
Q  (5t )(4)  (2.5  y )t   (2.5  y )
2
1  1 
 20t  3.125t  ty 2   23.125  y 2  t
2  2 
VQ 2.5 V (23.125  12 y 2 )t

It
FBD   dA   2.5 It
 t dy
2.5
Vt 2.5  1  Vt  1 

I  
 2.5 
23.125  y 2  dy   23.125 y  y 3 
2  I  6  2.5
Vt  (2.5)3  Vt (110.417)
  2 (23.125)(2.5)    0.62061V
I  6  177.917t
 10  10
M K  M K : V   e    (0.62061V )
 3  3
10
e [1  0.62061] e  1.265 in. 
3
Note that the lines of action of FAB and FDE pass through point K. Thus, these forces have zero moment
about point K.
973
B A PROBLEM 6.72
60 mm
O Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
D
uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
e 60 mm
E F
80 mm
40 mm
SOLUTION
I AB  (40t )(60)2  144  103t

LDB  802  602  100 mm ADB  100t
1 1
I DB  ADB h 2  (100t )(60)2  120  103t
3 3
I  2 I AB  2 I DB  528  103t
Part AB: A  tx y  60 mm
Q  A y  60tx mm3
VQ V (60tx) 60Vx
  
It It I
40 60Vx 60Vt 40

F1   dA 
0  I
t dx 
I 0
x dx
30
60Vt x 2 (60)(30)2 Vt
   0.051136V
I 2 0 (2)(528  103 ) t
M D   M D: Ve  (0.051136V )(120) e  6.14 mm 
974
PROBLEM 6.73
a t
O A
B
SOLUTION
For whole cross section, A  2 at

1
J  Aa 2  2 a 3t I J   a 3t
2
Use polar coordinate  for partial cross section.
A  st  a t s  arc length
sin  1
r a where   
 2
sin 
2
y  r sin   a

sin 2 
Q  Ay  a t a  a 2 t 2 sin 2 


 a 2t 2sin 2  a 2 t (1  cos  )
2
VQ Va 2
  (1  cos  )
It I
2
2 Va3 Va 4t

M C  a  dA   0 I
(1  cos  ) tad 
I
(  sin  )
0
2 Va t
4
  2aV
 a 3t
But M C  Ve, hence e  2a 
975
A PROBLEM 6.74
a
O Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform thickness
t having the cross section shown.
B
e
SOLUTION
For a thin-walled hollow circular cross section, A  2 at

1
J  a 2 A  2 a 3t I J   a 3t
2

For the half-pipe section, I a 3t
2
Use polar coordinate  for partial cross section.
A  st  a  t s  arc length
sin  
r a where  
 2
sin  cos 
y  r cos   a

sin  cos 
Q  Ay  a t a  a 2t (2 sin  cos  )

 a 2t sin 2  a 2t sin 
VQ Va 2
  sin 
It I

 Va 2 Va 4 t

M H  a  dA   0
a
I
sin  ta d 
I
 cos 
0
4
Va t 4
2  Va
I 
4
But M H  Ve, hence e a  1.273a 

976
3
4 in.
3
PROBLEM 6.75
4 in.
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the
1
2 in. location of the shear center O of the cross section.
O
8 in. 6 in.
e
8 in.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I t1h1  t2 h23
12 12
1 
Right flange: A   h2  y  t2
 2 
11 
y   h2  y  t2
22 
Q  Ay
11  1 

 h2  y  h2  y  t2
22  2 
11 
  h22  y 2  t2
24 
VQ V 1 2 
   h2  y 2  t2
It2 2 It2  4 
h2 / 2
Vt2  1 2 2
h2 / 2 Vt2 1 2 y3 
F2   dA   
 h2  y  t2 dy  2 I
 h2 / 2 2 I t  4
2 
 h2 y 
4

3  h2 / 2
Vt2  1 2 h 1  h 3 1 2 h 1  h 3  Vt h3 Vt2 h23

  2 h 2
 2
 h 2
 2
  2 2

2 3  2  4 2 3  2   12 I
2
2I  4 t1h13  t2 h23
t2 h23b
MH  M H:  Ve   F2 b  V
t1h13  t2 h23
t2 h23b (0.75)(6)3(8)
e  e  2.37 in. 
t1h13  t2 h23 (0.75)(8)3  (0.75)(6)3
977
50 mm 50 mm PROBLEM 6.76
A
D
6 mm
F
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the
O
60 mm location of the shear center O of the cross section.
80 mm 40 mm
G
E
B
e
SOLUTION
Let h1  AB  h, h2  DE , h3  FG
I 
1
12

t h13  h23  h33 
1 
Part AB: A   h1  y  t
 2 
11 
y   h1  y 
22 
1 1  1 
Q  Ay  t  h1  y  h1  y 
2 2  2 
1 1 2 
 t  h1  y 2 
2 4 
VQ V 1 2 2
    h1  y 
It 2I  4 
1h V 1 2 2
F1    dA   2 1 h1  h1  y  t dy
1 2 2I  4 
1
h1
Vt  1 2 y3  2
  h1 y  
2I  4 3  1
 h1
2
Vt  1 2 1
3
1  h1  Vth13
 h1 h1    
I 4 2 3 2   12 I
 
h13V

h13  h23  h33
978
h23V
Likewise, for Part DE, F2 
h13  h23  h33
h33V
and for Part FG, F3 
h13  h23  h33
bh23  2bh33
M H  M H : Ve  bF2  2bF3  V
h13  h23  h33
h23  2h33 (60)3  (2)(40)3
e b (50)
h13 3
 h2  h3 3
(80)3  (60)3  (40)3
 21.7 mm e  21.7 mm ◄
979
A
PROBLEM 6.77
60 mm
B
D A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine the
dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the point
60 mm O
indicated.
E
F
60 mm
G
b
SOLUTION
1
Part AB: A( s )  ts y ( s)  y A 
s
2
1
Q( s )  A( s ) y ( s)  ty A s  ts 2
2
VQ( s ) Vt  1 
q(s)    yAs  s2 
I I  2 
l AB
FAB   0
q( s ) ds
Vt  y Al AB
2
l3 
   AB  
I  2 6 
1 2
At B, QB  ty Al AB  tl AB
2
By symmetry, FFG  FAB
Part BD: A( x)  tx
Q( x)  QB  yB A( x)  QB  tyB x
VQ( x) V
q( x)   (QB  tyB x)
I I
b V 1 
FBD
0 
 q ( x) dx   QB b  tyB b 2  
I 2 
By symmetry, FEF  FBD
FDE is not required, since its moment about O is zero.
980
 M O  0 : b( FAB  FFG )  yB FBD  yF FEF  0

2b FAB  2 yB FBD  0
Vt  y Al AB
2
l3  V  1 2
2b    AB   2 yB  QB b  2 tyB b   0
I  2 6  I  
2Vt  1 2 1 3  2Vt  1 2  1 2 2
 y A l AB  l AB  b   y Al AB  l AB  yB b  yB b  0
I 2 6  I  2  2
2Vt
Dividing by and substituting numerical data,
I
1 2 1 3  1 2 1 2 2
 (90)(60)  (60)  b  (90)(60)  (60)  (30)b  (30) b  0
2 6   2  2
126  103b  108  103b  450b 2  0
18  103b  450b 2  0 b  0 and b  40.0 mm 
981
A B PROBLEM 6.78
1 in.
D E A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown.
Determine the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section
8 in.
is located at the point indicated.
O 10 in.
F G
1 in.
H J
b
3 in.
SOLUTION
Part AB: A  tx y  5 in. Q  Ay  5tx

VQ V .5 tx 5Vx
   
It It I
3 5Vx 5Vt 3
F1    dA   0 tdx   x dx
I I 0
2
(5)(3) Vt Vt
  22.5
2 I I
Part DE: A  tx y  4 in. Q  Ay  4tx
VQ V 4tx 4Vx
   
It It I
a 4Vx
F2    dA   0 t dx
I
4Vt a
  x dx
I 0
2Vta 2

I
 Vt  2Vta 2
M O  M O : O  (10)  22.5   (8)
 I  I
(10)(22.5)
a2   14.0625 in 2 a  3.75 in. 
(8)(2)
982
PROBLEM 6.79

For the angle shape and loading of Sample Prob. 6.6, check that q dz  0 along the horizontal leg of the angle

and q dy  P along its vertical leg.
SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.

3P(a  z )(a  3 z ) 3P 2
Along horizontal leg: f   (a  4az  3z 2 )
4ta 3 4ta3
a 3P a
  
q dz   f t dz  3 (a 2  4az  3z 2 )dz
0 4a 0
a
3P  z2 z2 
 3  a 2 z  4a  3 
4a  2 3 0
3P 3
 ( a  2a 3  a 3 )  0 
4a 3
3P(a  y )(a  5 y ) 3P 2
Along vertical leg: e  3
 3
(a  4ay  5 y 2 )
4ta 4ta
a 3P a
  
q dy   e t dy  3 (a 2  4ay  5y 2 )dy
0 4a 0
a
3P  2 y2 y3 
  a y  4 a  5 
4a3  2 3  0
3P  3 3 5 3  3P 4 3
  a  2a  3 a   3  3 a  P 
4a 3   4a
983
PROBLEM 6.80
For the angle shape and loading of Sample Prob. 6.6, (a) determine the points where the shearing stress is
maximum and the corresponding values of the stress, (b) verify that the points obtained are located on the
neutral axis corresponding to the given loading.
SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.

3P(a  y )(a  5 y ) 3P 2
(a) Along vertical leg: e  3
 (a  4ay  5 y 2 )
4ta 4ta 3
d e 3P 2
 (4a  10 y )  0 y a 
dy 4ta 3 5
3P 2   2   3P  9 2 
2
27 P
m   a 2  (4a )  a   (5)  a    3 
a  m  
4ta3
 5   5   4ta  5  20 ta
3P(a  z )(a  3 z ) 3P 2
Along horizontal leg: f  3
 (a  4az  3z 2 )
4ta 4ta3
d f 3P 2
 (4a  6 z )  0 z a 
dz 4ta 3 3
3P  2 2   2   3P  5 2 
2
1 P
m   a  (4 a ) a
3   (3) 3  
a 3 
 a  m   
4ta 3       4ta  3  4 ta
3P
 At the corner: y  0, z  0,  
4 ta
1 1 3
(b) I y  ta 3 I z  ta   45
3 12
I z 1
tan   tan     14.036
I y 4
    45  14.036  30.964
Ay at (a/2) 1
y   a
A 2at 4
Az at (a/2) 1
z   a
A 2at 4
984
Neutral axis intersects vertical leg at

y  y  z tan 30.964
1 1  2
   tan 30.964  a  0.400a y a 
4 4  5
Neutral axis intersects horizontal leg at
z  z  y tan (45 +  )
1 1  2
   tan 59.036  a  0.667a z a 
4 4  3
985
P PROBLEM 6.81
D'
D Determine the distribution of the shearing stresses along line DB
a A'
B' in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for the loading shown. The
A B x and y  axes are the principal centroidal axes of the cross
2a section.
0.596a
y'
D' y
B'
0.342a C' a
6
2
3
a
A' Ix' ⫽ 1.428ta3
x' Iy' ⫽ 0.1557ta3
15.8⬚
x
SOLUTION
  15.8 Vx  P cos  Vy   P sin 

1
A( y )  (2a  y )t y (2a  y ), x 0
2
 2   1 
Coordinate transformation. y    y  a  cos    x  a  sin 
 3   6 
 1   2 
x   x  a  cos    y  a  sin 
 6   3 
 2   1 
In particular, y    y  a  cos    x  a  sin 
 3   6 
1 1   1 
  y  a  cos     a  sin 
2 3   6 
 0.48111y  0.36612a
 1   2 
x   x  a  cos    y  a  sin 
 6   3 
 1  1 1 
   a  cos    y  a  sin 
 6  2 3 
 0.13614 y  0.06961a
986
PROBLEM 6.81 (Continued)
Vx Ax Vy A y 

   
I yt I x t
( P cos  )(2a  y )(t )(0.13614 y  0.06961a)

(0.1557ta 3 )(t )
( P sin  )(2a  y )(0.48111 y  0.36612a)

(1.428 a 3t )(t )
P(2a  y )(0.750 y  0.500a)

ta3
1 2 4 5
y (a ) 0 1 2
3 3 3 3
P 
   1.000 0.417 0 0.250 0.333 0.250 0
 at 

987
P PROBLEM 6.82
D'
D For the angle shape and loading of Prob. 6.81, determine the
a A'
B' distribution of the shearing stresses along line DA in the vertical
A B leg.
2a
PROBLEM 6.81* Determine the distribution of the shearing
stresses along line DB in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for
the loading shown. The x and y  axes are the principal centroidal
0.596a
y' axes of the cross section.
D' y
B'
0.342a C' a
6
2
3
a
A' Ix' ⫽ 1.428ta3
x' Iy' ⫽ 0.1557ta3
15.8⬚
x
SOLUTION
  15.8 Vx  P cos 

Vx   P sin  A( x)  (a  x)t
1
x (a  x), y 0
2
Coordinate transformation.
 2   1 
y    y  a  cos    x  a  sin 
 3   6 
 1   2 
x   x  a  cos    y  a  sin 
 6   3 
In particular,
 2   1 
y    y  a  cos    x  a  sin 
 3   6 
 2  1 1 
   a  cos    x  a  sin 
 3  2 3 
 0.13614 x  0.73224a
 1   2 
x   x  a  cos    y  a  sin 
 6   3 
1 1   2 
  x  a  cos     a  sin 
2 3   3 
 0.48111x  0.13922a
988
PROBLEM 6.82* (Continued)
Vx A( x) x Vy A( x) y 
 
I y t I x t
( P cos  )(a  x)(t )(0.48111x  0.13922a)

(0.1557ta3 )(t )
( P sin  )(a  x)(t )(0.13614 x  0.73224a)

(1.428ta 3 )(t )
P(a  x)(3.00 x  1.000a )

ta 3
1 1 1 2 5
x( a ) 0 1
6 3 2 3 6
P 
   1.000 1.250 1.333 1.250 1.000 0.583 0
 at 

989
PROBLEM 6.83*
A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to form the channel
B shown. Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in the midplane of
the web of the channel, determine (a) the torque T that would cause the
100 mm
A channel to twist in the same way that it does under the load P,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.
D
E
P ⫽ 15 kN
30 mm
SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with b  30 mm, h  100 mm, and t  8 mm.
b 30
e   9.6429 mm  9.6429  103 m
2  3b 2  (3)(30)
h 100
1 2 1
I th (6b  h)  (8)(100)2 [(16)(30)  100]  1.86667  106 mm 4  1.86667  106 m 4
12 12
3
V  15  10 N
(a) T  Ve  (15  103 )(9.6429  103 ) T  144.6 N  m 
Stress at neutral axis due to V:

h  h  h  1
Q  bt t   th(h  4b)
2  2 
 4  8
1
 (8)(100) 100  (4)(30)  22  103 mm3  22  106 m3
8
t  8  103 m
VQ (15  103 )(22  106 )
V   6 3
 22.10  106 Pa  22.10 MPa
It (1.86667  10 )(8  10 )
Stress due to T : a  2b  h  160 mm  0.160 m

1 t  1 8 
c1  1  0.630   1  (0.630)  0.3228
3 a 3 160 
T 144.64
V  2
 3 2
 43.76  106 Pa  43.76 MPa
c1at (0.3228)(0.160)(8  10 )
(b) By superposition,  max   V   T  max  65.9 MPa 
990
PROBLEM 6.84*
Solve Prob. 6.83, assuming that a 6-mm-thick plate is bent to form the
B channel shown.
100 mm
A PROBLEM 6.83* A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to
form the channel shown. Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in
the midplane of the web of the channel, determine (a) the torque T that
D would cause the channel to twist in the same way that it does under the
E load P, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.
P ⫽ 15 kN
30 mm
SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with b  30 mm, h  100 mm, and t  6 mm.
b 30
e   9.6429 mm  9.6429  103 m
2  3b 2  (3)(30)
h 100
1 2 1
I th (6b  h)  (6)(100) 2 [(6)(30)  100]  1.400  106 mm 4  1.400  106 m 4
12 12
3
V  15  10 N
(a) T  Ve  (15  103 )(9.6429  103 ) T  144.6 N  m 
Stress at neutral axis due to V:
h  h  h  1
Q  bt t   th(h  4b)
2  2 
 4  8
1
 (6)(100) 100  (4)(30)   16.5  103 mm3  16.5  106 m3
8
t  6  103 m
VQ (15  103 )(16.5  106 )
V    29.46  106 Pa  29.46 MPa
It (1.400  106 )(6  106 )
Stress due to T : a  2b  h  160 mm  0.160 m
1 t  1  6 
c1  1  0.630   1  (0.630)     0.32546
3 a 3  160  
T 144.64
V    77.16  106 Pa  77.16 MPa
c1a t 2
(0.32546)(0.160)(6  103 ) 2
(b) By superposition,  max   V   T  max  106.6 MPa 
991
PROBLEM 6.85
B
1.25 in.
The cantilever beam AB, consisting of half of a thin-
A walled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius and 83 -in. wall
A
thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb vertical load.
C a Knowing that the line of action of the load passes
O through the centroid C of the cross section of the
t beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple
system at the shear center of the cross section,
B (b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint:
500 lb e The shear center O of this cross section was shown
in Prob. 6.74 to be located twice as far from its
vertical diameter as its centroid C.)
SOLUTION
From the solution to Prob. 6.74,


 I a 3t Q  a 2t sin 
2
 4
e a Qmax  a 2 t
 
 For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to
the centroid is

2
 x a

At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its moment
about the shear center O is
4 2 2
d ex  a a a
  
(a) Equivalent force-couple system at O.
2
V P M O  Vd  Pa

Data: P  500 lb a = 1.25 in.
V  500 lb 
2
M O    (500)(1.25) M O  398 lb  in. 
  

992
(b) Shearing stresses.

VQmax
(1) Due to V :  V  
It
( P)(a 2 t ) 2P (2)(500)
 V     679 psi 
 3   at  (1.25)(0.375)
2 a t  (t )
 
 (2) Due to the torque M O :
For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque M O is
MO 1 t
M  where c1   1  0.630 
c1lt 2 3 l
Data: l   a   (1.25)  3.927 in. t  0.375 in. c1  0.31328
397.9
M   2300 psi
(0.31328)(3.927)(0.375) 2
By superposition,    V   M  679 psi  2300 psi   2980 psi 
993
PROBLEM 6.86
B
1.25 in.
Solve Prob. 6.85, assuming that the thickness of the
A beam is reduced to 14 in.
A
C PROBLEM 6.85 The cantilever beam AB, consisting
O
a of half of a thin-walled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius
and 83 -in. wall thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb
t vertical load. Knowing that the line of action of the
load passes through the centroid C of the cross section
500 lb B
of the beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple
e system at the shear center of the cross section, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: The
shear center O of this cross section was shown in
Prob. 6.74 to be located twice as far from its vertical
diameter as its centroid C.)
SOLUTION
 From the solution to Prob. 6.74,

 I   a 3t Q  a 2 t sin 
 4
e a Qmax  a 2t
 
 For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to the
centroid is
2
x a

At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its moment about
the shear center O is
4 2 2
d ex  a a a
  
(a) Equivalent force-couple system at O.
2
V P M O  Vd  Pa

 Data: P  500 lb a  1.25 in.
 V  500 lb 
M O  398 lb  in. 

994
(b) Shearing stresses.

VQmax
(1) Due to V ,  V 
It
( P)(a 2t ) 2P (2)(500)
V     1019 psi
 3   at  (1.25)(0.250)
 2 a t (t ) 
 
(2) Due to the torque M O :
For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque M O is
MO 1 t
M  where c1 = 1  0.630 
c1lt 2 3 l
Data: l   a   (1.25)  3.927 in. t  0.250 in. c1  0.31996
397.9
M   5067 psi
(0.31996)(3.927)(0.250) 2
By superposition,    V   M  1019 psi  5067 psi   6090 psi 
995
y PROBLEM 6.87
y'
3 kips
A' B' The cantilever beam shown consists of a
A' x' Z shape of 14 -in. thickness. For the given
B' 22.5⬚ loading, determine the distribution of the
C'
A x
shearing stresses along line AB in the
B
12 in. upper horizontal leg of the Z shape. The x
D' E' and y  axes are the principal centroidal axes
D' E'
D of the cross section and the corresponding
E
moments of inertia are I x  166.3 in 4 and
6 in. 6 in. I y  13.61 in 4 .
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
V  3 kips   22.5
Vx  V sin  Vy  V cos 
In upper horizontal leg, use coordinate x : (6 in ⭐ x ⭐ 0)
1
A (6  x) in.
4
1
x  (6  x) in.
2
y  6 in.
x  x cos  + y sin 
y   y cos   x sin 
Vx Ax
Due to Vx : 1 
I yt
1 1 
(V sin  )   (6  x)  (6  x) cos   6sin  
4
   2 
1 
1
(13.61)  
4
 0.084353(6  x)(0.47554  0.46194 x)
1  1 
(V cos  )   (6  x) 6 cos   (6  x)sin  
Vy A y  4  2 
Due to Vy : 2  
I xt  
1
(166.3)  
4
 0.0166665(6  x)[6.69132  0.19134 x]
Total: 1   2  (6  x)[0.07141  0.035396 x]
x (in.) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 
 (ksi) 0 0.105 0.140 0.104 0.003 0.180 0.428 
996
PROBLEM 6.88
y For the cantilever beam and loading of

y'
3 kips Prob. 6.87, determine the distribution of the
A' B' shearing stress along line BD in the
A' x' vertical web of the Z shape.
B' 22.5⬚
C'
PROBLEM 6.87 The cantilever beam
A x
B
12 in. shown consists of a Z shape of 14 -in.
D' E'
D' E'
thickness. For the given loading, determine
D E
the distribution of the shearing stresses
along line AB in the upper horizontal leg
6 in. 6 in.
of the Z shape. The x and y  axes are the
(a) (b) principal centroidal axes of the cross section
and the corresponding moments of inertia
are I x  166.3 in 4 and I y  13.61 in 4 .
SOLUTION
V  3 kips   22.5
Vx  V sin  Vy  V cos 
1
For part AB’, A    (6)  1.5 in 2
4
x  3 in., y  6 in.
1
For part B′Y, A (6  y )
4
1
x  0 y  (6  y )
2
x  x cos   y sin 
y   y cos   x sin 
 )
Vx ( AAB x AB  ABY xBY
Due to Vx : 1 
I yt
(V sin  )[(1.5)(3cos   6sin  )  14 (6  y ) 12 (6  y ) sin  ]
1 
(13.61) 14 
(V sin  )[0.7133  1.7221  0.047835 y 2 ]
  0.3404  0.01614 y 2
3.4025
997
Vy ( AAB y AB  ABY y )

Due to Vy : 2 
I x t
(V cos  )[(1.5)(6 cos   3 sin  )  14 (6  y ) 12 (6  y ) cos  ]
2 
(166.3) 14 
(V cos  )[10.037  4.1575  0.11548y 2 ]
  0.9463  0.00770 y 2
(166.3) 14 
Total: 1   2  1.2867  0.02384 y 2

y (in.) 0 2 4 6
 (ksi) 1.287 1.191 0.905 0.428 
 
998
s
s PROBLEM 6.89
s
Three boards are nailed together to form a beam shown, which is
60 mm
subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the spacing between the
60 mm nails is s  75mm and that the allowable shearing force in each nail is
60 mm 400 N, determine the allowable shear when w  120 mm.
200 mm
SOLUTION
Part A (mm 2 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

Top Plank 7200 60 25.92 2.16
Middle Plank 12,000 0 0 3.60
Bottom Plank 7200 60 25.92 2.16
 51.84 7.92
I  Ad 2   I  59.76  106 mm 4  59.76  106 m 4

Q  (7200)(60)  432  103 mm3  432  106 m3
VQ
q Fnail  qs
I
F Iq IFnail
q  nail V  
s Q Qs
(59.76  106 )(400)

V V  738 N 
(432  106 )(75  103 )
999
180 PROBLEM 6.90
160 kN
0.6 m
12 16 80 For the beam and loading shown, consider section
a n n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing stress in
that section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
16 100
n
80
0.9 m 0.9 m
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  80 kN
Consider cross section as composed of rectangles of types , , and .
1
I1  (12)(80)3  (12)(80)(90)2  8.288  106 mm 4
12
1
I2  (180)(16)3  (180)(16)(42)2  5.14176  106 mm 4
12
1
I3  (16)(68)3  419.24  103 mm 4
12
I  4I1  2 I 2  2 I 3  44.274  106 mm 4
 44.274  106 m 4
(a) Calculate Q at neutral axis.
Q1  (12)(80)(90)  86.4  103 mm 4

Q2  (180)(16)(42)  120.96  103 mm 4
Q3  (16)(34)(17)  9.248  103 mm 4
Q  2Q1  Q2  2Q3  312.256  103 mm3  312.256  106 m3

VQ (80  103 )(312.256  106 )
    17.63  106 Pa   17.63 MPa 
It (44.274  106 )(2  16  103 )
(b) At point a, Q  Q1  86.4  103 mm 4  86.4  106 m 4
VQ (80  103 )(86.4  106 )

    13.01  106 Pa   13.01 MPa 
It (44.274  106 )(12  103 )
1000
P PROBLEM 6.91
W24 × 104
For the wide-flange beam with the loading shown, determine the
A C
largest load P that can be applied, knowing that the maximum
B
normal stress is 24 ksi and the largest shearing stress using the
6 ft 9 ft approximation  m  V/Aweb is 14.5 ksi.
SOLUTION
 M C  0:  15RA  qP  0
RA  0.6 P
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.
V max
 0.6P M max
 0.6PLAB
LAB  6 ft  72 in.
Bending. For W24  104, S  258 in 3
M 0.6 PLAB
S  max

 all  all
 all S (24)(258)
P   143.3 kips
0.6LAB (0.6)(72)
Shear. Aweb  dtw

 (24.1)(0.500)
 12.05 in 2
V 0.6P
  max

Aweb Aweb
 Aweb (14.5)(12.05)
P   291 kips
0.6 0.6
The smaller value of P is the allowable value. P  143.3 kips 
1001
12 kips 12 kips
1 in. PROBLEM 6.92
n 1 in.
a
1 in. For the beam and loading shown, consider
4 in. b section n-n and determine the shearing stress
A B
at (a) point a, (b) point b.
n
2 in.
16 in. 16 in.
10 in.
4 in.
SOLUTION
Draw shear diagram.
V  12 kips
Determine section properties.
Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )

 4 4 16 2 16 5.333
 8 1 8 1 8 2.667
 12 24 24 8.000
Ay 24
Y    2 in.
A 12
I  Ad 2  I  32 in 4
(a) A  1 in 2 y  3.5 in. Qa  Ay  3.5 in 3

t  1 in.
VQa (12)(3.5)
a    a  1.313 ksi 
It (32)(1)
(b) A  2 in 2 y  3 in. Qb  A y  6 in 3
t  1 in.
VQb (12)(6)
b    b  2.25 ksi 
It (32)(1)
1002
2 in. PROBLEM 6.93
4 in.
The built-up timber beam is subjected to a 1500-lb vertical shear. Knowing
6 in. 4 in. that the longitudinal spacing of the nails is s  2.5 in. and that each nail is
3.5 in. long, determine the shearing force in each nail.
4 in.
2 in.
2 in. 2 in.
2 in.
SOLUTION
1
I1  (2)(4)3  (2)(4)(3) 2
12
 82.6667 in 4
1
I2  (2)(6)3  36 in 4
12
I  2 I1  2I 2
 237.333 in 4
Q  A1 y1  (2)(4)(3)  24 in 3
VQ (1500)(24)
q   151.685 lb/in.
I 237.333
1 1
2Fnail  qs Fnail  qs    (151.685)(2.5) Fnail  189.6 lb 
2 2
1003
40 mm PROBLEM 6.94
b
4 mm
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing
stress of 75 MPa in the hat-shaped extrusion shown, determine the
6 mm 6 mm
60 mm
corresponding shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
14 mm
a
4 mm
20 mm 28 mm 20 mm
SOLUTION
Neutral axis lies 30 mm above bottom.

VQc VQa VQb
c  a  b 
It Ita Itb
 a Qatc  b Qbtc
 
 c Qcta  c Qctb
Qc  (6)(30)(15)  (14)(4)(28)  4260 mm3

tc  6 mm
Qa  (14)(4)(28)  1568 mm3
ta  4 mm
Qb  (14)(4)(28)  1568 mm3
tb  4 mm
 c  75 MPa
Qa tc 1568 6
(a) a   c    75  a  41.4 MPa 
Qc ta 4260 4
Qb tc 1568 6
(b) b   c    75  b  41.4 MPa 
Qc tb 4260 4
1004
100 mm PROBLEM 6.95
125 mm 125 mm
Three planks are connected as shown by bolts of 14-mm diameter

100 mm spaced every 150 mm along the longitudinal axis of the beam. For a
vertical shear of 10 kN, determine the average shearing stress in the
250 mm bolts.
SOLUTION
Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (mm 4 ) I (mm 4 )
 12,500 200 2.5  106 37.5 17.5781  106 10.4167  106
 25,000 125 3.125  106 37.5 35.156  106 130.208  106
 12,500 200 2.5  106 37.5 17.5781  106 10.4167  106
Σ 50,000 8.125  106 70.312  106 151.041  106
Ay 8.125  106

Y    162.5 mm
A 50  103
I  Ad 2  I  221.35  106 mm 4

 221.35  106 m 4
Q  A1 y1  (12,500)(37.5)  468.75  103 mm3

 468.75  106 m3
VQ (10  103 )(468.75  106 )

q 
I 221.35  106
 21.177  103 N/m
Fbolt  qs  (21.177  103 )(150  103 )  3.1765  103 N


Abolt  (14) 2  153.938 mm 2  153.938  106 m 2
4
Fbolt 3.1765  103
 bolt    20.6  106 Pa
Abolt 153.938  106
 bolt  20.6 MPa 
1005
PROBLEM 6.96
1 in.
Three 1  18-in. steel plates are bolted to four L6  6  1 angles to form a beam
1 in. with the cross section shown. The bolts have a 78 -in. diameter and are spaced
x 18 in.
C longitudinally every 5 in. Knowing that the allowable average shearing stress in
the bolts is 12 ksi, determine the largest permissible vertical shear in the beam.
1 in.
(Given:I x  6123 in 4.)
18 in.
SOLUTION
1
Flange: If  (18)(1)3  (18)(1)(9.5) 2  1626 in 4
12
1
Web: Iw  (1)(18)3  486 in 4
12
Angle: I  35.5 in 4 , A  11.0 in 2

y  1.86 in. d  9  1.86  7.14 in.
I a  I  Ad 2  596.18 in 4
I  2I f  I w  4I a  6123 in 4 , which agrees with the given value.
Flange: Q f  (18)(1)(9.5)  171 in 3
Angle: Qa  Ad  (11.0)(7.14)  78.54 in 3

Q  Q f  2Qa  328.08 in 3
2
 7 2
Abolt     0.60132 in
48
Fbolt  2 bolt Abolt  (2)(12)(0.60132)  14.4317 kips
Fbolt 14.4317
qall    2.8863 kip/s
s 5
VQ qall I (2.8863)(6123)
q Vall   Vall  53.9 kips 
I Q 328.08
1006
a PROBLEM 6.97
The composite beam shown is made by welding C 200  17.1 rolled-steel channels to the
112 mm
flanges of a W250  80 wide-flange rolled-steel shape. Knowing that the beam is
subjected to a vertical shear of 200 kN, determine (a) the horizontal shearing force per
meter at each weld, (b) the shearing stress at point a of the flange of the wide-flange
shape.
SOLUTION
For W250  80, d  257 mm, t f  15.6 mm, I x  126  106 mm 4
For C200  17.1, A  2170 mm 2 , b f  57.4 mm, t f  9.91 mm
I y  0.545  106 mm 4 , x  14.5 mm

For the channel in the composite beam,
257
yc   57.4  14.5  171.4 mm
2
For the composite beam,
I  126  106 +2 0.545  106  (2170)(171.4) 2 
 254.59  106 mm 4  254.59  106 m 4

(a) For the two welds,
Qw  Ayc  (2170) (171.4)  371.94  103 mm3  371.94  106 m3 
VQ (200  103 ) (371.94  106 )

q   292.2  103 N/m
I 254.59  106
q
For one weld,  146.1  103 N m
2
Shearing force per meter of weld: 146.1 kN m 
(b) For cuts at a and a ' together,
257 15.6
Aa  2(112)(15.6)  3494.4 mm 2 ya    120.7 mm
2 2
Qa  371.94  103  (3494.4)(120.7)  793.71  103 mm3  793.71  106 m3
Since there are cuts at a and a ', t  2t f  (2)(15.6)  31.2 mm  0.0312 m.
VQa (200  103 )(793.71  106 )

a    19.99  106 Pa
It 6
(254.59  10 )(0.0312)  a  19.99 MPa 
1007
0.5 in. PROBLEM 6.98
2.5 in.
h
The design of a beam requires welding four horizontal plates to a
0.5 in. vertical 0.5  5-in. plate as shown. For a vertical shear V,
h determine the dimension h for which the shear flow through the
2.5 in.
welded surface is maximum.
4.5 in. 4.5 in.

0.5 in.
SOLUTION
Horizontal plate:
1
Ih  (4.5)(0.5)3  (4.5)(0.5)h 2
12
 0.046875  2.25h 2
1
Vertical plate: Iv  (0.5)(5)3  5.2083 in 4
12
Whole section: I  4 I h  I v  9h 2  5.39583 in 4
For one horizontal plate, Q  (4.5)(0.5)h  2.25 h in 3
VQ 2.25Vh
q  2
I 9h  5.39583
dq
To maximize q, set  0.
dh
(9h 2  5.39583)  18h 2

2.25V 0 h  0.774 in. 
(9h 2  5.39583) 2
1008
A
B PROBLEM 6.99
D
E A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine
60 mm
45 mm the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the
F point indicated.
O
45 mm
60 mm
H
J G
K
b
30 mm
SOLUTION
Part AB: A  tx y  60 mm
Q  Ay  60tx mm3
VQ 60Vx
  
It I
30 60 Vx 60Vt 30

F1   dA   0 I
t dx 
I 
0
x dx
30
60Vt x 2 (60)(30) 2 Vt Vt
   27  103
I 2 0
2 I I
Part DE: A  tx y  45 mm
Q  Ay  45tx
VQ 45Vx
  
It I
b 45Vx 45Vt b 45b 2Vt
F2    dA   O t dx   x dx 
I I O 2I
 MO   M O : 0  (2)(45) F2  (2)(60) F1
(45) 2 b 2  (2)(60)(27  103 )  Vt  0

  I
(2)(60)(27  103 )
b2   1600 mm 2 b  40 mm 
452
Note that the pair of F1 forces form a couple. Likewise, the pair of F2 forces form a couple. The lines of
action of the forces in BDOGK pass through point O.
1009
B
PROBLEM 6.100
1
4 in.
60⬚
1.5 in. Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
O
D
A uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
F
e 60⬚
1.5 in.
SOLUTION
11
I AB    (1.5)3  0.28125 in 4
3 4 
1
LBD  3 in. ABD  (3)    0.75 in 2
4
1 1
I BD  ABD h 2  (0.75)(1.5) 2  0.5625 in 4
3 3
I  (2)(0.28125)  (2)(0.5625)  1.6875 in 4
1 1 1
Part AB: A y y  y Q  Ay  y 2
4 2 8
2
VQ Vy Vy 2
  
It (8)(1.6875)(0.25) 3.375
1.5 Vy 2

F1   dA   0 3.375
(0.25dy )
1.5
(0.25)V y 3 (0.25)(1.5)3
 
3.375 3 0 (3.375)(3)
 0.083333V
MD  M D : Ve  2 F1 (3 sin 60)
Ve  (2)(0.083333) V (3 sin 60)
e  (2)(0.083333)(3 sin 60) e  0.433 in. 
1010
PROBLEM 6.C1
A timber beam is to be designed to support a distributed load and

x4 up to two concentrated loads as shown. One of the dimensions of
x2 its uniform rectangular cross section has been specified and the
x3
P2 other is to be determined so that the maximum normal stress and
x1 P1 w the maximum shearing stress in the beam will not exceed given
t allowable values  all and  all . Measuring x from end A and using
either SI or U.S. customary units, write a computer program to
h
A B
calculate for successive cross sections, from x  0 to x  L and
using given increments x, the shear, the bending moment, and
L b
the smallest value of the unknown dimension that satisfies in that
a
section (1) the allowable normal stress requirement and (2) the
allowable shearing stress requirement. Use this program to solve
Prob. 5.65, assuming  all  12 MPa and  all  825 kPa and using
x  0.1 m.
SOLUTION
See solution of Prob. 5.C2 for the determination of RA , RB , V ( x), and M ( x)

We recall that
V ( x)  RA STPA  RB STPB  P1 STP1  P2 STP2
w( x  x3 ) STP3  w( x  x4 ) STP4
M ( x)  RA ( x  a ) STPA  RB ( x  a  L) STPB  P1 ( x  x1 ) STP1
1 1
w( x  x3 ) 2 STP3  w( x  x4 )2 STP4
P2 ( x  x2 ) STP2 
2 2
where STPA, STPB, STP1, STP2, STP3, and STP4 are step functions defined in Problem 5.C2.
(1) To satisfy the allowable normal stress requirement: If unknown dimension is h:
S min  |M |/ all .
1
From S  th 2 , we have h  h  6 S /t
6
If unknown dimension is t:
S min  |M |/ all .
1
From S  th 2 , we have t  t  6S /h 2
6
(2) To satisfy the allowable shearing stress requirement:
3 |V | 3 |V |
We use Equation (6.10), Page 378:  max  
2 A 2 th
3|V |
If unknown dimension is h: h  h 
2t all
3M
If unknown dimension is t: t  t 
2h all
1011
PROBLEM 6.C1 (Continued)
Program Outputs
Problem 5.65
RA  2.40 kN
RB  3.00 kN
X V M HSIG HTAU
m kN kN  m mm mm
0.00 2.40 0.000 0.00 109.09
0.10 2.40 0.240 54.77 109.09
0.20 2.40 0.480 77.46 109.09
0.30 2.40 0.720 94.87 109.09
0.40 2.40 0.960 109.54 109.09
0.50 2.40 1.200 122.47 109.09
0.60 2.40 1.440 134.16 109.09
0.70 2.40 1.680 144.91 109.09
0.80 0.60 1.920 154.92 27.27
0.90 0.60 1.980 157.32 27.27
1.00 0.60 2.040 159.69 27.27
1.10 0.60 2.100 162.02 27.27
1.20 0.60 2.160 164.32 27.27
1.30 0.60 2.220 166.58 27.27
1.40 0.60 2.280 168.82 27.27
1.50 0.60 2.340 171.03 27.27
1.60 –3.00 2.400 173.21 136.36 
1.70 –3.00 2.100 162.02 136.36 
1.80 –3.00 1.800 150.00 136.36 
1.90 –3.00 1.500 136.93 136.36 
2.00 –3.00 1.200 122.47 136.36 
2.10 –3.00 0.900 106.07 136.36 
2.20 –3.00 0.600 86.60 136.36 
2.30 –3.00 0.300 61.24 136.36 
2.40 0.00 0.000 0.05 0.00 
The smallest allowable value of h is the largest of the values shown in the last two columns.
For Problem 5.65, h  h  173.2 mm 
1012
PROBLEM 6.C2
P b
A cantilever timber beam AB of length L and of uniform rectangular
section shown supports a concentrated load P at its free end and a
w
uniformly distributed load w along its entire length. Write a
8b computer program to determine the length L and the width b of the
A B
beam for which both the maximum normal stress and the maximum
L shearing stress in the beam reach their largest allowable values.
Assuming  all  1.8 ksi and  all  120 psi, use this program to
determine the dimensions L and b when (a) P  1000 lb and w  0,
(b) P  0 and w  12.5 lb/in., (c) P  500 lb and w  12.5 lb/in.
SOLUTION
Both the maximum shear and the maximum bending moment occur at A. We have
VA  P  wL
1 2
M A  PL  wL
2
To satisfy the allowable normal stress requirement:
MA MA 3M A
 all   2

S 1
6
b (8b ) 32b3
1/3
 3 MA 
b  b   
 32  all 
To satisfy the allowable shearing stress requirement:
We use Equation (6.10), Page 378.
3V 3 VA 3V
 all    A2
2 A 2 b(8b) 16b
1/ 2
 3 VA 
b  b   
16  all 
Program
For L  0, VA  P and b > 0, while M A  0 and b  0.
Starting with L  0 and using increments L  0.001 in., we increase L until b and b become equal. We
then Print L and b.
1013
Program Outputs
For P  1000 lb, w  0.0 lb/in. For P  0 lb, w  12.5 lb/in.
Increment  0.0010 in. Increment  0.0010 in.
L  37.5 in., b  1.250 in. L  70.3 in., b  1.172 in.
For P  500 lb, w  12.5 lb/in.

Increment  0.0010 in.
L  59.8 in., b  1.396 in.
1014
bn PROBLEM 6.C3
hn
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical
shear V. Write a computer program that, for loads and dimensions
h2 expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to
V
h1
calculate the shearing stress along the line between any two
adjacent rectangular areas forming the cross section. Use this
b2 program to solve (a) Prob. 6.10, (b) Prob. 6.12, (c) Prob. 6.22.
b1
SOLUTION
1. Enter V and the number n of rectangles.

2. For i  1 to n, enter the dimensions bi and hi .
3. Determine the area Ai  bi hi of each rectangle.

4. Determine the elevation of the centroid of each rectangle:
i
yi  h
k 1
k  0.5hi
and the elevation y of the centroid of the entire section:
   
y 


 A y    A 
i
i i
i
i
5. Determine the centroidal moment of inertia of the entire section:

1 
I  12 b h
i
3
i i  A i ( yi  y ) 2 

6. For each surface separating two rectangles i and i  1, determine Qi of the area below that surface:
i
Qi   A (y
k 1
k k  y)
7. Select for ti the smaller of bi and bi 1.

The shearing stress on the surface between the rectangles i and i  1 is
VQi
i  
Iti




1015
Program Outputs
Problem 6.10
Shearing force  10 kN
y  75.000 mm above base
I  39.580  106 mm 4
Between Elements 1 and 2:
  418.39 kPA
  919.78 kPA (a)
  765.03 kPA (b)
  418.39 kPA
Problem 6.12
Shearing force  10 kips
y  2.000 in.
I  14.58 in 4
  2.400 ksi
  3.171 ksi (a)
  2.400 ksi (b)
1016
Program Outputs (Continued)

Problem 6.22
Shearing force  90 kN
y  65.000 mm
I  58.133  106 mm 4
  23.222 MPA (b)
  30.963 MPA (a)
1017
y PROBLEM 6.C4
xn
A plate of uniform thickness t is bent as shown into a shape
x
with a vertical plane of symmetry and is then used as a beam.
y2
Write a computer program that, for loads and dimensions
y1 expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to
determine the distribution of shearing stresses caused by a
x2
vertical shear V. Use this program (a) to solve Prob. 6.47, (b) to
x1
find the shearing stress at a Point E for the shape and load of
Prob. 6.50, assuming a thickness t  14 in.
SOLUTION
For each element on the right-hand side, we compute (for i  1 to n):
Length of element  Li  ( xi  xi 1 ) 2  ( yi  yi 1 )2
Area of element  Ai  tLi
1
where t in.
4
1
Distance from x axis to centroid of element  yi  ( yi  yi 1 )
2
Distance from x axis to centroid of section:
y    Ai yi   Ai
Note that yn  0 and that xn 1  yn 1  0.

Moment of inertia of section about centroidal axis:
1 
I  2 Ai  ( yi  yi 1 ) 2  ( yi  y )2 
12 
Computation of Q at Point P where stress is desired:
Q   Ai ( yi  y ) where sum extends to the areas located between one end of section and Point P.
Shearing stress at P:
VQ

It
Note:  max occurs on neutral axis, i.e., for yP  y .
1018
Program Outputs
Part (a):
I  0.5333 in 4
 max  2.02 ksi 
 B  1.800 ksi 
Part (b):
I  22.27 in 4
 E  194.0 psi 
1019
y PROBLEM 6.C5
x1
x2 The cross section of an extruded beam is symmetric with respect to
the x axis and consists of several straight segments as shown. Write
a computer program that, for loads and dimensions expressed in
y2 either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to determine (a) the
y1
yn tn location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of shearing
O x stresses caused by a vertical force applied at O. Use this program to
e t2 t
1
solve Prob. 6.70.
SOLUTION
Since section is symmetric with x axis, computations will be

done for top half.
For i  1 to n  1: (Note: n  1 is the origin)
Enter ti , xi , yi
Compute length of each segment.
For i  1 to n:
 xi  xi 1  xi
yi  yi 1  yi
L  ( xi2  yi2 )1/ 2
Calculate moment of inertia I x .
Consider each segment as made of 100 equal parts.
For i  1 to n:
 Area  Li ti /100
For j  1 to 100:
y  yi  yi ( j  0.5)/100
I  ( Area) y 2
Ix  Ix  I
1020
Since only top half was used,

I x  2I x
Calculate shearing stress at ends of segments and shear forces in segments.
For i  1 to n:
 Area  Li ti /100,  new   next
For j  1 to 100:
y  yi  yi ( j  0.5)/100
Q  ( Area) y
 old   new , Q  Q  Q
 new  VQ /I x ti
 ave  0.5( old   new )
     ave
Force i   (∆Area)
 i  VQ/I x ti
( adjacent )i  VQ/I x ti 1
Qi  Q
 next  ( adjacent )i
Location of shear center.

Calculate moment of shear forces about origin.
For L  1 to n,
( Fx )i  Forcei ( xi )/Li
( Fy )i  Forcei (yi )/Li
Moment i  ( Fx )i yL  ( Fy )i xi
Moment  Moment  Moment i
For whole section, moment  2(moment),

Shear center is at e  Moment/V
1021
Program Output
Problem 6.70
T(K) mm X(K) mm Y(K) mm L(K) mm
1 6.00 60.62 0.00 70.00
2 6.00 0.00 35.00 35.00
3 6.00 0.00 0.00
Moment of inertia: I x  514487 mm 4 Shear  1000.000 N
Junction of Q Tau Before Tau After Force in

Segments mm3 MPa MPa Segment kN
1 and 2 7350.00 2.38 2.38 335.01
2 and 3 11,025.00 3.57 3.57 666.27
Moment of shear forces about origin: M  20.309 N  m  counterclockwise

Distance from origin to shear center: e  20.309 mm
1022
t2
tn PROBLEM 6.C6
t1
ti A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Write a computer program
a2 an that, for loads and dimensions expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units,
a1 t0 can be used to determine the location of the shear center O of the cross
ai
O
section. Use the program to solve Prob. 6.75.
ai
a1
a2 an
b2
e
bi
bn
SOLUTION
Distribution of shearing stresses in element i.

Let V  Shear in cross section
I  Centroidal moment of inertia of section
We have for shaded area
ai  y
Q  Ay  ti (ai  y )
2
1
 ti (ai2  y 2 )
2
QV V 2
  (ai  y 2 )
Iti 2I
Force exerted on element i.
ai
Fi   ai
 (ti dy )
 a 
Vti ai
2
 i  y 2 dy
2I ai
 a 
Vti ai
2
 i  y 2 dy
I 0
Vti  3 1 3 2V 3
  ai  3 ai   3 I ti ai
I  
1023
The system of the forces Fi must be equivalent to V at shear center.

2V
F  F : ti ai3  V (1)
3 I
2V
M A  M A : ti ai3bi  eV (2)
3 I
ti ai3bi
Divide (2) by (1): e 
ti ai3
Program Output
Problem 6.75
For Element 1:
t  0.75 in., a  4 in., b  0
For Element 2:
t  0.75 in., a  3 in., b  8 in.
Answer: e  2.37 in. 
1024

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Mechanics of Materials-7th EditionChapter-6 PDF

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CHAPTER 6

(a) A1  (120)(20)  2400 mm 2

 329  103 Pa  max  329 kPa 

The American Standard rolled-steel beam shown has been reinforced by

Calculate moment of inertia:

C12  20.7: d  12.00 in., I x  129 in 4

For bottom plate, I b  312.667 in 4

A columm is fabricated by connecting the rolled-steel members shown by

I  Ad 2  I  183.76  126.04  309.8 in 4

The composite beam shown is fabricated by connecting two W6  20 rolled-steel

W6  20: A  5.87 in 2 , d  6.20 in., I x  41.4 in 4

(a)  max occurs at b.  max  8.97 MPa 

At section n-n, V  10 kN.

 39.58  106 mm 4  39.58  106 m 4

(a)  m: At neutral axis, thickness  0.25 in.

(b)  a: At point a, t = 0.25 in.

From the shear diagram, V  10 kips at n-n.

Calculate moment of inertia.

Assume that  m occurs at point a.

Check  at neutral axis:

VQ (114.0 kN)(42  106 m3 )

Calculate moment of inertia.

t  2(10 mm)  0.02 m

At point a: Q  (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.)  9 in 3; t  1.5 in.

Calculate moment of inertia.

I  Ad 2  I  179.363  106 mm 4  179.363  106 m 4

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

Dimensions in mm:  12  220 ;  13.5  203 ;  8.0  112.5

Q  A y  725.91  103 mm3  725.91  106 m3

Two W8  31 rolled-steel sections may be welded at A and B in either

For two welds each with allowable shearing force of 3 kips/in.,

M D  0: 3 A  (2)(2.4)  (1)(4.8)  (0.5)(7.2)  0

|V |max  7.2 kN  7.2  103 N

The required value of b is the larger one. b  87.3 mm 

Solving Eq. (3) for b,

(b) Solving for h,

Solving Eq. (3) for b,

 61.7  103 m b  61.7 mm 

Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) A y (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

Ay 416  103

(a) A  (80)(20)  1600 mm 2

(b) A  (30)(20)  600 mm 2 y  65  15  50 mm

VQb (90  103 )(30  106 )

Part A(in 2 ) y (in.) Ay (in 3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in 4 ) I (in 4 )

Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN

Part A (mm 2 ) x Ay (103 mm3 ) d(mm) Ad 2 (106 mm 4 ) I (106 mm 4 )

Ay 416  103

Part A(mm 2 ) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3 )

Q  Ay  84.5  103 mm3  84.5  106 m3

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

For a thin-walled circular section, A  2 rmtm

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.

The built-up timber beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of

The built-up beam shown is made by gluing together two 20  250-mm

I x  1.504  109 mm 4  1504  106 m 4

(a) QA  Q1  A1 y1  (50)(100)(150)  750  103 mm3

(b) Q2  A2 y2  (300)(50)(175)  2625  103 mm3

VQB sB (8  103 )(4125  106 )(0.025)

VQa (150  103 )(31.632  106 )

A1  0.5d in 2 , y1  3.75 in., tb  0.5 in.