Wide-band Frequency Modulation

KEEE343 Communication Theory

Lecture #17, May 12, 2011
Prof.Young-Chai Ko
koyc@korea.ac.kr
 Summary

·•Wideband Frequency Modulation

 Wide-Band Frequency Modulation

• Spectral analysis of the wide-band FM wave

s(t) = Ac cos[2⇥fc t + sin(2⇥fm t)]

or
s(t) = < [Ac exp[j2⇥fc t + j sin(2⇥fm t)]] = <[s̃(t) exp(j2⇥fc t)]

where s̃(t) = Ac exp [j sin(2⇥fm t)] is called “complex envelope”.

Note that the complex envelope is a periodic function of time with a

fundamental frequency fm which means

k
s̃(t) = s̃(t + kTm ) = s̃(t + )
fm
where Tm = 1/fm
• Then we can rewrite

s̃(t) = s̃(t + k/fm )

= Ac exp[j sin(2⇥fm (t + k/fm ))]
= Ac exp[j sin(2⇥fm t + 2k⇥)]
= Ac exp[j sin(2⇥fm t)]

• Fourier series form

1
X
s̃(t) = cn exp(j2 nfm t)
n= 1

where
Z 1/(2fm )
cn = fm s̃(t) exp( j2⇥nfm t) dt
1/(2fm )
Z 1/(2fm )
= f m Ac exp[j sin(2⇥fm t) j2⇥nfm t] dt
1/(2fm )
• Define the new variable: x = 2 fm t

Then we can rewrite

Z
Ac
cn = exp[j( sin x nx)] dx
2⇥

• nth order Bessel function of the first kind and argument

Z
1
Jn ( ) = exp[j( sin x nx)] dx
2⇥

• Accordingly
c n = Ac J n ( )
which gives
1
X
s̃(t) = Ac Jn ( ) exp(j2⇥nfm t)
n= 1
• Then the FM wave can be written as

s(t) = <[s̃(t) exp(j2⇥fc t)]

" 1
#
X
= < Ac Jn ( ) exp[j2⇥n(fc + fm )t]
n= 1
1
X
= Ac Jn ( ) cos[2⇥(fc + nfm )t]
n= 1

• Fourier transform
1
Ac X
S(f ) = Jn ( ) [⇥(f fc nfm ) + ⇥(f + fc + nfm )]
2 n= 1

which shows that the spectrum consists of an infinite number of delta

functions spaced at f = fc ± nfm for n = 0, +1, +2, ...
Properties of Single-Tone FM for Arbitrary Modulation
Index

1. For different values of n

Jn ( ) = J n( ), for n even
Jn ( ) = J n( ), for n odd

2. For small value of

J0 ( ) ⇡ 1,

J1 ( ) ⇡
2
Jn ( ) ⇡ 0, n>2
6. The equality holds exactly for arbitrary
1
X
Jn2 ( ) = 1
n= 1
[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]
1. The spectrum of an FM wave contains a carrier component and and an infinite
set of side frequencies located symmetrically on either side of the carrier at
frequency separations of fm , 2fm , 3fm ...

2. The FM wave is effectively composed of a carrier and a single pair of side-

frequencies at fc ± fm .

3. The amplitude of the carrier component of an FM wave is dependent on the

modulation index . The average power of such as signal developed across a 1-
ohm resistor is also constant:
1 2
Pav = Ac
2

The average power of an FM wave may also be determined from

1
1 2 X 2
Pav = Ac J ( )
2 n= 1 n
 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Waves

• Recall the single-tone frequency modulated wave given as

s(t) = Ac cos[2⇥fc t + sin(2⇥fm t)]

• and its FT is given as

1
Ac X
S(f ) = Jn ( )[⇥(f fc nfm ) + ⇥(f + fc + nfm )]
2 n= 1

k f Am f
where = = for the message signal m(t) = Am cos(2 fm t)
fm fm
• To see the bandwidth let us consider two different cases

1. Case 1: Fix fm and vary Am (phase deviation is varied but the BW

of message signal is fixed.)

2. Case 2: Fix Am and vary fm (phase deviation is fixed but the BW

of message signal is varied.)
Case 1

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]

Case 2

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]

Transmission Bandwidth of the FM Wave

• In theory, an FM wave contains an infinite number of side-frequencies.

• However, we find that the FM wave is effectively limited to a finite number

of significant side-frequencies compatible with a specified amount of
distortion.

• Observations of two limiting cases

1. For large values of the modulation index , the bandwidth

approaches, and is only slightly greater than the total frequency
excursion 2 f .

2. For small values of the modulation index, the spectrum of the FM

wave is effectively limited to one pair of side-frequencies at fc ± fm
so that the bandwidth approaches 2fm .
 Carson’s Rule

• Carson’s rule is the approximate rule for the transmission bandwidth of an

FM wave

• Single-tone case
✓ ◆
1
BT ⇡ 2 f + 2fm = 2 f 1+

• Arbitrary modulating wave

✓ ◆
1
BT ⇡ 2( f + W ) = 2 f 1+
D

f
where D= is deviation ratio.
W
 Universal Curve for FM Transmission
Bandwidth
• Carson’s rule is simple but unfortunately it does not always provide a good
estimate of the transmission bandwidth, in particular, for the wideband
frequency modulation.

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]