M. P. Cabrestante, Jr.

/Our Palawan 1(1): 37-47

Our Palawan
The Scientific Journal of the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
Forum/Conference Paper:
Sustainable Development Monitoring
Available on-line at www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph

Enhancing the Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation System of

Palawan Biosphere Reserve, Philippines

Madrono P. Cabrestante Jr.1

Abstract

This paper presents an assessment of the environmental

monitoring and evaluation system (EMES) of the
Palawan Biosphere Reserve, an archipelago of more than
1,700 islands in southwestern Philippines. The biosphere
reserve is an internationally recognized biodiversity
Keywords: hotspot, with its natural tropical forest and coral reefs
Palawan threatened by high population growth and rapid
biosphere reserve economic development. The analysis focuses on the
environmental monitoring responsiveness of the EMES in monitoring the
environmental indicators implementation of the environmentally critical areas
environmental media network (ECAN) and the attainment of the goals of the
Strategic Environmental Plan. The EMES Manual was
assessed in terms of extent of coverage of the system
among the various environmental media (air, water, soil/
land, flora, and fauna), and the adequacy of monitoring
parameters or indicators. This paper provides
recommendations to enhance the EMES and its
implementation, including the institutional mechanism
such that the local government units must be actively
involved in the activity and not just PCSDS. Social
acceptability and the participation of affected
stakeholders will ensure the success of EMES
implementation.

1
Project Development Officer and Head ECAN Policy, Monitoring and Knowledge Management, PCSDS
Address correspondence to: PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road, Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City,
Palawan, P.O. Box 45, PPC 5300 Palawan, Philippines. Email: mcabrestante@yahoo.com

©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 37

 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47
1. INTRODUCTION
Monitoring and evaluation is mainly a
tool to determine the extent by which a
program or project attained its target and
objectives. Monitoring is defined as the
repeated measurement of a series of defined
variables which allows for assessing changes
where a baseline is available, or to establish the
latter. It is aimed at detecting changes in terms
of deviations from a standard or norm
(BRIMS, 2001). In some, it is the systematic
observation of changes in issues that are
relevant for one’s own situation which is done
to better understand the effects of one’s own
activities, and to anticipate on new or expected
situations (Kessler, 1998).
In monitoring of the environment, it is
important that the “environment needs to be
viewed as a holistic system, looking into its
structures and processes in the context of
causes and effects” (UBA, 2002). Monitoring
is thus a tool that provides scientists with
biological or environmental data and a means
to identify trends and discriminate between
natural, anthropogenic, and climatic changes
(BRIMS, 2001). In order to be useful,
monitoring should serve as basis for informed
policy-making.
In the context of the Palawan Biosphere
Reserve as mandated by law, environmental
monitoring and evaluation is a mechanism of
the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for
Palawan to determine the level of maintenance
of environmental integrity vis-à-vis economic
development. Palawan’s Environmental
Monitoring and Evaluation System (EMES)
was formulated in 1990-92 to guide policy and
decision-makers of the province. Monitoring
the environmental and socio-economic trends
in Palawan has now become a necessity
considering that its high annual population
growth rate poses a threat to its unique
biological systems, ecosystems and species
diversity.
The Study Area
Palawan Biosphere Reserve encom-
passes the entire island-province of Palawan in
southwestern Philippines, straddling the Sulu
Sea in the east/southeast and the West
Philippine Sea/South China Sea to the west.
The province of Palawan is known as the
Philippines’ last ecological frontier. It is
endowed with rich natural resources and highly
diverse flora and fauna found in both land and
38
sea. It was inscribed as a biosphere reserve in
1990.
According to Schmidt (2010), citing
IUCN (1993), fully functioning biosphere
reserves are conceived to fulfill: (i) a
conservation role: protecting locally occurring
genetic resources, plant and animal species,
and ecosystems and landscapes of value to
maintain biological diversity and life-support
systems; ii) a development role: combining
conservation objectives with the sustainable
use of ecosystem resources to benefit local
communities; and iii) a logistics role: providing
research, monitoring, education and training
opportunities and facilities and information
exchange. These functions are associated
through a zonation system consisting of a core
area, a buffer area and an outer or transition
area, which have their respective aims and
purposes (BRIMS, 2001). In the Philippines,
the Palawan Biosphere Reserve sustains this
zonation scheme through the establishment of
the Environmentally Critical Areas Network or
ECAN (SEP, 1992). The ECAN is a graded
system of development control over the entire
island-province of Palawan.
Environmental Monitoring System of
Palawan
The conceptualization of the
environmental monitoring system in Palawan
started in 1984-85 during the implementation
of the “Integrated Environmental Program
(IEP)” of the Palawan Integrated Area
Development Project, where the first draft of
the EMES manual was produced. The EMES,
together with environmental research and
environmental education and extension,
comprise the “support triad of ECAN”. The
latest revision of the EMES took place after the
legitimization of the SEP in 1992; it aimed at
“strengthening the manual’s contents with the
inclusion of monitoring methodologies and
evaluation procedures” (SEP, 1992). The
objectives of the EMES, as stated in the law
and subsequent PCSD policy issuances (PCSD,
1992) are: 1) to ensure a systematic and
reliable means of data generation for the
various concerns of the SEP; 2) serve as
vehicle of PCSDS in the monitoring and
assessment of the implementation of the
comprehensive local management plan;
3) provide periodic review and assessment of
the environment which shall be used as basis to
check the efficacy, effectiveness and possible
defects of the ECAN Zoning Plan in meeting
its objective of protecting and enhancing the
©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47

ecological system; and 4) be the lead in
monitoring and assessing the implementation of
ECAN Zoning Management Plan.
Purpose of this Paper
This paper aims to evaluate or assess the
Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation
System (EMES) of the Palawan Biosphere
Reserve as to: its responsiveness to monitoring
and evaluating the attainment of the SEP
objectives through the implementation of
ECAN and its management zonation; the
sustainability of its institutional mechanism for
implementation; and the adequacy of the EMES
Manual in terms of coverage in monitoring the
five environmental media as well as sufficiency
of monitoring parameters and procedures.
encompass these media, as well as the transfer
of materials, energy and information between
them.
Applicability– whether the parameters
of monitoring listed in the Manual are still
applicable in relation to the current
environmental and technological development
and trends, or that the implementation thereof
will incur least cost but nevertheless produce
the same desired results.
Effectiveness – pertains to the
likelihood of achieving the desired goals; in
this paper, the implementation mechanism
stated in the Manual was assessed on whether
or not it will lead to sustained implementation
of the EMES.

2. METHODOLOGY 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This study employed a literature-
descriptive research to analyze the Manual of
the Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation
System (EMES) of the Palawan Biosphere
Reserve, through the Palawan Council for
Sustainable Development Staff.
In the evaluation of the EMES Manual,
the following criteria were considered:
Adequacy – whether or not it has
adequately provided parameters and/or
procedures in monitoring the five (5) basic
environmental media: soil, water, air, animals
(fauna) and plants (flora). Literatures point out
that environmental monitoring must
The process of environmental
monitoring in Palawan, as contained in the
EMES Manual, serves to respond to the
management aim of having the required
information in order to make the necessary
policies, decisions and actions. Figure 1
illustrates this process.
The EMES Manual includes, among
others, the long list of parameters to be
monitored focusing on the following
resources: land and soil, land-use and land
classification, forest and agriculture, water,
coastal-marine, and human. Based on the
above, monitoring can be undertaken in any of
the following:

Province-wide Selected critical catchment Activity-specific sites

monitoring monitoring

Sample site Identification of environmentally-

selection significant activities/sites

Selection of monitoring criteria

Baseline measurement of monitoring criteria

extent; quality; composition

Periodic long-term measurement of extent;

composition; monitoring criteria; quality

Figure 1. The Environmental Monitoring Process (Source: PCSD, 1992)

©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 39
 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47

1) Province-wide monitoring: the 3) Activity-specific sites monitoring: the

parameters worth considering are land
resources/land-use, forest and mangrove
resources, water resources, and human
resources. This paper agrees with the EMES
Manual in undertaking a macro- or regional
monitoring of Palawan. The conduct of
province-wide monitoring on resources of
greater significance to the island-province (and
the entire biosphere reserve) must focus on
resources whose changes will have provincial
or regional significance.
2) Selected critical catchment (or
watershed) monitoring: the parameters that
must be looked into are coastal-marine
resources, land resources, forest resources,
water resources, and human resources. This
paper concurs with the EMES Manual
considering that changes in the resources in a
specific catchment will impact the lives of its
inhabitants.
projects or activities in specific sites that must
be monitored should include mines, roads,
logging, ports, etc. This paper recommends
that monitoring of site-specific land,
activities should be made compulsory for
projects that are considered environmentally
critical.
Assessment of EMES in monitoring the
effectiveness of the zoning system
Pursuant to the objectives of EMES,
there is a need to monitor how effective is the
ECAN zonation and the corresponding
management prescriptions.
The first objective of EMES is to
monitor and assess the implementation of the
ECAN zoning and management, which is an
information gap in the existing EMES Manual.
Table 1 attempts to fill-in this gap by

Table 1. Sample Indicators for Environmental Monitoring of ECAN Zones

ECAN Zones Sample Indicators for Monitoring ECAN management zones

Terrestrial Zones: >Ecosystem quality of strictly protected zones (i.e. forest stand,
Core zone biodiversity index, number of endemic or rare species present, etc.).
Restricted-use zone >Volume of harvested minor forest products; sustainable annual quota.
>Carrying capacity of tourism sites; established tourist pathways, viewing
decks/areas, etc.
Controlled-use zone >Extent or area of mining; ecosystem carrying capacity for such activities.
>Volume of harvested forest products, etc.
Traditional-use zone >Areas or extent of land cover (i.e. secondary forest, kaingin, open/bare
land, grassland, brushland, etc) .
Multiple-use zone >Areas or extent of land cover or land use (i.e. farm land, plantation,
paddy field, built-up or settlements, etc)
Coastal-Marine >Extent or area of declared/legitimized and delineated/demarcated marine
Zones: protected areas (MPA), coastal core zones and others.
Coastal Core zone >Status/implementation of MPA management plan.
>Ecosystem quality of MPA (i.e. % live coral cover, mangrove stand,
etc.), including water quality.
Multiple-use zone: >Extent and ecosystem condition of restored marine habitats.
Buffer/ Transition area >Awareness level of communities on coastal resource management; etc.

Multiple-use zone: >Areas or extent of sustainable use of coastal-marine waters; management

General/ Sustainable – plan implementation status; etc.
use
Tribal- Ancestral >Biodiversity status inside ancestral land domains; IP resource
zone management plans/programs; extent of IP land-use and practices, etc.
40 ©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47
suggesting some indicators for environmental
monitoring of the ECAN zones. In the future,
more detailed and specific indicators need to
be identified in order to evaluate the ECAN
management zones vis-a-vis the sustainable
development framework.
Adequacy of the EMES Manual vis-à-vis
Environmental Media Coverage
The EMES Manual of 1992 has
provided a list of the various environmental
media which will be subjected to monitoring
such as water, soil/land, animals/fauna, and
plants/flora. From an ecological point of view,
according to Ellenberg et al. (1978), the
environmental compartments (or media) soil,
water, air, animals and plants, as well as the
transfer of materials, energy and information
between them, have to be examined in their
entirety in any monitoring activity. A scrutiny
of the EMES Manual reveals that no
monitoring parameters and procedures were
provided for ambient or atmospheric air.
In Germany and its neighboring
countries, the joint monitoring of air quality in
the former Black Forest used the parameters
particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM2.5), heavy
metals, benzene, ammonia (NH3) and
polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
their measurements, while in Barbados, air
pollution monitoring measures particulates,
lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
sulphur dioxide, and ozone (Abraham et al.,
2005; Burnett,1995). The Philippine Clean Air
Act of 1999 emphasized the monitoring of
particulate matter (total suspended particulates
and PM10), sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Thus, the
EMES Manual must incorporate these
parameters in the monitoring of atmospheric
air.
Adequacy of the EMES Manual for monitoring
water, land, flora & faunal resources
The EMES manual provided certain
monitoring parameters for most of the
environmental medium, still there are other
important parameters that were not included.
Thus, it is recommended that new or additional
parameters, as shown in Table 2, should be
included in the Manual.
In Germany, the water and wastewater
monitoring activities focus on conventional
pollutants using the following parameters:
biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), solids, conductivity,
©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
pH, oil and grease, fecal coliform, heavy
metals, and a few organic compounds
(Newburn,1988). Monitoring of inorganic
nutrient loading of water bodies is important,
as Benndorf (2010) pointed out that the
primary reason for eutrophication is the
undesired over-fertilization of water bodies
with inorganic nutrient, mainly phosphorus (as
phosphate) and nitrogen (as nitrate and
ammonium). Klapper (1991) attributes the
causes of progressive increase in the nutrient
pollution of natural bodies of water to the
intensification of agricultural and industrial
output and the rising incidence of domestic
sewage. Freedman (1989) specifically
attributed the eutrophication through
fertilization with nutrients in sewage that
contain detergents, human wastes, and animal
wastes, as well as from agricultural run-offs
contaminated with fertilizer. If nutrient loading
is not controlled, an increase in phytoplankton
may become the most conspicuous symptom of
eutrophication (Freedman, 1989), which may
further enhance occurrence of ‘harmful algal
blooms’ and ‘red tide’ phenomena in the
Philippines.
For monitoring of soil, land and
agricultural resources, this paper recommends
inclusion of additional important parameters
such as soil pH, which could be affected by the
current global climatic changes. In the United
States, forest ecosystem health is monitored in
terms of physical and chemical properties of
soil because any environmental stressor that
alters the natural function of the soil has the
potential to influence the vitality, species
composition, and hydrology of forest
ecosystems (USDA, 2005a), including other
indicator as vegetation type, relative
abundance, and vertical position of all trees,
shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns and fern allies
(USDA, 2005b).
The monitoring of the level of
criticality of faunal species (including
amphibians) should be regularly undertaken,
further classifying these wildlife as to
endemicity or in terms of criticality based on
the Red Data List of the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the
Convention of International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES), or the National
Red List of Philippine Wild Fauna.
Institutionalization: Key to sustainability of
EMES implementation
To sustain environmental monitoring operation
in Palawan, the participation of local
41
 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47

Table 2. Existing parameters for monitoring (PCSD, 1992) and new parameters being recommended

Environmental Resources/ Existing indicators of Parameters being recommended

Media monitoring stated in for inclusion in the EMES
Parameters
the EMES Manual Manual
(1992) (as per this study)
Water Rainfall Mean annual, seasonal Other parameters such as pH
distribution variability; other physico-
chemical characteristics.
River discharge, Rate of flow, water Standards; other parameters such
level, suspended as total suspended solids (TSS)
sediment load,
sediment load, and total dissolved solids (TDS).
water quality dissolved oxygen, pH,
Water quality & standards;
turbidity
monitoring of other surface
waters (i.e. lakes, dams);
nutrient loadings for phosphorus
& nitrogen content.
Ground water Static water level Salinity, pH, and other water
quality and standards

Coastal and Marine Fish Fish production Fish diversity through fish
Resources census; fish sampling to analyze
toxicity levels; standards
Coral Reefs Extent, species, Monitoring changes may be
condition supplemented by Remote Sensing
or Geographic Information
System.
Seagrass Extent, distribution, Include seaweeds and its
condition, species diversity.
Water quality Salinity, temperature Standards; other parameters such
turbidity, siltation as dissolved oxygen (DO),
chemical oxygen demand (COD),
biological oxygen demand (BOD),
total coliform & fecal coliform.
Nutrient (inorganic) loadings to
determine phosphorus &
nitrogen content.
Flora Forest/Land Use Extent of forest, Determine ratio of permanent
brushland/ shrubland, forest area versus development
kaingin/grassland, area.
permanent cultivated
Forest tree species, structure,
land, rocky outcrops, diversity, average diameters.
mining, industrial &
settlement areas, Include the mangrove forest:
rivers, lakes species diversity, extent, size &
&reservoirs. structure of trees.

42 ©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47

Environmental Resources/ Existing indicators Parameters being recommended

Media of monitoring stated for inclusion in the EMES
Parameters
in the EMES Manual
Manual (1992) (as per this study)
Forest/Land Extent (in hectare) More detailed land-use and land
Classification and proportion of cover changes (or change
public lands, A&D detection)
lands, ISF per
municipality

Timber Volume of logs from Must relate to the community-

Production logging concessions based forest management or
& from DENR municipal communal forest
confiscated timber mechanisms

Minor Forest Volume of rattan, Carrying capacity of the resource

Products charcoal, almaciga base; sustainable allowable
resin, nipa shingles, harvestable volume.
mangrove wood,
honey, bamboo
harvested

Fauna Birds Population Species Species classification based on

diversity IUCN or CITES list.
Habitats and their extent
Mammals Population of major Species classification based on
species IUCN or CITES list.
Habitats and their extent

Amphibians & other fauna:

classification of species accord-
ing to IUCN, CITES or Philippine
Red list, their habitats & extent.

Quality & condition of species:

size, weight, fat deposits, age/sex
structure of population, and
incidence of disease (from
Mackinnon, et. al., 1986).
Quality and condition of habitats:
through examining soil loss &
water run-off patterns, total
biological productivity, or
assessing species composition
(from Mackinnon, et. al., 1986)

©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 43

 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47

government units must be harnessed. The penalties for acts which endanger the
EMES Manual illustrates the linkages and environment. In data collection, according to
relationship among various institutions in Kessler (1998), it is better to look into making
EMES implementation as shown in Figure 2. strategic alliances with other agencies or
entities, and attribute to them specific
Among the powers devolved to the
monitoring tasks, possibly for a range of
LGUs, the financial resources available to local
programmes, projects or activities. The
governments has been increased by broadening
participation of local people in monitoring often
their taxing powers and providing them with a
leads to a greater understanding by the affected
specific share from the national wealth
stakeholders.
exploited in their area and increasing their share
from the national taxes (Pabico, 2007). Thus, The implementation mechanism
LGUs are now in a better position to participate presented in the EMES Manual is not
in environmental management activities as they sustainable unless local government units, the
have flexibility in terms of resource communities and other concerned sectors are
availability. Furthermore, they are empowered involved. It is recommended that PCSDS
by the by the local government code to protect strengthen the LGU’s capabilities in
the environment and impose appropriate conducting environmental monitoring in their

National level
institutions and
organizations

Provincial
Evaluate ef-
Line Research
fectiveness of
agencies network
efforts

Provide cor-
Local gov-
rective
ernment
PCSDS EIS measures
units
System

Project long-
term trends
CLP

Private Manpower, Accurate Assess critical

business funds, EMES relevant areas
NGO equipment integral
s facilities data
Identify and
Results locate serious
problems

QRS
Public at Political
(Quick
-large support
Response Special re-
System) ports (early
warning)

Mass me-
dia system
Annual report

Figure 2. EMES Linkages (Source: PCSD, 1992)

44 ©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47

respective geographical jurisdiction,

particularly in critical catchments/watersheds.
All other actors or stakeholders who play
their respective roles in environmental
monitoring must work with both PCSDS (for
biosphere-wide monitoring) and LGUs (for
catchment/watershed monitoring). Likewise, in
monitoring activity-specific sites, the existing
institutional linkages in the multi-partite
monitoring teams (MMT) is worth emulating
and replicating (Figure 3). Here, the
stakeholders get to participate as well as
allocate their respective resources.
The illustration in Figure 4 is being
proposed to simplify the EMES, which
eliminates the single-directional path for its
implementation. All the other sectors and key
players shall work both with PCSDS and the
LGUs in the EMES implementation, such that Figure 3. MMT inspection in a limestone
in the event that any of the two (2) major quarry area, Bataraza, Palawan. 2013.
implementers falter, it will not lead to the (©Perlita Quiling)
total collapse of the system. This proposed
networking or linkage likewise promotes
social acceptability and participation of other
stakeholders.

National
government
agencies

Academe PCSDS
(Province or bio-
sphere-wide moni-
toring)
Non-government
organizations
EME
System

LGUs
Private (Catchment mon-
businesses itoring)

Other multi-
sectoral bodies

Figure 4. Pr oposed simplified institutional linkage of EMES implementation.

©2015 Palawan Council for Sustainable Development 45

 M. P. Cabrestante, Jr./Our Palawan 1(1):37-47
4. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
On the enhancement of the EMES Manual
The existing EMES system and its
manual has not specifically provided the
parameters and indicators in monitoring the
ECAN zoning and their management
prescriptions. Specific parameters or
indicators need to be identified and utilized
to ascertain whether or not the ECAN
zonation effectively attains its set objectives.
The EMES Manual will approach certain level
of adequacy if the following shall be
considered:
 Inclusion of parameters in monitoring
the ambient air. This environmental medium
is important in this period of global climatic
change attributed to anthropogenic activities.
 More focused monitoring of nutrient
loading (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen)
into water bodies coming from domestic
sewage and agricultural activities, which are
significant contributors to undesirable algal
Figure 5. Environmental (water quality) monitor ing and tr aining, El Nido, Palawan.
2012 (©PCSDS)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank the following
for making his study and the writing of this pa-
per possible: the Management and Officers of
PCSD and PCSDS, the German Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Natural
Conservation and Nuclear Safety, the United
Nations Environment Program, the WWF-
Russel E. Train Education for Nature Program,
the Centre for International Postgraduate
Studies of Environmental Management.
(CIPSEM) Course Director Dr. Ingr. Rodulf
Bauer and his research adviser at Technische
Universitat Dresden, Prof Dr. Peter A. Schmidt.
46
blooms and ultimately, “red tide” occurrence.
On the EMES implementing mechanism
The EMES implementing mechanism limits
itself to a particular institution, PCSDS. The
involvement and participation of local
government units and communities is
important (Figure 5). Since the local people
have immediate influence on the environment,
they will be the first to reap the positive or neg-
ative effects/ impacts of changes therein. Other
agencies and entities may be involved in
environmental management and monitoring to
enhance the acquisition of scientific
information in analyzing trends and changes
in the ecological and socio-economic systems.
The EMES will be better-off jointly
implemented by PCSDS and the local
government units of Palawan, each entity
contributing its own resources and commitment
towards the attainment of a common good .
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