Traverse Survey Methods and Equipment

CHAPTER III
Traverse Survey
Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
Introduction
Ã Horizontal control points (normally called stations)
needed in engineering surveys can be established by any
of the basic surveying methods mentioned in Chapter 1
(i.e. trilateration, intersection, resection and traverse)
Ã However,
H the
h most common method
h d is traverse
Ã Traverse simply refers to a survey method of providing a
series of stations whose positions (or coordinates) are
obtained from bearing and distance observations of
adjacent stations
(cont’d)
Introduction (cont’ …..
d)…..
Ã In other words, coordinates ofany station can be
determined by observing its bearings and distances from
an adjacent station whose coordinates are already
known.
Ã In Malaysia, map coordinates are expressed as
Northings (N) and Eastings (E). Negative northings (-N)
and eastings (-E) denote south and west respectively.
e.g. N 123.456m , E 789.123m
Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 1

(cont’d) ….
Introduction (cont’
Ã Bearings are normally measured in the range 0° to 360°
from the north direction, and is commonly termed as the
whole circle bearings (wcb)
Ã However, there are instances where bearings are written
with respect to the north-south direction, known as
quadrant bearings. Example : N45°E, S60°W, etc.
Ã Other systems (which are uncommon in Malaysia)
include gons (1 full circle = 400g), mils (1 full circle =
6400mils)
Example : Supposing the bearing and distance to station B are

observed from station A (known coordinates), then the coordinates
of B are given as ::--
B (NB?,EB?)
s cosθ
θ Coordinates B
NB = NA + s cosθ
EB = NA + s sinθ
A
(NA,EA) s sinθ
(coordinates known)
(cont’d) ….
Introduction (cont’
Ã If another station which isadjacent to B, say point C,
is observed in the same manner from B, then the
coordinates of C can be determined.
Ã In other words, by observing the bearings and
distances of adjacent stations, a series of coordinated
points would be created.
Ã The lines connecting the series of controls are known
as traverse lines

North
traverse lines
θ3 North
North 3
θ4
θ2
4
North North
2
θ1 A traverse containingg
7 points 5 θ5
1
North
North
θ6
Note that bearings are
θ7 measured clockwise
from North
7 Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
6
What are the basic equipments

needed?
Angle Measuring Equipments ) Theodolites
Optical Digital
Vernier Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
Types of Theodolites

Distance Measuring Equipments
Fibreglass
Fib gl
Tape
Theodolite & Electronic

Distance Meter (EDM)
and Prism Set
Steel Tape Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
Distance & Angle Measuring Equipments

(Total Stations)
Types of Traverse
ÃClosed : a traverse that begins and ends at
known stations. This type of traverse can either
be a link traverse or loop traverse
ÃChecks on the observations in a closed
traverse can beb made d since
i known
k stations
i
are used
ÃOpen : a traverse that starts and ends at
unknown points. No checks can be made.
Seldom used.

Known control pt
Unknown point 3
Closed traverse
(link)
Closed traverse
(loop)
Open traverse
Traverse Applications
ÃTraverse serves two main purposes in civil
engineering constructions :-
ÃTo provide
ÃT id controll points
i forf the
h survey workk
needed to obtain the plan of the construction
site
ÃTo provide reference points in carrying out
setting out work
details are measured relative to

traverse stations
Shops
A v e n u e
Staff Lane
traverse
station
Lake EDM
Parking Area
Shops
T h e o d o l i t e
traverse
Compass Street Level Street
Shops Shops

Location of the proposed new
building determined from
Shops traverse station
A v e n u e
Staff Lane
New building
Lake EDM
Parking Area
Shops
proposed new
T h e o d o l i t e
building to be
built here
Compass Street Level Street
Shops Shops
Classes and Accuracy of Traverse

In Malaysia traverses are categorised into 3 classes based
on their accuracies (results and measurements) :-
Linear Angle Distance

Class Misclosure Measurement Measurement
(accuracy) (minimum) (minimum)
Std ≥ 1 : 25,000 1” 0.001m (EDM)
0.001m (EDM,
1 ≥ 1 : 8,000 1”
steel tapes)
0.001m (steel
2 ≥ 1 : 4,000 10” / 20”
tapes)
Traversing Fieldwork
Basically consists of three major steps :-
Reconnaissance-
Station marking, identify location, intervisibility
Angle Observation (Angular Measurement)
Horizontal angles to determine bearings
Vertical angles to reduce slope distances
Distance Measurement
Distance between adjacent stations
Highly likely slope distances

Angle Observation
×Measuring angles between adjacent traverse
lines
×Requires two operations :-
×
×setting up the
h theodolite/total
h d l l station over
each station
×measure horizontal angles. (Angle between
adjacent traverse lines)
×Targets are normally placed at the observed
stations Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
Prism (reflector)
3 1
forward station
back station
occupied station
2
Theodolite/Total station
set over occupied
station
Target set over forward

and back station

Angle Observation
Angles are observed on Face Left (FL) Reading :-
face left and face right Any angle observed while
theodolite is on face left
Face Right (FR) Reading :-

Angles observed when theodolite is
on face right
Refer to the theodoliteís

vertical circle to
determine FL/FR
Angle Observation (cont

(cont’d)...
The horizontal
circle is
The vertical
graduated circle is
clockwise (i.e. graduated
the angular with its index
value increases 0° pointing
towards
as the zenith
ith
theodolite is (upwards)
rotated
clockwise)
How do we change the face of a theodolite?

P
Vertical transit telescope
circle
1 2 3
telescope transited
face left P Vertical
circle If the angle observed
to point P is 20° on
face left, what would
the reading be on
face right? 200°
4 5
rotate 180° CHECK : FL - FR = ±180°
face right

Angle Observation – Vertical Angle Zenith
Q
270°
90°
Face Left
82°
Vertical circle reading to Q : 82°
180°
Face Right
Face Left
f
V i l circle
Vertical i l reading 278°
di to Q : 278°
q
90°
270°
Check
82° + 278°
FL + FR = 82° 278° = 360°
360° 9
90° – 82
Mean Vertical Angle : 90° 82°° 180°
8°
=Mushairry/Radzuan
8° (FKA UTM)
Face Right
Why observe both faces?

By taking the mean of FL and FR horizontal
circle readings the effect of systematic errors of
the instrument is eliminated (collimation error)
Taking vertical circle readings on both faces
would detect any vertical circle index error
To check against gross errors

A telescope with
collimation
lli ti error
How could the collimation error be eliminated by observing on both

faces?
What is the average? 45°

Collimation error eliminated by taking average
Angle Observation (cont’d)

Angles must be observed at least in two
complete rounds with zero changed between
rounds
Two rounds are needed so that errors can be
detected when angles are calculated, since
each round is independent
zero change ⇒ means setting horizontal angle
to read differently for each round

(cont’d)
Angle Observation (cont’
C
one round
C
Different setting
(zero change)
In--Class Exercise
In North
Forward Stn
3
1
Back Stn 2
Question :
Calculate the angle observed at station 2.
FL FR Mean Angle
1 277 45 30 97 45 00 277 45 15
3 69 15 20 249 16 00 69 15 40 151 30 25

Distance Measurements
Stn 2
Stn 1
In traversing work, distance simply means the

horizontal distance between the traverse
stations, i.e. length of the traverse legs
Measuring Distances
To measure distances, land surveyors traditionally
have used 100-foot (30m) long metal tapes that are
graduated in hundredths of a foot (mm).
Distances along slopes are measured in short
horizontal segments. Skilled surveyors can achieve
accuracies of up to one part in 10,000
10 000 (1 centimeter
error for every 100 metres distance).
Sources of errors include flaws in the tape itself, such
as kinks; variations in tape length due to extremes in
temperature; and human errors such as inconsistent
pull, allowing the tape to stray from the horizontal
plane, and incorrect readings.
Surveying team measuring a baseline distance with a

metal (Invar) tape. (Hodgson, 1916).

Graduated Steel Tape Distance Measurements
(Steel Taping)
Connector
Non-graduated Steel(FKATape
Mushairry/Radzuan UTM) (20m long each)
Horizontal Distance
(s cos θ)
θ
Plumb bob
In most cases, slope distances are
measured
Therefore, vertical angle is needed to
calculate the horizontal distance
Distance Measurements (Steel Taping)
Pull 5 kg
support at joints to coincide

with collimation
20 m
20 m
20 m
no support needed if graduated steel

tape used ≤ 10m
Distance Measurements (Steel Taping) - Catenary
non-graduated steel tape
graduated steel tape

(Steel Taping)
Corrections needed :-
Slope : - L(1- cos θ)
L=distance measured ; θ = vertical angle
Temperature
p ( F – T S)
: ± αL(T
α = expansion coefficient ; TF = field temperature
TS = standard temp.
Standardisation : ± L(lS – lN) / lN
lS = standardised length ; lN = nominal length
Sagging (lendut) : (-ve) see table.
Since the 1980s, electronic distance measurement (EDM)

devices have allowed surveyors to measure distances more
accurately and more efficiently than they can with tapes.
To measure the horizontal distance between two points,
one surveyor uses an EDM instrument to emit an energy
wave toward a reflector held by the second surveyor.
Because the wavelength of the energy beam is known
precisely, the instrument can quickly calculate the distance
as a function of the shape of the wave as it returns from
the reflector.
Typical accuracies up to one part in 20,000, twice as
accurate as taping Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
θ
horizontal distance
required
station
The required horizontal distance is
station computed from the slope distance and
vertical angle measured. Total stations
normally have this facility built-in.

(EDM)
(EDM)
Corrections needed :-
Atmospheric Effects : Electromagnetic wave is affected when
travel through atmosphere. Therefore, corrections are needed.
Most modern EDM’s have facilities to correct for this effect.
Scalee Error
Sca o : Caused by variations
va at o s in the
t e modulated
odu ated
frequency, f, of the wave in the EDM
Zero error : difference between the optical, mechanical and
electrical centres of the EDM and reflectors (prisms)
Cyclic Error : caused by unwanted interference of the EDM’s
signal
Calculation of Whole Circle Bearing (WCB)

WCB can be derived from the angles
observed at each traverse station
Coordinate computations make use of
WCB instead of angles in order to
ensure that the computed coordinates
lie in the correct quadrant (i.e. north,
east, south or west)

Bearing Calculations
Consider a traverse that runs from X → Y → Z (i.e. X =

back station, Z = forward station)
Angle XYZ is the observed angle at Y and is known as the
left hand angle Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
(cont’d)
Bearing Calculations (cont’ ……
d)……
Bearing YX is called the back bearing and bearing YZ is

known as the forward bearing
forward bearing = back bearing + left-hand angle
(bearing YZ) (bearing YX) (clockwise angle at Y)
Trivia I …..
Ú If the bearing of a traverse leg 2-3 is given as 116°
45’ 33”, calculate the bearing 3-2.
Ans : ………………..
Ú A traverse leg 4-5 has a bearing of 276° 11’ 43”.
What would the bearing 5-4 be?
Ans : ………………..

Trivia II …..
Ú Points A,B and C are three consecutive traverse

stations. If the angle (left-hand angle) observed at
station B is 326° 10’ 20” and the back bearing (i.e.
B – A) is 155° 55’ 32”, calculate the forward
bearing B – C.
Ans : ………………..
Ú Calculate the forward bearing for the above
problem if the forward bearing of A – B is given as
358° 11’ 28” instead ?
Ans : ………………..
Final Notes on the Calculation

(WCB)……..
of Whole Circle Bearing (WCB)……..
In a closed loop traverse, the observed left-hand

angle would be the internal angles if the direction
of the traverse is anticlockwise
anticlockwise.
However, if the direction of the traverse is clockwise
then the observed left-hand angles would be the
external angles.
Final Notes on the Calculation

(WCB)……..
of Whole Circle Bearing (WCB)……..
clockwise direction anti-clockwise direction
external angles
internal angles

Coordinate Systems
The most common coordinate system adopted in
engineering surveying is the rectangular cartesian
system
N
P (NP,EP)
origin
E
As stated earlier, any point, say P, has coordinates

of (NP,EP) – convention in Malaysia.
Rectangular Cartesian
(Grid) Coordinates
(cont’d)
Coordinate Systems (cont’ ….
d)….
Coordinate Systems (cont’d)….
The north direction (sometimes known as the

reference meridian) may be based on :-
true North : earth’s true north
magnetic
ti North
N th : earth
th’s rotation
t ti axis
i
grid North : based on map’s grid system
arbitrary (assumed) North
Therefore, bearings are angles measured from the
reference meridian chosen (i.e. true bearing, grid
bearing, magnetic bearing or assumed bearing)

How are these north directions determined?
True North : gyro-theodolites, GPS
Magnetic North : compass
Grid North : maps of the area
Gyro-theodolite
G h d li
(true north)
Magnetic Compass
(Assumed Mars)
Grid North

North Grid
Magnetic True
P1
P2
P1
Magnetic
South True
The difference between True,

Magnetic & Grid Norths P2

Magnetic north changes with time and differ from one
location to another
Example : Magnetic, grid and true

Mushairry/Radzuan north for Kulai, Johor
(FKA UTM)
Coordinate Systems (cont’d)...
Another coordinate system used frequently in

surveying is the polar coordinate system.
Any point is located by referring its distance and
b
bearing from
f any known
k adjacent
d station.
North
B (sB, θB)
θ polar coordinates
A Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
Conversion Rectangular ⇒ Polar

Ú Traversing is based on bearings. More than often bearings are
obtained from rectangular coordinates of two given stations
Ú Thus, it is necessary to be able to convert rectangular
coordinates to bearings and distances
Ú Scientific calculators today have this conversion facility as
standard
t d d functions
f ti
Ú Example :-
Find the bearing & distance of AB if the coordinates of A and
B are :-
A : 32871.548m N ; 11547.698m E
B : 32954.774m N ; 11555.587m E

Conversion Rectangular ⇒ Polar (cont
(cont’’d) ..
∆NAB = 32954.774 – 32871.549 = 83.225
∆EAB = 11555.587 – 11547.698 = 7.889
North 7.889
bearing (θ ) = tan −1 = 5° 24' 54"
83.225
θ Trivia …..
83.225
Calculate the bearing BA.
Answer :
……………………
A
7.889 Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)
Errors in Traversing
z Up to now, systematic errors due to instrument
imperfections have been discussed and
corrected for.
z Assuming that there are no gross errors, the
only errors that have to be dealt with are
random errors – thus resulting traverse
misclosures
z Methods of treating and distributing
misclosures are discussed.
An Error Free Traverse

(No Misclosure) A
36° 52’ 12”

5
3
53° 07’ 48” 90°

C B
4

What measurements are observed in
a traverse survey?
z Angles
z Distances
o Therefore,
h f random
d errors in these
h two
measurements are unavoidable
z Need to know ways of dealing with these
errors so that their effects are minimised
Traverse with Angular

A
Error Only
37°
5
3
55° 89°
C B
4
Traverse with Distance

A
Error Only
36° 52’ 12”

5.2
3
53° 07’ 48” 90°

C B
4

Traverse with Both Angular
A
and Distance Errors
39°
4.9
3.1
59° 86°
C B
4.3
Angular Misclosure
As with any surveying methods, errors in the
angular observations (angle misclosure) are
analysed to :-
ascertain whether the misclosure obtained is
ithi the
within th acceptable
t bl lilimits
it or otherwise
th i
distribute equally the acceptable angular
misclosure to each of the traverse leg
In engineering applications, the standard set for
second class traverse is adopted i.e. maximum
angular misclosure is ±2’ 30”
Angular Misclosure – Loop Traverse

∑ Internal angles = (2n – 4) × 90°
external angles
internal angles
∑ External angles = (2n + 4) × 90°


Example 1 – Angular Misclosure & Adjustment
Determine the angular misclosure for the above traverse

Calculate the corrected (final) angles
Example 1 …. check
misclosure +ve, therefore

adjustment (correction) –ve
Angular (Bearing) Misclosure – Link Traverse

Initial back bearing final forward bearing
B i misclosure
Bearing i l i –
= computedd fifinall fforwardd bbearing
known final forward bearing
Corrections :-
a) apply to each of the traverse legs
b) cummulative

Example 2 – Angular Misclosure & Adjustment
Given bearings :‐
A – B 300° 10’ 20”
X – Y 102° 09’ 10”
Determine the angular misclosure for the above traverse

Calculate the corrected (final) bearings
Line Observed Adjustment Adjusted/Final Bearing

A-1 55 47 20 -10" 55 47 10
1-2 44 6 30 -20" 44 06 10
2-3 145 19 10 -30" 145 18 40
3-4 208 12 50 -40" 208 12 10
4- X 108 39 10 -50" 108 38 20
X-Y 102 10 10 -60" 102 09 10
Calculated bearing 102 10 10

Actual Bearing 102 9 10
Misclosure 0 1 0
Adjustment - 1' / 6 = - 10"
Latitute & Departure

The bearing and distance measured for each
traverse leg are then used to compute latitudes and
departures (or sometimes called as coordinate
differences)
Latitudes
d & ddepartures are needed d d to obtain
b the
h
coordinates of the traverse station
In essence, latitude refers to the difference in
northings of two traverse stations whereas
departure denotes their difference in eastings

North
B
Latitude &
Departure
∆NAB
∆EAB
A
LatitudeAB (∆NAB) = DistanceAB × cos (bearingAB)
= 55.289 × cos (67° 21’ 55”)
= 21.278
DepartureAB (∆EAB) = DistanceAB × sin (bearingAB)
= 55.289 × sin (67° 21’ 55”)
= 51.030
North
A
Exercise on
Latitude &
Departure
-71.729
LatitudeAB = ? Answer: ………....
B
-23.159
DepartureAB = ? Answer : …………
If the coordinates of A are 2367.176 m N and 6392.228m

E, calculate the coordinates of B.
2295.447m N , 6369.069m E
Answer : ………………………………………………….
Traverse Misclosure
Angular misclosures have been dealt with but errors in
the distance measurement is still present, thus, traverse
needs to be checked
Checks can be applied to the traverse after having
completed the latitude and departure for all of the
traverse legs
If the traverse is a closed-loop (polygon), then:-
∑latitudes = 0 & ∑departures = 0
For link traverse :-
∑latitudes = Northingp – Northingq
∑departures = Eastingp – Eastingq
where p is the last station & q is the first station

Traverse Misclosure (cont’d)
cont’d) …..
In practice, due to random errors :-

∑latitudes = eN & ∑departures = eE
Such conditions give rise to what is termed as linear
misclosure
Linear misclosures are evaluated and appropriate
correction is applied to the traverse
Linear misclosures are indicators to the accuracy of the
traverse
Traverse Misclosure
(cont’’d) …..
(cont
error when
traverse is
closed
( e 2 = e N 2 + e E2 )
Supposing the total traverse distance is ∑S metres, then the

linear misclosure is e : ∑S or 1 : ( ∑S / e )
For engineering applications, an accuracy of 1 : 4,000 (second
class) is used as the minimum
Traverse Adjustments
(Distribution of linear misclosure)
Ú The most common method for distributing the
linear misclosure (adjusting the traverse) in
engineering is the Bowditch method
Ú Adjustments are made to the latitudes and
departures as follows :-
lengthAB
δ Latitude AB = eN ×
∑ length of traverse
lengthAB
δ Departure AB = eE ×
∑ length of traverse

Computation of Final Coordinates
The final coordinates of traverse stations are
computed using adjusted (corrected) latitudes and
departures
The coordinates of the starting station are normally
needed in order to be able to proceed with the
calculations
Checks against arithmetic mistakes can be made by
comparing the computed coordinates against the
actual coordinates of the final station
Calculating Areas from Loop Traverse

z Area enclosed in a loop traverse can be computed using the
coordinates obtained for the stations
1
2 × Area = ( N1 E 2 + N 2 E 3 + N 3 E 4 + N 4 E1 )
4 − ( N 2 E1 + N 3 E 2 + N 4 E3 + N 1 E 4 )
Northings Eastings
N1 E1
N2 E2 Difference in the
sum of cross-
3 N3 E3 multiplication
2 N4 E4
N1 E1
In--class Exercise
In

Exercise I
Coordinates A
500.000m N
500.000m E
Calculate the coordinates of stations B, C, D and E
Angular Adjustment
Mean Angles Correction Final Angles
° ' " ° ' "
241 29 20 -10" 241 29 10
273 31 20 -10" 273 31 10
250 46 50 -10" 250 46 40
297 02 50 -10" 297 02 40
197 10 30 -10" 197 10 20
Actual Sum 1260 00 50 -50" 1260 00 00

Required Sum 1260 00 00 1260 00 00
Misclosure + 50 0 check
Correction per angle (-50/5)" -10
Calculation of Final Bearings

Back bearing BA 270 00 00
Left-hand angle B 241 29 10
Forward bearing BC 151 29 10
Back bearing CB 331 29 10
Left-hand angle C 273 31 10
Forward bearing CD 245 00 20
Check
Back bearing DC 65 00 20
Left-hand angle D 250 46 40 Must differ by 180°
Forward bearing DE 315 47 00
Back bearing ED 135 47 00
Left-hand angle E 297 02 40
Forward bearing EA 72 49 40
Back bearing AE 252 49 40
Left-hand angle A 197 10 20
Forward bearing AB 90 00 00

E 252 49 40 0 355.980
A 197 10 20 (-0.021) (-0.013)
B 90 00 00 355.98 -0.021 355.967
A 270 00 00 -220.756 119.930
B 241 29 10 (-0.015) (-0.009)
C 151 29 10 251.23 -220.771 119.921
B 331 29 10 -181.532 -389.395
C 273 31 10 (-0.025) (-0.016)
D 245 00 20 429.63 181.557 -389.411
C 65 00 20 329.908 -321.008
D 250 46 40 (-0.027) (-0.017)
E 315 47 00 460.31 329.881 -321.025
D 135 47 00 72.483 234.556
E 297 02 40 (-0.014) (-0.009)
A 72 49 40 245.50 72.469 234.547
1742.650
Mushairry/Radzuan
0.102
(FKA UTM)
0.063
0
0
0.102 14,000
0.063
0 355.980
A 197 10 20 (-0.021) (-0.013)
B 90 00 00 355.98 -0.021 355.967
A 270 00 00 -220.756 119.930
B 241 29 10 (-0.015) (-0.009)
C 151 29 10 251.23 -220.771 119.921
B 331 29 10 181.532 -389.395
C 273 31 10 (-0.025) (-0.016)
D 245 00 20 429.63 181.557 -389.411
C 65 00 20 329.908 -321.008
D 250 46 40 (-0.027) (-0.017)
E 315 47 00 460.31 329.881 -321.025
D 135 47 00 72.843 234.556
E 297 02 40 (-0.014) (-0.009)
A 72 49 40 245.50 72.469 234.547
1742.650
Mushairry/Radzuan
0.102
(FKA UTM)
0.063
0
0
0.102 14,000
0.063
500.000 500.000 A
0 355.980
(-0.021) (-0.013)
-0.021 355.967 499.979 855.967 B 427,983.50 249,989.50
-220.756 119.930
(-0.015) (-0.009)
-220.771 119.921 279.208 975.888 C 487,923.51 238,992.83
181.532 -389.395
(-0.025) (-0.016)
181.557 -389.411 97.651 586.477 D 163,749.07 95,296.44
329.908 -321.008
(-0.027) (-0.017)
329.881 -321.025 427.532 265.452 E 25,921.65 250,737.68
72.843 234.556
(-0.014) (-0.009)
72.469 234.547 500.001 499.999 A 213,765.57 132,726.27
KA
0.102
50UTM) 0.063 1,319,343.30 967,742.72

0 355.980
(-0.021) (-0.013)
499.979 855.967 499.979 855.967 B 427,983.50 249,989.50
-220.756 119.930
(-0.015) (-0.009)
-220.771 119.921 279.208 975.888 C 487,923.51 238,992.83
181.532 -389.395
(-0.025) (-0.016)
181.557 -389.411 163,749.07 95,296.44
97.651 586.477 D
329.908 -321.008
321.008
(-0.027) (-0.017)
329.881 -321.025 427.532 265.452 E 25,921.65 250,737.68
72.843 234.556
(-0.014) (-0.009)
72.469 234.547 500.001 499.999 A 213,765.57 132,726.27
650 0.102
FKA UTM)
0.063 1,319,343.30 967,742.72
175,800.3
14,000
355.980 355
E 252 49 40 0 355.980
A 197 10 20 (-0.021) (-0.013)
B 90 00 00 355.98 499.979 855.967 499.979 855
A 270 00 00 -220.756 119.930
B 241 29 10 (-0.015) (-0.009)
C 151 29 10 251.23 -220.771 119.921 279.208 975
B 331 29 10 181.532 -389.395
C 273 31 10 (-0.025) (-0.016)
D 245 00 20 429.63 181.557 -389.411 97.651 586
C 65 00 20 329.908 -321.008
D 250 46 40 (-0.027) (-0.017)
E 315 47 00 460.31 329.881 -321.025 427.532 265
D 135 47 00 72.843 234.556
E 297 02 40 (-0.014) (-0.009)
A 72 49 40 245.50 72.469 234.547 500.001 499
1742.650
Mushairry/Radzuan
0.102
(FKA UTM)
0.063
355.980 355
E 252 49 40 0 355.980
A 197 10 20 (-0.021) (-0.013)
B 90 00 00 355.98 499.979 855.967 499.979 855
A 270 00 00 -220.756 119.930
B 241 29 10 (-0.015) (-0.009)
C 151 29 10 251.23 -220.771 119.921 279.208 975
B 331 29 10 181.532 -389.395
C 273 31 10 (-0.025) (-0.016)
D 245 00 20 429.63 181.557 -389.411 97.651 586
C 65 00 20 329.908 -321.008
D 250 46 40 (-0.027) (-0.017)
E 315 47 00 460.31 329.881 -321.025 427.532 265
D 135 47 00 72.843 234.556
E 297 02 40 (-0.014) (-0.009)
A 72 49 40 245.50 72.469 234.547 500.001 499
1742.650
Mushairry/Radzuan
0.102
(FKA UTM)
0.063

Questions ……
z Why angles are observed in both
faces?
z How do we check gross errors in the
horizontal and vertical angles
readings?
z Why are open traverses not used in
providing horizontal controls?


Traverse Survey Methods and Equipment

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Traverse Survey Methods and Equipment

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CHAPTER III

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 1

Example : Supposing the bearing and distance to station B are

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 2

What are the basic equipments

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Angle Measuring Equipments ) Theodolites

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 3

Theodolite & Electronic

Distance & Angle Measuring Equipments

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 4

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

details are measured relative to

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 5

Classes and Accuracy of Traverse

Linear Angle Distance

Std ≥ 1 : 25,000 1” 0.001m (EDM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 6

Target set over forward

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 7

Face Right (FR) Reading :-

Refer to the theodoliteís

Angle Observation (cont

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

How do we change the face of a theodolite?

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 8

Why observe both faces?

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 9

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

How could the collimation error be eliminated by observing on both

What is the average? 45°

Angle Observation (cont’d)

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 10

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 11

In traversing work, distance simply means the

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Surveying team measuring a baseline distance with a

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 12

support at joints to coincide

no support needed if graduated steel

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 13

Since the 1980s, electronic distance measurement (EDM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 14

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Calculation of Whole Circle Bearing (WCB)

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 15

Consider a traverse that runs from X → Y → Z (i.e. X =

Bearing YX is called the back bearing and bearing YZ is

Mushairry/Radzuan (FKA UTM)

Mushairry Mustaffar UTMJB 16

Since the 1980s, electronic distance measurement (EDM)

Supposing the total traverse distance is ∑S metres, then the