THEORY OF CONTROL FRAMEWORK

(TRAVERSING)

Maisarah Abdul Halim

Center of Studies for Surveying Science and Geomatics
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying
Universiti Teknologi MARA, MALAYSIA
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

1 Circle = 360°
1° = 60’=360”
1’ = 60”
 TYPES OF MEASURED ANGLES
 Interior Angle
The angle measured inside of a closed polygon
TYPES OF MEASURED ANGLES
 Exterior Angle

Angle are measured clockwise or counter-clockwise

between two adjacent lines on the outside of a closed
polygon
 TYPES OF MEASURED BEARING
 Bearing
The angle between the
direction of the line and North
the direction of the
meridian or north at the
beginning of the line

Bearing
B

A
 TYPES OF MEASURED BEARING
(Cont..)
 True Bearing
Any angle measured in a clockwise direction from the true meridian to a line is a true
whole circle bearing (WCB

True North

True
Bearing
B

A
 TYPES OF MEASURED BEARING
(Cont..)
 Magnetic Bearing
Any angle measured in a clockwise direction from the magnetic meridian to a line is a
magnetic whole circle bearing (WCB)
Magnetic North

Magnetic
Bearing
B

A
 TYPES OF MEASURED BEARING
(Cont..)
 Grid Bearing
The grid whole circle bearing of any survey lines is the clockwise angle between grid
north line and the survey line

Grid North

Grid
Bearing
B

A
 TYPES OF MEASURED BEARING
(Cont..)
 Back and Forward Bearing
North

Forward
Bearing North
A

B Back
Back Bearing BA = (Bearing AB ± 180º) Bearing
 TYPES OF MEASURED BEARING
(Cont..)
 Different Between Bearing and Angle

North

Bearing
B
A

C Angle
POLAR COORDINATES STSYEM

 Bearing / Azimuth (α)

 Distance
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES SYSTEM

 Difference in Northing (dN)

 Difference in Easting (dE)
 POLAR RECTANGULAR
 Azimuth/ Bearing  Difference in Northing (dN)
 Distance  Difference in Easting (dE)

dN = Distance Cos (Azimuth/Bearing)

dE = Distance Sin (Azimuth/Bearing)

Example: Given an azimuth from Station A to Station B of 70° 15' 15" and a
distance of 568.78 meters (this falls in the first [NE] quadrant), compute
the dN and the dE.

Solution:
dN = cos 70° 15" 15" · 568.78 = +0.337848 · 568.78 = +192.16 m
dE = sin 70° 15' 15" · 568.78 = +0.941200 · 568.78 = +535.34 m
 POLAR RECTANGULAR
 Azimuth/ Bearing  Difference in Northing (dN)
 Distance  Difference in Easting (dE)

dN = Distance Cos (Azimuth/Bearing)

dE = Distance Sin (Azimuth/Bearing)

Example: Given an azimuth from Station A to Station B of 70° 15' 15" and a
distance of 568.78 meters (this falls in the first [NE] quadrant), compute
the dN and the dE.

Solution:
dN = cos 70° 15" 15" · 568.78 = +0.337848 · 568.78 = +192.16 m
dE = sin 70° 15' 15" · 568.78 = +0.941200 · 568.78 = +535.34 m
RECTANGULAR POLAR
USING CALCULATOR

Using CASIO – with Polar to Rectangular

distance (INV) (P-R) bearing (=) dN (X-Y) dE
78.(INV) (P-R) 70° 15’ 15’’ (=) 192.161 (X-Y) 535.34

And Using CASIO – with Rectangular to Polar

dN (INV) (R-P) dE (=) distance (X-Y) bearing degree (INV) (° ’ ’’) in
deg, min , sec
192.161 (INV) (R-P) 535.34 = 568.78 (X-Y) 70.254333 (INV) (° ’ ’’)
70°15 ’15’’
TRAVERSE
 A traverse survey is defined as the measurement of the
lengths and directions of a series of straight lines connecting a
series of points on the earth.
 Points connected by the lines of a traverse are known as
traverse stations.
 Traversing is used for establishing basic area control where
horizontal positions of the traverse stations, and elevations of
the stations, must be determined.
 There are two basic types of traverses, namely, closed
traverses and open traverses.
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
 Closed traverse
 A traverse that starts and terminates at a station of known position.
 The order of accuracy of a closed traverse depends upon the accuracy
of the starting and ending known positions and the survey methods
used for the field measurements
 Easier to determine blunders, accidental errors, or systematic errors
that may occur in the measurements.
 There are two types of closed traverses; Loop and Connection
Traverse
Closed Traverse
A
B D

B
E

A
C n

C
D

i) Begins with Known Station (Station A) and ends on the same

Station (Station A).
ii) Begins with known Station (Station A) and ends at another
known point (Station n)
TYPES OF TRAVERSE
 Open traverse
 An open traverse starts on a station of known position and
terminates on a station of unknown position.
 There are no checks to determine blunders, accidental errors,
or systematic errors that may occur in the measurements.
 Very seldom used in topographic surveying because a loop
traverse can usually be accomplished with little added expense
or effort
Open Traverse

Begin at known point (Station TILDON) and ends at

unknown point (Station NAVY )
BOOKING OF SIMPLE TRAVERSE
BOOKING OF SIMPLE TRAVERSE
BOOKING OF SIMPLE TRAVERSE
BOOKING OF SIMPLE TRAVERSE
BOOKING OF SIMPLE TRAVERSE
Booking and Reduction of a Complex Traverse
Booking and Reduction of a Complex Traverse
Booking and Reduction of a Complex Traverse
QUESTION & ANSWER

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