ENGINEERING SURVEYING

(CE203)

ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF GEOINFORMATICS AND

SURVEYING

(2020)
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OVERVIEW

 Angular measurement systems

 Azimuth

 Bearings

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ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS
 Are very important in the field of surveying, both in
horizontal and vertical planes.
 In Zimbabwe, angular measurements are made to the
nearest second.
e.g. 36⁰ 15’ 25’’
 This is known as sexagesimal system (a circle is divided into 360
degrees/parts).

 Other systems:
a. Centesimal system
b. Radian system

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RADIAN SYSTEM
 Is popular in calculations
 1 radian is the angle subtended at the centre by an arc of
length equal to the radius of the circle
A circle = 360⁰
 Circumference of circle of radius r = 2Лr
1 rad = 360⁰/2Лr
 A direction for a line is the angle measured clockwise from a
reference axis

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CENTERCIMAL SYSTEM

 Uses Grads (grades)

 The circle is divided into 400 equal parts (grades).

 100⁹ = 90⁰

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THE AZIMUTH OF A LINE
 Is the direction of a line from true north (T N is 0⁰)

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 BEARING OF A LINE
 Is the smallest angle that line
makes with the reference axis
(normally the meridian).

 The bearing of line AB is N Ѳ1 E

e.g. N40⁰E

 The bearing of line AC is S Ѳ2 E

 E.g. S 40⁰ E
 Bearing Ѳ will never be greater than
90⁰
 0⁰≤ bearing Ѳ ≤ 90⁰

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EXERCISE
 Find the bearings and azimuth of lines BC and CD in the
accompanying figure:

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EXERCISE
 Compute the interior angles of the figure shown below:

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 QUESTIONS????

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