Definition and classification

A composite is a combination of two or more materials that are different in form or composition in
macroscale, with distinct interface and interphases in microscale.

Combining materials in this manner, when done properly, will create new materials with different
properties from its component. Many organic materials (like bone) are composites. This is desirable
because many modern engineering feats require properties that cannot be fulfilled by monolithic
materials.

Composites usually consist of a reinforcing material embedded inside a matrix (binder). One effective
way to improve the overall property of the composite is to incorporate a dispersed phase into the matrix.
Composites can be classified by the kind of material dispersed in the matrix, such as:

 Ceramic Matrix Composite

 Metal Matrix Composite
 Polymer Matrix Composite
 Hybrid Matrix Composite

Matrices tend to have low modulus, while reinforcing materials are typically 50 times stronger and 20-
120 stiffer.

MMCs and CMCs are suitable for high-temperature applications, PMCs aren't. Metals are also
conductive, so MMCs are ideal for applications that call for high conductivity.

Composites can also be classified by how the reinforcement material is applied:

 Particle strengthened
 Discontinuous fiber reinforced
 Continuous fiber reinforced

In particle strengthened composites, the matrix bears the load and particles prevent motional
displacement. In fiber reinforced composite, the fibers bear the main load while the matrix distributes
load. There are also laminate composites, where the reinforcing materials are in the form of bonded
sheets.

It is also possible to classify composites according to the size of the dispersed phase and whether there
are more than one dispersed phase, or if there is only one dispersed phase with particles ranging in 10 -
1000 nm in size. If they are smaller than 25 nm (also called quantum dots), then it is called
nanocomposite. Flexible composites are made from elastomeric polymers, which are more deformable
than conventional thermoplastic and thermoset polymers.

Since 1970's, there have been a new kind of composites made from Advanced Composite Matrices
(ACM). ACMs are created from high modulus/tensile strength fibers reinforcing metal or ceramic
matrices. To be called advanced, a composite must have minimal density and maximum application
temperatures. Steel, for example, isn't advanced because it has very high density.
The interphase and interface between different components are vital in determining the properties of
the composite. In general, the adhesion between components should be at the optimum level to ensure
load-bearing capabilities of the composite.

There are three main factors that affect the competition between different materials: cost, reliability, and
degree of complexity.