HYDRAULICS

JEJOMAR DUQUE, CE
 HYDRAULICS

I. CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE

II. FALLING HEAD ORIFICE
 II. HYDRAULICS
ORIFICE
Denotes opening with a closed
perimeter, in a wall or partition, used
primarily for metering or controlling
fluid flow
An orifice can be made in a plate
between the flanges of a pipeline to
measure the flow
CLASSIFICATION OF ORIFICE
A. BASED ON SIZE
B. BASED ON SHAPE
C. BASED ON SHAPE OF EDGE
D. BASED ON DISCHARGE CONDITION
 II. HYDRAULICS
ORIFICE IN PLATES
 II. HYDRAULICS
ORIFICE
A. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE
1. Small orifice
- is the one in which has the head of fluid from the centre
of orifice is more than five times the depth of orifice.
- the discharge through it calculated on the small-orifice
assumption differs from the exact discharge by less than
half of one per cent.
- circular or elliptic orifice (ratio of the depth of the orifice
to the head causing the flow (measured from the center
of the orifice to the liquid surface) is less than 0.8
- Rectangular orifice (the ratio is less than 0.7
2. Large Orifice
 II. HYDRAULICS
ORIFICE
B. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE
1. Circular orifice
2. Rectangular orifice
3. Triangular orifice
4. Square orifice

For irrigation use, orifices are commonly circular

or rectangular in shape and are generally
placed in vertical surfaces, perpendicular to the
direction of channel flow.
 II. HYDRAULICS
ORIFICE
C. CLASSIFICATION BASED UPSTREAM EDGE
SHAPE
1. Sharp-edged orifice
2. Bell-mouthed orifice
3. Square edge Orifice

Sharp-edged Bell-mouthed Square

 II. HYDRAULICS
ORIFICE
D. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISCHARGE
CONDITION
1. Free Discharging Orifice
 II. HYDRAULICS
ORIFICE
D. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISCHARGE
CONDITION
1. Submerged Orifice

Fully Submerged Partially Submerged

 II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW THRU SMALL ORIFICE
A. FREE DISCHARGING ORIFICE
𝟏 THEORITICAL VELOCITY
VENA CONTRATA
𝑫/𝟐 𝑽𝒕 = 𝟐𝒈𝑯
𝒉
Where: 𝑯 = head of the
orifice
𝑨𝒐 𝑫 𝟐 Note: 𝑨𝒗
The head of the free
discharging orifice is equal
to the depth of fluid “h”
above the orifice.
 II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW THRU SMALL ORIFICE
B. SUBMERGED ORIFICE
THEORITICAL VELOCITY
𝑽𝒕 = 𝟐𝒈𝑯
𝑯
Where: 𝑯 = head of the
orifice
Note:
The head of the submerged
orifice is equal to the
difference in level “H” in the
two chambers.
 II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW THRU SMALL ORIFICE
COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY
𝑽𝒂
𝑪𝒗 =
𝑽𝒕
Where: 𝑽𝒂 = actual velocity
𝑽𝒕 = theoretical velocity
Note:
Generally the value of 𝑪𝒗 varies from 0.95 to .99
for different orifices depending upon their size,
shape, head etc. For calculation purposes we
assume the value of 𝑪𝒗 as 0.98 generally.
 II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW THRU SMALL ORIFICE
COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION
𝑨𝒗
𝑪𝒄 =
𝑨𝒐
Where: 𝑨𝒗 = cross-sectional area at the vena
contracta
𝑨𝒐 = cross-sectional area of the orifice
Note:
The value of 𝑪𝒄 varies from 0.61 to 0.69
depending upon the size, shape and head of
orifice in which flow takes place. In general the
value is taken as 0.64.
 II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW THRU SMALL ORIFICE
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
𝑸𝒂
𝑪=
𝑸𝒕
Where: 𝑸𝒂 = actual discharge
𝑸𝒕 = theoretical discharge
Note:
The value of 𝑪 varies from 0.61 to 0.65. In
general the value of 𝑪 is taken as 0.62 for all
calculation purpose.
 II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW THRU SMALL ORIFICE
THEORITICAL DISCHARGE
𝑸𝒕 = 𝑨𝒐 𝑽𝒕

ACTUAL DISCHARGE
𝑸𝒂 = 𝑨𝒗 𝑽𝒂 𝑸𝒂 = 𝑪𝒄 𝑨𝒗 𝑪𝒗 𝑽𝒕
ALTERNATE FORMULAS:

𝑸𝒂 = 𝑪𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈𝑯

𝑪 = 𝑪𝒄 𝑪𝒗
 II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW THRU SMALL ORIFICE
HEAD LOSS IN THE ORIFICE
𝟏 CONSIDERING LOSSES
𝑯𝑳 = 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒗 𝟐 𝑯
𝒉
𝑽𝒕 𝟐
𝑯𝑳 = 𝟏 − 𝑪𝒗 𝟐
𝟐𝒈
𝟐

𝟏 𝑽𝒂 𝟐
𝑯𝑳 = 𝟐
−𝟏
𝑪𝒗 𝟐𝒈