Homework #4 Due: September 21, 2011

1. Two results concerning groups are (1): If 𝐻 and 𝐾 are subgroups of 𝐺, then 𝐻 ∩𝐾 is a
subgroup (Theorem 0.4.4), and (2): Every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic (Theorem
0.4.5). For each of the following subgroups 𝐻 and 𝐾 of a cyclic group 𝐺 = [𝑎], identify
𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 by giving a generator. That is, write 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 = [𝑏] for some 𝑏 ∈ 𝐺.

(a) 𝐺 = ℤ, 𝐻 = 6ℤ, 𝐾 = 45ℤ.

(b) 𝐺 = [𝑎] with 𝑜(𝑎) = 20, 𝐻 = [𝑎14 ], 𝐾 = [𝑎15 ].

2. Find all of the subgroups of each of the following groups.

(a) ℤ18
(b) 𝐺 = [𝑎] where 𝑜(𝑎) = 28.
(c) ℤ∗13 . Hint: Show first that ℤ∗13 is cyclic with generator 2.

3. (a) Find all of the left cosets of the subgroup 𝐻 = 4ℤ8 of the group 𝐺 = ℤ8 . Recall
that for additively written groups, such as ℤ8 , the cosets are written additively
in the form 𝑎 + 𝐻 = {𝑎 + ℎ : ℎ ∈ 𝐻}.
(b) Suppose that 𝐺 = [𝑎] with 𝑜(𝑎) = 12. Find all of the cosets of the subgroup
𝐻 = [𝑎4 ].

4. Suppose 𝐾 is a proper subgroup of 𝐻 and 𝐻 is a proper subgroup of 𝐺. (𝐻 is a proper

subgroup of 𝐺 means that 𝐻 is a subgroup but 𝐻 ∕= 𝐺.) If ∣𝐾∣ = 42 and ∣𝐺∣ = 420,
what are the possible orders of 𝐻.

5. Find the value of the Euler phi-function 𝜙(𝑛) for (a) 𝑛 = 97; (b) 𝑛 = 8800.

6. Use Euler’s Theorem (theorem 0.6.1) to find a number 𝑎 with 0 ≤ 𝑎 < 73 with

𝑎 ≡ 9794 (mod 73).

7. For each part, find the smallest positive 𝑥 that solves the given simultaneous congru-
ences.

(a) 𝑥 ≡ 5 (mod 7) and 𝑥 ≡ 5 (mod 9)

(b) 𝑥 ≡ 5 (mod 5) and 𝑥 ≡ 2 (mod 12) and 𝑥 ≡ 8 (mod 13)

Math 4023 1