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Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on the stability of a doubly diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-

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IOP PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
J. Geophys. Eng. 5 (2008) 268–280 doi:10.1088/1742-2132/5/3/003

Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag

on the stability of a doubly diffusive
Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated porous layer
I S Shivakumara1 and S Sureshkumar2
1
UGC-Centre for Advanced studies in Fluid Mechanics, Department of Mathematics,
Bangalore University, Bangalore 560 001, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur 572103, India
E-mail: isshivakumara@hotmail.com

Received 25 January 2008

Accepted for publication 17 June 2008
Published 4 July 2008
Online at stacks.iop.org/JGE/5/268

Abstract
The effects of quadratic drag and vertical throughflow on the linear stability of a doubly
diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated horizontal porous layer are investigated. A modified
Forchheimer-extended Darcy model which takes care of inertia and viscoelastic effects is
employed to describe the flow in the porous medium. The boundaries are considered to be
either impermeable or porous, but perfect conductors of heat and solute concentration.
Conditions for the occurrence of stationary and oscillatory convection are obtained using the
Galerkin technique. In contrast to the single component system, throughflow has a
destabilizing effect on the stability of the system irrespective of its direction and also the
nature of the boundaries of the porous layer.

Keywords: oscillatory convection, double-diffusive convection, Oldroyd-B fluid, porous layer,

Darcy–Forchheimer equation, quadratic drag, throughflow

1. Introduction play. This can be achieved by different physical mechanisms

Convective instability occurring under the simultaneous
presence of two opposing buoyancy driven components having
different molecular diffusivities is called double-diffusive
convection. This may occur via the diffusive or fingering
regime. The former takes place when the component with
larger diffusivity is heavy on the top and the latter when the
slower diffusing component is heavy on the top. This field has
been attractive to researchers in porous media in the recent past
owing to its importance in varied fields such as geophysics,
enhanced recovery of petroleum reservoirs, underground
spreading of chemical waste, sea bed hydrodynamics and more
importantly in the directional solidification of concentrated
alloys, where a mushy zone exists which is regarded as a
porous layer with double diffusive origin. Copious literature
is available on this topic and it is well documented by Nield
and Bejan (2006).
In many practical problems cited above, control of double-
diffusive convection in porous media has an important role to
such as rotation and/or magnetic field or by non-uniform
basic temperature gradients (Nield 1990). A non-uniform
temperature gradient in a porous layer may be generated (i)
by transient heating or cooling at the boundaries, (ii) by a
uniform heat source within the porous layer, (iii) by radiative
heat transfer, (iv) by vertical throughflow and so on. Of late,
control of convective instability due to vertical throughflow
has attracted considerable interest, but the majority of the
investigations have dealt with only a single component system
(Wooding 1960, Sutton 1970, Homsy and Sherwood 1976,
Jones and Persichetti 1986, Nield 1987, Shivakumara 1997,
Khalili and Shivakumara 1998 and Khalili and Shivakumara
2003). It is observed that throughflow alters the basic
temperature gradient from linear to nonlinear and its effect,
independent of its direction, is stabilizing when the bounding
surfaces of the porous layer are the same, but destabilizes the
system in one particular direction if the bounding surfaces are
of a different type. In the presence of an additional diffusing
component, however, Shivakumara and Khalili (2001), and

1742-2132/08/030268+13$30.00 © 2008 Nanjing Institute of Geophysical Prospecting Printed in the UK 268

 Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on the stability of a doubly diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated porous layer

Shivakumara and Nanjundappa (2006) have shown that, well as in some energy storage devices, there exist solute
irrespective of the nature of boundaries, a small amount of concentration gradients in addition to temperature gradients
throughflow in either of its directions destabilizes the system; (Guba and Worster 2006 and Alexandrov et al 2007). In
a result which is in contrast to the single component system. essence, a mushy layer is a porous medium through which
It is well known that fluids which occur in most of the interstitial melt flows. In such situations, the importance
aforementioned problem scenarios exhibit non-Newtonian- of double-diffusive instability with throughflow becomes
fluid behaviour, and the flow of non-Newtonian fluids in significant when precise processing is required. To date,
porous media has steadily gained importance over the years. flow within the mushy layers is invariably modelled using
For example, the performance of an oil reservoir depends, a Newtonian-fluid approximation, but viscoelastic properties
to a large extent, upon the physical nature of the crude oil with combined thermal and solute concentration gradients are
present in the reservoir. Light crude is essentially Newtonian crucial in a variety of laboratory and environmental situations.
while heavy crude is non-Newtonian, and study of such fluids The difficulty in dealing with such instability problems is
is based on a generalized Darcy equation, which takes into that one has to solve time-dependent equations with variable
account the non-Newtonian effects. Such an equation is coefficients, and to the knowledge of the authors no work has
useful in the study of mobility control in oil displacement been initiated in this direction.
mechanisms, which improves the efficiency of oil recovery. The main aim of this paper is, therefore, to investigate
There exist many different types of non-Newtonian fluids.
the combined effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on
However, some oil sand contains waxy crude at shallow depths
convective instability in a viscoelastic binary fluid-saturated
of the reservoirs which are considered to be viscoelastic fluids.
porous medium. The Forchheimer-extended Darcy model
In such situations, a viscoelastic model of a fluid will be
modified to include viscoelastic properties is employed to
more realistic than inelastic non-Newtonian fluids. Also,
describe the flow in the porous medium. The boundaries of the
many technological problems involve the rheology of such
porous layer are assumed to be perfect conductors of heat and
fluids. Further, viscoelastic models are interesting because
solute concentration which are either porous (i.e. maintained
they fit quite well with the data found from experiments using
at constant pressure) or impermeable; we mean impermeable
polymeric fluids.
only to velocity perturbations but not to the velocity itself
Although copious literature is available on thermal
convection in a viscoelastic fluid layer heated from below (see (i.e., maintained at constant velocity and hence impermeable
Li and Khayat 2005 and references therein), its counterpart to velocity perturbations). The resulting eigenvalue problem
in a porous medium has received little attention. Alishaev is solved using the Galerkin technique.
and Mirzadjanzade (1975) were the first to deal with
viscoelastic flows in porous media for the calculations of delay
2. Formulation of the problem
phenomenon in filtration theory. Rudraiah et al (1989) have
studied thermal convection in a viscoelastic fluid-saturated
We consider an incompressible binary viscoelastic fluid-
porous layer. A review of some of the constitutive equations of
saturated horizontal porous layer of thickness d with constant
non-Newtonian fluids in single-phase and two-phase (i.e., flow
vertical throughflow of magnitude w0 which is either gravity
through a porous medium) is provided by Rudraiah and Kaloni
aligned or otherwise in its direction. A Cartesian co-ordinate
(1990), while a comprehensive review of non-Newtonian fluid
system (x, y, z) is chosen such that the origin is at the bottom of
flows and heat transfer in porous media is given by Shenoy
the layer and the z-axis is vertically upward. The boundaries of
(1994). Kim et al (2003) have studied thermal instability in
a porous layer saturated with viscoelastic fluid and it is found the porous layer are kept at constant but different temperatures
that the overstability is the preferred mode of instability for and solute concentrations, that is, T0 and S0 at the lower
a certain range of elastic parameters. Yoon et al (2004) have boundary z = 0, and T1(<T0) and S1 (<S0) at the upper
considered the onset of oscillatory convection in a horizontal boundary z = d. The Boussinesq approximation, which states
porous layer saturated with viscoelastic liquid. The effects of that the effect of compressibility is negligible everywhere in
local thermal non-equilibrium on the onset of convection in a the conservation equations except in the buoyancy term, is
viscoelastic-fluid-saturated porous layer were investigated by assumed to be valid and the rheology of the viscoelastic fluid
Malashetty et al (2006) and Shivakumara et al (2006). is approximated by the Oldroyd-B constitutive model.
The aforementioned investigations are concerned with Physical configuration
a uniform vertical temperature gradient in a viscoelastic
fluid-saturated porous layer. Recently, Shivakumara and
Sureshkumar (2007) have analysed the effect of a non-
uniform temperature gradient arising due to throughflow in
a viscoelastic fluid-saturated porous layer heated uniformly
from below in order to understand control of convective
instability by the adjustment of vertical throughflow.
Nevertheless, in the type of problems cited above and more
importantly in analysing the convective instability in a mushy
layer formed during the solidification of binary alloys as

269
I S Shivakumara and S Sureshkumar

The governing equations, following Nield and Bejan the thermal Rayleigh number, Rs = αs gS d3 /νκt the solute
(2006) and Shivakumara and Sureshkumar (2007), are Rayleigh number, Pr = νε2 /κt the modified Prandtl number,
τ = κs /κ√t the ratio of diffusivities, while M = A/ε and
∇ · q = 0 (1) G = Cd ε2 Da −1 /Pr are the non-dimensional groups.



∂ ρ0 ∂ q ρ0 Cd
1 + λ1 + √ | q |
q + ρ g + ∇p 2.1. Basic state
∂t ε ∂t k

 The basic state is not quiescent and is given by
µ ∂
+ 1 + λ2 q = 0 (2) q = qb = (0, 0, Q), P = Pb (z),
k ∂t
(11)
∂T T = Tb (z), S = Sb (z)
A q · ∇)T = κt ∇ 2 T
+ ( (3)
∂t where, Q = w0 d/κt is the throughflow dependent Peclet
∂S number. The governing equations in the basic state then
ε + (q · ∇)S = κs ∇ 2 S (4) become
∂t
dPb
ρ = ρ0 {1 − αt (T − T0 ) + αs (S − S0 )} (5) = −(Da −1 + G|Q|)Q + Rt Tb − Rs Sb (12a)
dz
where q is the velocity vector, T the temperature, S the solute d2 Tb dTb
2
−Q =0 (12b)
concentration, p the hydrostatic pressure, µ the viscosity of the dz dz
fluid, λ1 and λ2 are constant relaxation and retardation times, d2 Sb dSb
κt the effective thermal diffusivity, κs the solute analogue of 2
− Q̃ =0 (12c)
dz dz
κt , ε the porosity of the porous medium, k the permeability
of the porous medium, αt the volumetric thermal expansion where Q̃ = Q/τ . We note that the continuity equation
coefficient, αs the solute analogue of αt , ρ the fluid density is satisfied identically. The solution to the boundary value
while ρ0 , T0 and S0 are respectively the reference density, problem for the temperature and the solute concentration is
temperature and solute concentration, Cd the dimensionless respectively given by
Forchheimer coefficient, g the acceleration due to gravity, (eQz − 1)
A = (ρ0 c)m /(ρ0 cp )f = [(1 − ε)(ρ0 c)s + ε(ρ0 cp )f ]/(ρ0 cp )f Tb (z) = − (13a)
(eQ − 1)
the ratio of heat capacities of the fluid-saturated porous
medium to that of the fluid, and cp the specific heat. The (eQ̃z − 1)
Sb (z) = − . (13b)
subscripts m, s and f refer respectively to the porous medium, (eQ̃ − 1)
solid and fluid. The pressure distribution can be found as an integral of
Let us introduce non-dimensional variables defined by equation (12a) but it is of no consequence as we are eliminating
d the same. As Q → 0, Tb (z) → −z, Sb (z) → −z and note that
∇ ∗ = d∇, q ∗ = q , they vary linearly with respect to layer height. Nonetheless, the
κt
presence of vertical throughflow distorts the basic temperature
κt d2 and solute concentration distributions from linear to nonlinear
t∗ = t, P∗ = (p + ρ0 gz), (6)
d2 ε µκt which in turn affect the stability of the system significantly.
(T − T0 ) (S − S0 )
T∗ = , S∗ = . 2.2. Perturbation equations and boundary conditions
T S
Substituting equation (6) into the governing equations above, To investigate the conditions under which the basic state
we obtain (after dropping the asterisks for simplicity) solution is stable against small disturbances, we consider a
perturbed state in the form
∇ · q = 0 (7)


 q = Qk̂ + q  , P = Pb (z) + P 
∂ 1 ∂ q (14)
1+ + G|q |
q + ∇P − Rt T k̂ + Rs S k̂ T = Tb (z) + T  , S = Sb (z) + S  ,
∂t P r ∂t


∂ where q  , P  , T and S  are perturbed variables and are assumed
+ Da −1 1 +  q = 0 (8) to be small.
∂t
Substituting equation (14) into equations (8)–(10),
∂T
M + (q · ∇)T = ∇ 2 T (9) linearizing the equations, eliminating the pressure term from
∂t the momentum equation by operating curl twice and retaining
∂S only the vertical component of the resulting equation, we arrive
q · ∇)S = τ ∇ 2 S.
+ ( (10) at (after dropping the primes)
∂t

 
∂ 1 ∂(∇ 2 w)
The non-dimensional numbers appearing in the above 1+ + G|Q|∇ 2 w − Rt ∇h2 T + Rs ∇h2 S
equations are:  = λ1 κt /d2 ε the relaxation parameter, ∂t P r ∂t


= λ2 /λ1 is the ratio of retardation time to relaxation + Da −1 1 + 
∂
∇ 2w = 0 (15)
time, Da = k/d 2 the Darcy number, Rt = αt gT d3 /νκt ∂t

270
 Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on the stability of a doubly diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated porous layer

  3. Solution to the eigenvalue problem

∂ ∂T
M − ∇2 T + Q = −f (z)w (16)
∂t ∂z Equations (21)–(23) together with a chosen set of boundary
  combinations given by equations (24)–(27) constitute a double
∂ ∂S
− τ∇ S + Q
2
= −g(z)w (17) eigenvalue problem. To solve the resulting eigenvalue
∂t ∂z
problem, a single term Galerkin expansion technique is
where used to encompass a vast parameter space for different
boundary combinations. Also, the technique employed yields
QeQz
f (z) = − (18) sufficiently accurate and useful results for the purpose in hand.
(eQ − 1) Accordingly, the variables in equations (21)–(23) are written
and in terms of trial functions as W = A1 W1 (z),  = A2 1 (z)
and C = A3 C1 (z), where A1 –A3 are constants. The trial
Q̃eQ̃z functions W1 (z), 1 (z) and C1 (z) will be generally chosen in
g(z) = − (19)
(eQ̃ − 1) such a way that they satisfy the respective boundary conditions
are respectively the steady-state nonlinear basic temperature but not the differential equations pointwise. Multiplying
and solute concentration gradients. equation (21) by W1 , equation (22) by 1 and equation (23) by
Assume the normal mode solution for w, T and S in the C1 ; integrating the equations with respect to z from 0 to 1 and
form eliminating the constants A1 –A3 from the resulting equations,
we get an expression for the eigenvalue Rt in the form (after
(w, T , S) = [W (z), (z), C(z)] exp{i(lx + my) + σ t} (20) dropping the subscript 1)


Rs 1 σ (1 + σ )
where σ is the growth rate and l and m are wave numbers, Rt = + + G|Q| + Da −1
respectively, in the x and y directions. τ 2 Pr (1 + σ )
Substituting equation (20) into equations (15)–(17), we (DW )2 + a 2 W 2 
× 1 , (28a)
arrive at a2
  where
σ −1 (1 + σ )
+ G|Q| + Da (D 2 − a 2 ) W
Pr (1 + σ ) (D)2 + (Mσ + a 2 )2 + QD
1 = (28b)
= −Rt a 2  + Rs a 2 C (21) W −f (z)W 
[D 2 − a 2 − Mσ − QD ] = f (z)W
[τ (D − a ) − σ − QD]C = g(z)W
2 2
√ and · · · · ·  denotes the integration with respect to z
where D = d/dz and a = l 2 + m2 is the overall horizontal
wave number.
The boundaries are considered to be perfect conductors
of heat and solute concentration, and are considered to be
either impermeable or porous (i.e., constant pressure). The
boundaries are impermeable; we mean impermeable to only
velocity perturbations but not to the velocity itself. In the
present study, the following velocity boundary combinations
are considered for discussion:
(i) Both boundaries impermeable
(22) (DC)2 + (σ/τ + a 2 )C 2 + Q̃C DC
2 = (28c)
W C−g(z)W C
(23)
from 0 to 1. The contributions arising due to throughflow
may be distinguished clearly from the above equation. The
terms with coefficients Q and Q̃ arise from the vertical
transport of perturbation temperature and solute concentration
respectively, while the terms involving f (z) and g(z) arise,
respectively, from the curvature of basic temperature and
solute concentration. Thus there will be an interaction of
all these contributions on the eigenvalue and their effects
determined for four different types of velocity boundary
conditions which are discussed below.
Case (i): Both boundaries impermeable
W ==C=0 at z = 0, 1 (24) The trial functions which satisfy the corresponding
boundary conditions are
(ii) Both boundaries porous
W = z(1 − z) =  = C. (29)
DW =  = C = 0 at z = 0, 1 (25)
Substituting equation (29) into equation (28a) and performing
(iii) Lower boundary impermeable and upper boundary porous the integration, we get



W ==C=0 at z=0 Mσ + δ 2 σ −1 (1 + σ )
(26) Rt = Rs δ1 + + G|Q| + Da
DW =  = C = 0 at z=1 σ + τ δ2 Pr (1 + σ )
(Mσ + δ 2 )δ 2
(iv) Lower boundary porous and upper boundary impermeable × , (30)
a 2 δ2
DW =  = C = 0 at z=0 where
(27)
W ==C=0 at z = 1.
δ 2 = a 2 + 10 (31a)

271
I S Shivakumara and S Sureshkumar
 
6Q̃ coth(Q̃/2) − Q̃2 − 12 4 If both  = 0 and Rs = 0, then from equation (36) it is observed
δ1 = τ (31b) that ω2 < 0 and hence oscillatory convection is not possible.
6Q coth(Q/2) − Q2 − 12
When  = 0, equation (36) reduces to
60
δ2 = 4 [Q2 − 6Q coth(Q/2) + 12]. (31c) Pr(1 − Mτ )a 2 δ1 δ2 Rs
Q ω2 = − τ 2δ4. (38a)
MPrDa −1 + MPrG|Q| + δ 2
To examine the stability of the system, the real part of σ is From equation (38a) it is noted that the necessary conditions
set to zero and we take σ = iω in equation (30) to get (after for the occurrence of oscillatory convection are
clearing the complex quantities from the denominator)

τ 2 δ 4 [MPrDa −1 + MPrG|Q| + δ 2 ]
(τ δ 4 + Mω2 ) Da −1 δ 2 (1 +  2 ω2 ) Mτ < 1 and Rs >
Rt = Rs 2 4 δ + + G|Q|δ 2 Pr(1 − Mτ )a 2 δ1 δ2
2 1
(τ δ + ω ) (1 +  2 ω2 ) (38b)
 2
Mω2 Da −1 ( − 1) Mω2 δ which coincide with Shivakumara and Nanjundappa (2006).
− − + iωN, When Rs = 0, equation (36) reduces to
(1 +  2 ω2 ) Pr a 2 δ2
(32) PrDa −1 {δ 2 (1 − ) − M} − MPrG|Q| − δ 2
ω2 = .
where  2 (MPrDa −1 + MPrG|Q| + δ 2 )
   (39a)
Mτ δ 2 − δ 2 MDa −1 (1 +  2 ω2 )
N = Rs δ1 + + MG|Q| For this case, the necessary conditions for the occurrence of
τ 2 δ 4 + ω2 (1 +  2 ω2 )
 oscillatory convection are
δ 2 Da −1 ( − 1) δ 2 δ2
+ + . (33) [MPr(Da −1 + G|Q|) + δ 2 ]
(1 +  2 ω2 ) Pr a 2 δ2 <1 and >
PrDa −1 δ 2 (1 − )
Since Rt is a physical quantity, it must be real and it implies (39b)
either ω = 0 (stationary convection) or N = 0 (oscillatory
convection) in equation (32). The stationary convection which coincide with the results of Shivakumara and
√ occurs
at Rt = Rts which attains its minimum value at ac = 10 and Sureshkumar (2007). From equation (37) we note that a1 > 0
is given by always but a2 and a3 may become negative and positive
respectively even if Mτ > 1 or > 1 for some suitable
Rs 40(Da −1 + G|Q|) combinations of the parameters. Then from Descartes’ rule
Rts ,min = δ1 + . (34)
τ δ2 of signs it implies that equation (36) may give rise to two real
Hence, positive values of ω2 corresponding to two onset frequencies
at the same wave number and to each such frequency there
s
Rt,min ∼ τ 2 Rs + 2G|Q|Q2 /3 Q → ±∞ (35a) corresponds a real value of the Rayleigh number on the
oscillatory neutral curve. This is a new observation and this
and
  situation is not noted in either of the above two isolated cases
Rs Q̃2 − Q2 of  = 0 or Rs = 0, where we note the existence of only
s
Rt,min ∼ 1−
τ 42 a single frequency (see equations (38a) and (39a)). These

2 aspects are discussed in the last section.
−1 Q
+ 40Da 1+ as Q → 0. (35b)
42 Case (ii): Both boundaries porous
In the absence of an additional diffusing component and The trial functions are chosen in such a way that they
s
throughflow, from equation (35b) it follows that Rt,min = satisfy the boundary conditions and they are
40Da , which is very close to the exact value of 4π 2 Da −1
−1
W = 1,  = z2 − z = C. (40)
(Nield and Bejan 2006) with an error of 1.26%. For oscillatory
As in the previous case, the condition for the occurrence
onset N = 0 (ω = 0) then equation (33) yields a dispersion
of stationary and oscillatory convection is obtained. The
relation of the form Rayleigh number for the stationary convection attains its
a1 (ω2 )2 + a2 (ω2 ) + a3 = 0, (36) minimum value at ac = 0 and is given by
Rs 10(Da −1 + G|Q|)
where s
Rt,min = β1 + (41)

 τ β2
δ2
a1 =  2 MDa −1 + MG|Q| + (37a) where
Pr  
Q̃ coth(Q̃/2) − 2 2
β1 = τ (42a)
a2 =  2 (Mτ − 1)a 2 δ1 δ2 Rs +  2 δ 4 τ 2 MDa −1 Q coth(Q/2) − 2
+ MG|Q|τ 2  2 δ 4 + δ 6 τ 2  2 /Pr + MDa −1 + MG|Q|
5
+ δ 2 /Pr + δ 2 ( − 1)Da −1 (37b) β2 = [Q coth(Q/2) − 2]. (42b)
Q2
a3 = (Mτ − 1)a 2 δ1 δ2 Rs + τ 2 δ 4 MDa −1 Hence,
+ τ 2 δ 6 Da −1 ( − 1) + τ 2 MG|Q|δ 4 + δ 6 τ 2 /Pr. (37c)
s
Rt,min ∼ Rs + 2G|Q|Q2 as Q → ±∞ (43a)

272
 Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on the stability of a doubly diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated porous layer

and
 
Rs Q̃2 − Q2 ........ Direct mode (Newtonian case) (a)
s
Rt,min ∼ 1− Oscilliatory mode
τ 60

2 7
Q 10
+ 12Da −1 1 + as Q → 0. (43b)
60
In the absence of an additional diffusing component and
throughflow, from equation (43b) we note that Rt,min s
=
−1
Rt
12Da which is the known exact value (Nield and Bejan
2006).
Further, oscillatory convection occurs at Rt = Rto , where

4 

τ δ + Mω2 1 Da −1 δ 2 (1 +  2 ω2 ) Λ=1.1
Rt = Rs
o
β1 +
τ 2 δ 4 + ω2 β2 (1 +  2 ω2 ) 1.1
−1 
Mω Da ( − 1) Mω2
2
+ G|Q|δ 2 − − (44)
(1 +  2 ω2 ) Pr 0.9
where ω2 is given by the equation 1 a 10
b1 (ω2 )2 + b2 (ω2 ) + b3 = 0. (45)
.......... Direct mode (Newtonian case)
Here
Oscillatory mode
b1 =  2 ( M Da −1 + MG|Q| + δ 2 /Pr) (46a) 10
7

(b)
b2 =  2 (Mτ − 1)δ 2 β1 β2 Rs +  2 δ 4 τ 2 MDa −1 τ = 0.01
+ MG|Q|τ 2  2 δ 4 + δ 2 /Pr + MDa −1 + MG|Q|
1.2
+ δ 6  2 τ 2 /Pr + δ 2 Da −1 ( − 1) (46b) Rt

b3 = (Mτ − 1)δ 2 β1 β2 Rs + τ 2 δ 4 MDa −1

+ τ 2 δ 6 Da −1 ( − 1) + τ 2 MG|Q|δ 4 + δ 6 τ 2 /Pr. (46c)
From equation (45) the necessary conditions for the occurrence
of oscillatory convection when  = 0 and Rs = 0 are 10
6

respectively found to be
1.2
τ 2 δ 2 [MPrDa −1 + MPrG|Q| + δ 2 ]
Mτ < 1, Rs > 0.01
Pr(1 − Mτ )β1 β2
(47a) 1 a 10

and Figure 1. Neutral stability curves for different values of (a) with
[MPr(Da −1 + G|Q|) + δ 2 ] τ = 0.01 (b) τ with = 0.1 when Q = 0.1, Da = 10−5 ,  = 10 =
< 1,  > . (47b) Pr, Cd = 0.5, ε = 0.4, M = 1.25 and Rs = 5 × 104 for impermeable
PrDa −1 δ 2 (1 − ) boundaries.
Although the threshold value of Rs for the occurrence of
oscillatory convection is changed with the change in boundary where
conditions, the threshold value of  remains the same as that
obtained for the previous case (cf equation (39b)). From γ1
equations (45) and (46), it may be noted that the possibility of (eQ − 1) [eQ̃ (Q̃3 − 2Q̃2 − 6Q̃ + 24) − 2(2Q̃2 + 9Q̃ + 12)] 4
occurring oscillatory convection even if Mτ > 1 or > 1 as = τ
(eQ̃ − 1) [eQ (Q3 − 2Q2 − 6Q + 24) − 2(2Q2 + 9Q + 12)]
argued in the previous case. (49b)
Case (iii): Lower boundary impermeable and upper boundary 105[eQ (Q3 − 2Q2 − 6Q + 24) − 2(2Q2 + 9Q + 12)]
porous γ2 = .
8Q4 (eQ − 1)
The trial functions satisfying the boundary conditions are
(49c)
W = z − z2 /2,  = z2 − z = C. (48)
Hence,
It is found that the Rayleigh number for the occurrence√of
stationary convection attains its minimum value at ac = 5 24
and is given by
s
Rt,min ∼ Rs + G|Q|Q as Q → ∞, (50a)
7
Rs 45(Da −1 + G|Q|) 6
s
Rt,min = γ1 + (49a) s
Rt,min ∼ τ 2 Rs + G|Q|Q2 as Q → −∞ (50b)
τ γ2 7

273
I S Shivakumara and S Sureshkumar

8
10 4
........ Direct mode (Newtonian case) (a) 5X10 τ = 0.01
........ τ = 0.03
Oscilliatory mode
8.8

Rt
8.6

R t cX10-5
7
10

0
3
15X10
Λ =1.1
8.4
1.1
0.9
1 a 10
Rs =0
.......... Direct mode (Newtonian case) 8.2
Oscillatory mode 0.01 0.1 Q 1
7
10
Figure 3. Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh number as a
(b)
τ = 0.01 function of |Q| for both boundaries impermeable and for different
values of τ and Rs .
Rt
1.2
where ω2 is given by the equation
c1 (ω2 )2 + c2 (ω2 ) + c3 = 0, (52)
where
6
10
c1 =  2 ( M Da −1 + MG|Q| + δ 2 /Pr)(2a 2 + 5) (53a)

c2 =  2 (Mτ − 1)a 2 δ 2 γ1 γ2 Rs + [τ 2 δ 4 MDa −1  2

0.01,1.2
+ MG|Q|τ 2  2 δ 4 + δ 6 τ 2  2 /Pr + MDa −1 + MG|Q|
1 a 10
+ δ 2 /Pr + δ 2 Da −1 ( − 1)](2a 2 + 5) (53b)
Figure 2. Neutral stability curves for various values of (a) for
M = 1.25, Rs = 5 × 104 and τ = 0.01 (b) τ for M = 1.25 and
c3 = (Mτ − 1)a 2 δ 2 γ1 γ2 Rs + [τ 2 δ 4 MDa −1
Rs = 5 × 104 for lower impermeable and upper porous boundaries.
+ τ 2 δ 6 Da −1 ( − 1) + τ 2 MG|Q| + δ 4
 
Rs Q − Q̃ 14Q2 − 3QQ̃ − 11Q̃ + δ 6 τ 2 /Pr](2a 2 + 5). (53c)
Rt,min ∼
s
1− +
τ 14 588
The necessary conditions for the occurrence of oscillatory
240(Da −1 + G|Q|)[294 − 21Q − 479Q2 ] convection when  = 0 and Rs = 0 are, respectively,
+
2401
as Q → 0. (50c) τ 2 δ 2 (2a 2 + 5)[MPrDa −1 + MPrG|Q| + δ 2 ]
Mτ < 1, Rs >
(1 − Mτ )γ1 γ2 Pra 2
In the absence of throughflow and solute concentration, from (54a)
equation (49a) we note that Rt,min s
∼ 29.39 Da −1 which is and
close to the known exact value 27.1Da −1 (Nield and Bejan
2006) with an error of 8.45%. [MPr(Da −1 + G|Q|) + δ 2 ]
< 1, > . (54b)
For this case, oscillatory convection occurs at Rt = Rto , PrDa −1 δ 2 (1 − )
where From equations (54a) and (54b) it is seen that the threshold

4  value of Rs for the occurrence of oscillatory convection is
τ δ + Mω2
Rto = Rs γ1 changed but the value of  remains the same as noted in the
τ 2 δ 4 + ω2
⎛ ⎞ previous cases. The observations made in case (i) about the
Da −1 δ 2 (1 +  2 ω2 ) 2 occurrence of oscillatory convection also holds for the case
+ G|Q|δ
(2a 2 + 5) ⎜ ⎜ (1 +  2 ω2 ) ⎟
⎟ (51) of asymmetric boundary conditions chosen here. That is,
+
a 2 γ2 ⎝ Mω2 Da −1 ( − 1) Mω2 ⎠ oscillatory convection may occur even if Mτ > 1 or > 1
− −
(1 +  2 ω2 ) Pr depending on the choice of parametric values.

274
 Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on the stability of a doubly diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated porous layer

000
6.6 Γ=0.5
Λ =0.05 8.8
00 4
5X10 (a)
5X10
4 (a)

6.4
000
-5

00
8.6
Rt cX10

R t cX10-5
0

6.2

0
000

3 3
15X10 15X10
00
8.4

6.0
000
Rs =0 Rs =0

8.2
00
0.01 0.1 Q 1 0.01 0.1 Q 1

Λ =0.1 Γ=1
8.8
5X10
4
(b) 6.8 5X10
4
(b)

8.6
6.6
-5
Rt cX10

-5
R t cX10
0

3
8.4 15X10 3
15X10
6.4

Rs =0
8.2
0.01 0.1 Q 1
Figure 4. (a) and (b) Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh
number as a function of |Q| for both boundaries impermeable and
for different values of Rs .
Case (iv): Lower boundary porous and upper boundary
impermeable: (I/P)
Since the transformation z → 1 − z and Q → −Q leave
the eigenvalue system of equations invariant, the results for this
case can be deduced from the previous case by simply changing
the sign of Q in the expression for Rayleigh numbers. This
means that the results for upflow/downflow of the previous
case correspond to that of downflow/upflow of the present
case and vice versa.
4. Results and discussion
The onset of convection in an Oldroyd-B binary fluid-saturated
porous layer including the effects of quadratic drag and
vertical throughflow is studied for different types of velocity
boundary conditions. The bounding surfaces of the porous
layer are assumed to be either impermeable (i.e., impermeable
to velocity perturbations only but not to the velocity itself)
or porous, and are maintained at constant but different
R s =0
6.2
0.01 0.1 Q 1
Figure 5. (a) and (b) Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh
number as a function of |Q| for both boundaries impermeable and
for different values of Rs .
temperatures and solute concentrations. For each of the
velocity boundary combinations, the conditions for the onset
of steady and oscillatory convection are obtained analytically.
It is observed that the steady case results correspond to those
of Newtonian fluid. This is because the basic state remains
the same for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids as it
corresponds to pure conduction.
The marginal stability curves for steady and oscillatory
modes in the Rt –a plane are shown in figures 1(a) and (b)
and 2(a) and (b) for both boundaries impermeable, and for
lower boundary impermeable and upper boundary porous as a
representative case from symmetric and asymmetric boundary
combinations, respectively. The results exhibited in these
figures are for Q = 0.1, Da = 10−5 ,  = 10, Pr = 10,
Rs = 5 × 104 , Cd = 0.5, M = 1.25 and ε = 0.4 with
two values of and τ . Figures 1(a) and 2(a) show the
neutral curves for = 0.9 and 1.1 when τ = 0.01, while
figures 1(b) and 2(b) illustrate the neutral curves for two values
of τ = 0.01 and 1.2 when = 0.1. From these figures it is

275
I S Shivakumara and S Sureshkumar

4 ........ Q<0
4 Rs ,τ =5X10 ,0.03
4.8 5X10 τ = 0.01 8.0 Q>0
........ τ = 0.03

4
5X10 ,0.01
5
4.6 7.6 15X103,0.03

R 0t cX10 -5
-5
R t c X10
0

3 Rs =0
15X10 3
7.2 15X10 ,0.01
4.4

Rs =0 6.8
4.2 0.1 Q 1 10

Figure 8. Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh number as a

function of Q for lower boundary impermeable and upper boundary
0.01 0.1 1 porous and for different values of τ and Rs .
Q

Figure 6. Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh number as a in τ increases the oscillatory Rayleigh number marginally in
function of |Q| for both boundaries porous and for different values the case of impermeable boundaries (see figure 2(a)), it has an
of τ and Rs .
insignificant effect when the boundaries are of the asymmetric
type (see figure 2(b)). Also, the critical wave number for the
4.3
Λ=1.1 direct mode (i.e., Newtonian case) is found to be smaller than
that of the oscillatory mode.
Rs =5X104 The critical oscillatory Rayleigh number Rtc 0
, is
determined as follows. For chosen parametric values and
4 wave number, first the equation for ω2 is solved to look for
4X10
R0t c X10-6

the existence of its positive value. If there are none then no

3X10
4 minimum of the two is considered. The value of ω2 so obtained
4.2
4.1
0.01 Q 0.1
Figure 7. Variation of the critical Rayleigh number as a function of
|Q| for both boundaries impermeable with different values of Rs
and τ = 0.01.
important to note that oscillatory convection is possible even
if > 1 and Mτ > 1; a contrasting result when compared to
a single component viscoelastic fluid-saturated porous layer
(i.e., Rs = 0,  = 0) and a double diffusive Newtonian-fluid
saturated porous layer (i.e.,  = 0, Rs = 0), respectively.
Besides, there exist two different onset frequencies at the same
wave number when > 1 suggesting two oscillatory neutral
oscillatory instability is possible and if there are two then the
is substituted back in the corresponding expression for Rt0
and this procedure is repeated for different wave numbers to
find the critical value of Rt0 with respect to the wave number
0
denoted by Rtc . The critical values determined using this
procedure for a fixed value of Da = 10−5 , M = 1.25, Pr = 10,
Cd = 0.5 and = 0.4 by varying other parameters are shown in
figures 3–10.
0
Figures 3–5 show the variation of Rtc as a function of
|Q| for both boundaries impermeable with different values of
Rs (= 0, 15 × 103 , 5 × 104 ), τ (= 0.01, 0.03), (= 0.05, 0.1)
and (= 0.5, 1.0). From these figures, it is interesting to note
that in the absence of an additional diffusing component (i.e.,
Rs = 0) the effect of throughflow is always stabilizing by a
degree that is independent of the flow direction. Nonetheless,
when a viscoelastic fluid saturating a porous medium is
stratified with Rs = 5 × 103 and 5 × 104 (i.e., in the
presence of an additional diffusing component) then the effect
of throughflow is destabilizing up to a certain value of |Q|
and the destabilization manifests itself as a minimum in the
0
Rtc –|Q| plot. The destabilization may be due to the distortion
of steady-state basic temperature and solute concentration
distributions by the throughflow. A measure of these are
solutions and an increase in delays the onset of oscillatory given by the terms f (z)w and g(z)W C. Further, a
convection (see figures 1(a) and 2(a)). Although an increase decrease in the value of τ (see figure 3) as well as (see

276
 Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on the stability of a doubly diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated porous layer

........ Q<0 6.4

4 Γ=0.5
8.0 Rs=5X10 R s =5X104 ........ Q<0 Λ=0.05
Q>0 (a) Q>0 (a )

7.6 3 6.0
15X10
15X103
-5
R t cX10

R t cX10-5
0

0
Rs =0
7.2
5.6 R s =0

6.8
0.01 0.1 1 10
Q
5.2
5.6
........ Q<0 0.01 0.1 Q 1 10
4 Γ =1
R s =5X10 Q>0 (b)
........ Q<0 Λ=0.1
4 Q>0 (b )
8.0 Rs =5X10

5.45
3
15X10
-5
R0t cX10

3
7.6 15X10
-5
R t cX10

5
5.2
R s =0
0

R s =0
7.2

4.8
0.01 0.1 Q 1
Figure 9. (a) and (b) Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh
number as a function of |Q| for lower boundary impermeable and
upper boundary porous and for different values of Rs and τ = 0.01.
figure 4) and increase in the value of  (see figure 5)
decreases the critical oscillatory Rayleigh number and hence
their effect is to hasten the onset of convection up to a
certain value of |Q|, above which the curves for different
Rs coalesce. In contrast, an increase in Rs delays the onset
of convection. A similar type of behaviour, except for a
quantitative change, is observed when both boundaries are
porous (see figure 6). From further inspection of figures 3
and 6 it is evident that the range of Q up to which the
system gets destabilized is greater in the case of porous
boundaries, and also porous boundaries are less stable as
compared to impermeable boundaries. Figure 7 shows the
0
variation of Rtc as a function of |Q| for different Rs when
τ = 0.01 and = 1.1. As observed earlier, oscillatory
instability occurs even if is greater than unity. In this case,
we note that the curves end at some value of |Q| where no
more values consistent with ωi2 > 0 exist.
The results for lower boundary impermeable and upper
boundary porous (i.e., asymmetric boundaries) are illustrated
in figures 8–10. In the case of a single component system
10
6.8
0.01 0.1 1 10
Q
Figure 10. (a) and (b) Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh
number as a function of |Q| for lower boundary impermeable and
upper boundary porous and for different values of Rs with τ = 0.01.
(i.e., Rs = 0) a small amount of throughflow destabilizes
the system only for upflow (Q > 0), while for downflow
(Q < 0) it is always stabilizing (see figure 8). In other
words, throughflow is destabilizing in only one particular
direction. However, in the presence of an additional diffusing
component (i.e., Rs = 0) a small amount of throughflow in
both the directions destabilizes the system initially and again
makes the system stable with further increase in the value
of Q (see figure 8). The reason for the destabilization may
be due to the change in energy supply to a disturbance by
the curvature of the temperature and the solute concentration
distributions. Moreover, the range of Q up to which the system
gets destabilized is more for upflow than downflow and also
downflow is more stabilizing as compared to upflow. As
observed in the previous cases, an increase in the value of
 (see figures 9(a) and (b)) and decrease in the value of (see
figures 10(a) and (b)) decreases the critical oscillatory
Rayleigh number and hence their effect is to promote

277
I S Shivakumara and S Sureshkumar

6
4 Λ=0.1
Rs =1000
500

500

3 400
0
R t cX10-6

2
-5 ωc
Da= 0.25X10 1000
300
0

500
6
2
0

200
1000

10 -5 500
1 0
100

0.01 0.1 Q 1

20
Λ=1.1
0.01 0.1 Q 1

Figure 11. Variation of the critical oscillatory Rayleigh number as a

function of Q for both boundaries impermeable (solid curves), both
boundaries porous (dashed curves), and lower boundary 15
impermeable and upper boundary porous (dotted curves) for two
values of Da.
ω c2
R s =3000
500 R s , τ =1000,0.03 10
1000,0.01
500,0.03
500,0.01 2000
400
Rs =0 5

1000
ωc2 1000,0.03
1000,0.01
300
500,0.03
0
500,0.01 0.01 Q 0.1 1
Rs =0 Figure 13. Variation of the critical frequency as a function of Q for
200 both boundaries impermeable (solid curves), both boundaries
1000,0.03 1000,0.01
porous (dotted curves), and lower boundary impermeable and upper
500,0.03 boundary porous (dashed curves).
500,0.01
100 R s =0 The variation of the square of the critical frequency ωc2 ,
as a function of Q for different velocity boundary conditions
0.01 0.1 Q 1 10 is presented in figures 12–14. These figures depict the results
for a fixed value of Da = 10−5 , Pr = 10, Cd = 0.5, M =
Figure 12. Variation of the critical frequency as a function of Q for
both boundaries impermeable (solid curves), both boundaries 1.25, τ = 0.01 and ε = 0.4 and for different values of Rs , τ ,
porous (dotted curves), and lower boundary impermeable and upper and . From figure 12 it is observed that the frequency
boundary porous (dashed curves). increases with increasing Rs as well as τ up to a certain value
of Q, and remains invariant with further increase in the value
instability. This may be due to the fact that the relaxation of Q. From figures 13 and 14, it is seen that the frequency
time reduces the shear rate (i.e., increases the elasticity of a decreases with increasing (see figure 13) and  (see
viscoelastic fluid), thus causing instability. figure 14) up to a certain value of Q, while all the curves
The influence of the Darcy number on the onset of for different Rs coalesce as the value of Q increases.
oscillatory convection is exhibited in figure 11 as a function From these figures it is also observed that the critical
of Q for a fixed value of Rs = 5 × 104 ,  = 0.5, = 0.1 and Rayleigh number and the critical frequency which mark the
Pr = 10. The figure shows that a decrease in the value of Da onset of convection are found to be highest for both boundaries
increases the critical oscillatory Rayleigh number due to the impermeable, higher for lower boundary impermeable and
densely packed porous medium. upper boundary porous, and least when both boundaries are

278
 Effects of throughflow and quadratic drag on the stability of a doubly diffusive Oldroyd-B fluid-saturated porous layer

1.0
Γ=0.5
Rs =1000
500
Q = -5
500 0.8

400
0
-0.5
ω c2 0.6
1000 0
-Tb,-Sb
300 0.5
500
0 0.4

200
1000
500 0.2 5
0
100

0.01 0.1 Q 1 10 0.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 z 0.6 0.8 1.0
300
Rs =1000 Γ=1
Figure 15. Distribution of the basic temperature (solid curves) and
concentration (doted curves: τ = 0.28, dashed curves: τ = 0.8) for
different values of Q.

500 concentration and temperature affect the stability of the system

200 significantly.
1000
ω c2 0
5. Conclusions
500

1000 The effects of quadratic drag and throughflow on an Oldroyd-B

0 binary fluid-saturated porous layer is investigated theoretically
100 500
0 assumed to be either impermeable (i.e., impermeable to
0.01 0.1 Q 1
Figure 14. Variation of the critical frequency as a function of Q for
both boundaries impermeable (solid curves), both boundaries
porous (dotted curves), and lower boundary impermeable and upper
boundary porous (dashed curves).
porous. The deviation in the critical oscillatory Rayleigh
number is observed to be marginal with an increase in the
value of Prandtl number from 10 to 100 hence the results are
shown only for Pr = 10.
The basic temperature and solute concentration
distributions are obtained for representative values of Q and
τ , and are presented graphically in figure 15 in order to
understand their influence on the stability of the system. As
can be seen from the figure, the basic state distributions are
linear in the absence of throughflow (Q = 0). However,
when throughflow exists, the distributions become nonlinear,
and deviate from each other with increasing Q. In fact, the
nonlinearity in base-state solute concentration stratification
(dotted curves) becomes more pronounced as compared to
temperature stratification (solid curves) with a decrease in
τ . The change in base-state stratification between the solute
by employing the modified Forchheimer-extended Darcy
model. The bounding surfaces of the porous layer are
velocity perturbations only but not to the velocity itself)
10 or porous which are maintained at constant but different
temperatures and solute concentrations. It is observed that
there is competition between the process of viscous relaxation
and thermal diffusion that causes the first convective instability
to be oscillatory rather than steady convection. The results of
the foregoing study can be summarized as follows:
(i) The effect of the presence of vertical throughflow is
to make the otherwise linear basic temperature and
solute concentration distributions nonlinear, which in turn
affects the stability of the system significantly.
(ii) The oscillatory convection is possible even if > 1 and
Mτ > 1.
(iii) The effect of throughflow is destabilizing irrespective
of its direction, even if the bounding surfaces of the
porous layer are of the same type. Further, downward
flow is more stabilizing than upward flow in the case of
asymmetric boundaries.
(iv) The critical Rayleigh number and the critical frequency
are highest for both boundaries being impermeable, then
higher for the lower boundary being impermeable and
the upper boundary being porous and the least for both
boundaries being porous.

279
I S Shivakumara and S Sureshkumar
(v) Increasing the value of  and decreasing the values of
, Rs and τ decreases the critical oscillatory Rayleigh
number.
(vi) The frequency of oscillations decreases with increasing
and .
(vii) The deviation in the critical oscillatory Rayleigh number
is observed to be marginal with an increase in the value
of Prandtl number from 10 to 100.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the UGC-Centre for Advanced
Studies in Fluid Mechanics. One of the authors
(SSK) would like to thank the Director, Principal and
Management of Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur
for encouragement. The authors wish to thank the reviewers
for their useful comments.
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