Level of Awareness On The Methods of Contraception of The (Repaired)

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction:
Family Planning has been defined as the process of regulating and spacing the
births of children and helping subfertile couples beget children (Salcedo et. Al, 2002). It
is a voluntary action of married couples to make informed decisions when to have
children,, how many to have, and how far apart, when to have them, and when to stop t
the least risk to the health of the mother and the best chance to survival of the child. It is
the conscious effort of married couples to determine the number and spacing of births of
children. It thus means responsible parenthood for it aims to prepare married couples
for the responsibility of procreation and socialization of children.
One of the major issues confronting the Filipino family relating to its well- being
and survival is the health concerns of the members of the family especially the mother
and the child. Many Filipino couples are unaware of the maternal – and –child health
dangers brought about by too close and or too many pregnancies. It is advisable for a
mother to space childbirth by at least two years. On the part of the mother, she will be
protected from the risk of mortality, because too close pregnancies cause maternal
depletion, a condition that sets in when the woman’s body loses the strength and the
capacity to nurture life. This is because giving birth is bloody and the fetus itself is the
mother’s blood. It takes two years for a mother to recover from pregnancy and childbirth
( Sanchez, 2009).
Another concern is the economic aspect. The economic growth of the Philippines
is moving at a slow pace. Majority of the Filipino are poor. There is a severe shortage f
proper nutrition, housing, education and employment opportunities especially in the
rural areas. The more children to rear, the less time and resources for proper and
attentive care in terms of medicine, clothes, home space textbooks, recreation etc.
These issues coupled with the rapid increase in population; there is an urgent need to
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plan families thus the birth of the Family Planning program in the country. The
government believes that a strong family makes a stronger nation.
The department of health is the lead agency for the family planning program of
the Philippines. Its centerpiece mission is “A health mother begets a healthy child “. It is
indented to improve the health of the mother by providing safe and approved methods
to reduce the risk of pregnancy as well as improve the health of children by spacing
between births. It is intended to give better quality life to every citizen, to strengthen the
family, informed choice, and responsible parenthood. It is then on this premise that the
researchers thought of coming out with this investigation to find out the level of
awareness of married couples as to the contraceptive methods in order to know if the
couples were give complete, correct, and appropriate information along this area and
delivery services down to the community level.
Theoretical framework
This study is based on Levine’s theory of conservation. The model based on

assumption that the focus of Nursing is an open system of human beings interacting
with their environment, leading to state of health for individual which is an ability to
function in social roles.
The theory stated also that the couple’s knowledge in family planning methods
was based on interacting with the said variables like age, educational attainment, and
number of children and monthly income that affects their ability to make use of the
methods of family planning. As a nurse, it is Family Planning
important Method
to relate certain variables to
couple to be able to maintain healthy in terms ofNatural
their reproductive
Method: health.
• Withdrawal
• Abstinence
• Calendar method
• Basal Body Temperature

Conceptual framework
• Lactational Amenorrhea
2
Artificial Method:
Adequacy of • Pills
knowledge
Figure 1: Shows the adequacy of knowledge of family planning of couples. The methods
include natural and artificial methods: natural method includes withdrawal, abstinence,
calendar method, and basal body temperature and lactation amenorrhea.
Artificial method includes pills, IUD, vasectomy and bilateral tubal ligation.
Statement of the problem
3
This study tries to find out the level of awareness of married couples of Barangay
Sinalhan, Sta.Rosa City, Laguna on the different methods of contraception of the Family
Planning Program.
Specially, It will answer on the Following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 age
1.2 educational of children ; and
1.3 monthly income
2. What is the level of awareness of the respondent couples on contraceptive

methods of the family planning program in terms of:
2.1 Natural method
2.1.1 rhythm / calendar method
2.1.2 withdrawal / coitus interruptus
2.1.3 abstinence
2.1.4 basal body temperature; and
2.1.5 lactational amenorrhea
2.2 artificial method
2.2.1 condom
2.2.2 pills
2.2.3 intra uterine device
2.2.4 diaphragm
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3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and
their level of awareness on the different methods of family planning?
Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and

their level of awareness on the different methods of contraception of the family
planning program of the government.
Assumption of the Study
This study will be based on the following assumptions:
1. That the couples will answer the questions honestly and will not influence by
anybody concerning the choice they will make.
2. That the couples will be fair with each other in deciding what kind of family
planning methods they want.
3. That the couples know something about family planning.
Scope and Delimitation of the study
The study is to determine the level of awareness on contraceptive methods of

married couples residing in Barangay Sinalhan, Sta.Rosa City, Laguna. The
respondent couples are between the ages of 18-35 years old, married and living
together during the year of 2010.
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The contraceptive methods include both the natural and artificial means. The
natural method consists of rhythm or calendar method, withdrawal or coitus
interruptus, abstinence, basal body temperature and lactational amenorrhea while the
artificial method was limited only to use of condom, pills, iud, and diaphragm.
Significance of the study
The study will benefit the following:
Rural Health Practitioners: The result of this study will serve as benchmark for them in
the preparation and making of a community health program especially on giving the
necessary education on the different contraceptive methods of the family planning
program of the government.
Nursing Institutions: The findings of this study will used as a basis on what
contraceptive methods needs to be explained fully well to the target clients and will be
the focus in their community health nursing activity and outreach program.
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Nursing Students: This will given them further information on the weakness of the
programs of the family planning program especially on the use of contraceptive
methods and to help prepare such social responsibility to help promote the said
program.
Nursing Educators: The findings will provide them information to enrich their syllabus
and give emphasis on areas that has been found to be wanting and needs further
consideration.
Couples: The study will help the couple to be more aware to the advantages as well
as the disadvantages of the different contraceptive methods under the family planning
program of the government. It also enhances the couple’s decision on what method
they could adopt based on their capacity and capability.
Definition of the Terms
Abstinence- Abstinence from sexual activity means not having any sexual intercourse at
all. No sexual intercourse with a member of opposite sex means that there is no chance
that a man’s sperm can fertilize a woman’s egg.
Age- the length of time that an organism has lived.
Artificial method- refers to the use of mechanical means in order to regulate the births of
children like pills, iud, diaphragm and condom.
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Bilateral Tubal Ligation- a permanent form of female sterilization which the fallopian
tubes are severed and sealed or “pinched shut” to prevent sterilization.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)- The basal body temperature method is based upon
fact that a woman’s temperature drops 12 to 24 hours before an egg is released from
her ovary and then increases again once the egg has been releases.
Calendar Rhythm Method- The calendar rhythm method relies upon circulating a
woman’s fertile on the calendar. Based upon the woman’s 12 previous menstrual
cycles.
Couples -refer to married individuals between the ages of 18-35 and living together.
Educational attainment- the highest degree of education an individual has completed
Family Income- the money that supports the needs of the family in a month.
Family Planning- is the process of regulating and spacing the births of children and
helping subfertile couples beget children ( Salcedo, Lucila et al., 2002)
Intrauterine Device (IUD)- is a long acting reversible contraceptive birth control device
placed in the uterus.
Lactational Amenorrhea- Lactational infertility is based upon the idea that a woman
cannot become pregnant as long as she breastfeed her baby.
Level of Awareness - implies knowledge gained through one's own perceptions or by

means of information
Natural method -refers to the normal way of regulating and spacing the births of children
like the use of lactational amenorrhea, basal body temperature, calendar method,
abstinence or withdrawal.
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Norplant implant- a type of contraceptives in which it is implanted under the arms of the
woman, it works by preventing ovulation, which means that there is no eggs are
released for fertilization.
Pills- Oral contraceptives can thicken the cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to
enter the uterus.
Profile -refers to age, educational attainment, number of children, monthly income of the
respondents of the study.
Vasectomy- is a minor surgical procedure wherein the casa deferential of a man are
severed, and then tied or sealed in such a manner to prevent the sperm from entering
the seminal stream.
Withdrawal Method- The man withdraws his penis from a woman’s vagina before he
ejaculates, so that the sperm within his penis will not enter to the woman’s vagina.
Withdrawal is also called as coitus interruptus.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the ideas and studies taken from books, journal, literature
and previous studies that the researchers found to have relationships and significance
in the study.
9
State of the Art
The researcher made use of various review of literature and studies both foreign
and local.
Added information was gathered from secondary sources like books, journals,
former thesis and online information from year 1995 up to present.
A. Review of Related LIterature
A.1 Foreign Literature
Hatcher and Stewart (1978 – 1979) of Contraceptive Technology 9 th Revised

edition. According to Hatcher and Stewart in their study on Family planning started that
condom has a mechanical barriers covering the penis have been used for centuries for
protection against pregnancy and infection and for decoration. A sheath worn the penis
can be found in history as far back as 1350 B.C., when Egyptian men wore of
decorative covers for their penises. It was not until the 18th century that penile sheaths
were given name “condom “and popularized by the libertines of the day as means of “
protection from the venereal disease and numerous bastard offspring,” the Casanova
was among the first to popularize the condom for its contraceptives use. With the
advent of vulcanized rubber came mass production of condoms from synthetic
materials, to join condoms made from animal caecum.
They also found that condoms are rubber or processed collagenous tissue-
sheaths that fit the erect penis and acts as a barrier to the transmission of semen into
the vagina. About 1% of condoms are skin condoms made from caecum of young lamb
intestines. The sizes of several different condoms were compared. Each had
approximately the same length (19.0cm) and the same width (2.5cm).
In this study he emphasized the effectiveness of the condom. For the consistent
users or those who use the condom exactly as directed with each other act of
intercourse, the failure rate is 3 pregnancies per 100 woman years. This is the
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theoretical failure rate. In actual use, however, the failure rate is as high as 15-20
pregnancies per 100 woman years. The effectiveness rate approaches that of the Pill
when foam is used in conjunction with the condom. The high actual failure is often due
to such bothersome problems as decreased sensation and interrupted lovemaking. The
side effects of the condom users are that the condom reduces glands sensitivity and is
therefore, “like taking a shower with a raincoat on.” Some men are unable to enjoy
intercourse or ven unable to maintain an erection, while wearing condoms. In order to
increase sensitivity, natural skin textured or lubricated condoms may be used. A very
small number of people are allergic to rubber condoms and should try using natural skin
condoms.
Online information about factors influencing reproductive health stated that, most
countries of the world today, couples have concluded that it is in their best interest (and
that of their children) to plan and limit the numbers of births. Most families are having
fewer children than families did in the past. In industrialized countries this trend has
been happening gradually since about 1900, while in developing countries, for the most
part, the change has happened relatively swiftly beginning about 1970 and the average
desired family size has dropped from six children to three. Unfortunately in some
situations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, extreme poverty, profound inequalities
between men and women, and early marriage severely limit women’s ability achieve
their childbearing goals. A gap frequently exists between the numbers of children
women say they want and the number they have. More than 50 percent of women in
some countries report that they would have preferred to postpone their most recent birth
or not have had it at all. More than 50 million of 190 million women who become
pregnant under unsafe conditions.
Identifying factors that affect family planning behaviors helps in understanding

effective ways of promoting such behaviors. It is widely accepted that simply providing
information to people does not make them change their behaviors. Information is only
one the factors that contribute to behavior change. Particularly in the complex area of
family planning, where there is a tremendous influence exerted by culture, tradition,
taboos, sex-role definitions, and a reluctance to openly discuss these matters, it is
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important to understand contributing and inhibiting elements that will support or block
healthy family planning behaviors.
In order to engage in safe family practices, individuals must feel that they are
capable of what is needed. Self – efficacy, or having the appropriate skills, means, and
confidence, is a critical factor in any person’s decision to try to adopt a new behavior. To
be effective in family planning, people need to know what contraceptives are available,
how to use them, where to go to get them and how often they should be used. Being
skilled, however, is only part of the process of developing capabilities for effective family
planning behavior. Real or perceived barriers to obtaining contraceptives (including
cost, accessibility, and lack of reinforcing and enabling support) can deter individuals.
Some may find that despite their knowledge or skills, they may not be able to follow
through on their desired practices due to the fact that there are elements of the system
that block, deter, or discourage them. For example, some health policies may require
that a woman have permission from her husband before she can be given
contraceptives. Even though she may know that it is dangerous to her health to have
more children, she may not seek family planning services for fear of a violent reaction
from her spouse. Many people who go to health facilities are further discouraged
because they feel that the health workers humiliate them, ask them difficult questions,
and conduct unpleasant procedures. Costs, some of them recurring on a monthly basis,
may be yet another deterrent.
Globally, and particularly in the United States, unwanted pregnancies and high
levels of sexually transmitted disease ( STDs) are extremely prevalent in young people
between the ages of ten and twenty-four. These are problems that are preventable
through contraception and safe sexual practices. Therefore it is important to begin to
reach young people early in their lives, when they are feeling the influence of many
different pressures, to help them decide when and if they will have sexual intercourse,
and if so, whether will make it a point to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy
and STDs. In order that they may plan the size and timing of their families, it is also
important for young people to understand the potential consequences of pregnancies
that occur too early in their lives or are too closely spaced together.
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In some situations, young girls think it would be wonderful to have a child;
someone to care for and someone who will give love unconditionally. At one time,
young girls who became pregnant and were not married were forced to get married, not
have the child, or not keep the child. In the United States today, with a prevailing culture
and social support system that is supportive of single mothers, many young girls are
looking forward to getting pregnant and having and keeping their children. What is
important is that they understand the long term consequences of making this decision-
economically, socially, educationally, and in terms of their future opportunities.
Although some people do not believe that their family planning behaviors put
them at risk, in other cases individuals will weigh the expected positive and negative
outcomes. A woman who is considering using the female condom during each act
sexual intercourse may anticipate that she will have to choose between being
embarrassed at having to discuss this with her partner and reducing her risk for
unwanted pregnancy and diminishing her chance of contracting STDs. (Many woman
also have to take into account the possible harm her partner might inflict upon her in a
violent attack.) Her decision may be based upon what she feels most comfortable doing.
The prevailing peer and social norms and expectations are also going to have an
impact on whether or not a person decides to have a child or how early and how often
to have children. Individuals will conform to different social norms depending on age,
income, sex, experience, and culture. A very strong ethical or religious culture in the
home will possibly exert greater influence on the decision whether to use contraceptives
or not than will that of their peer group. In the end, individuals may act according to
which pressures are dominant in their lives, and which ones they feel they are the most
competent to resist.
Other factors that will influence a person’s decision whether or not to use
effective family planning or STD protection include the media, current events, life
events, social policy and legislation, and general information exchange. Private life
events, such as supporting a friend through an abortion, may also produce a exposed to
a considerable amount of information on a daily basis. Certain images and ideas may
effect a behavior change, while others will be sifted and discarded by the end of the
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day. Repeated dissemination of information will have more of an impact than random
images and messages. A well- publicized health campaign may influence an individual
to adopt new behaviors, and repeated messages on public transport billboards,
television, and radio may act to reinforce such a behavior change. When new behaviors
are unfamiliar, other cues and associations can also act as reminders, or triggers, to
individuals of their new or changed behavior. For example, if a woman associates taking
a daily contraceptive pill with something she does as part of her daily routine, such as
drinking orange juice or coffee in the morning, it will be a helpful reminder for her to
continue this daily behavior. Behaviors can reinforced when an individual receives
positive feedback from someone whose opinion the person values. Reinforcement is a
key element of behavior change and maintenance.
A.2 Local literature
(Natural)
According to the article of Manongdo (2005) of Manila Bulletin about “Family

planning adherents survey, only seventeen percent (17%) of people reached by the
Ligtas –Buntis Campaign (LBC) of the Department of Health (DOH) favored natural
family planning methods while the rest favored artificial family planning, a DOH official
said. However, Health Secretary Manuel Dayrit said the accumulated reports of the LBC
campaign from various regions showed that more people were in favor of natural
methods of birth control than originally perceived.
Base on the findings that 17% actually opted for NFP is quite remarkable.
Because if you look at the overall uses of NFP, it’s about 1% as reported by the
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National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS), Dayrit explained. And according to the
DOH, of the 125,410 persons who availed themselves of services provided by the
Ligtas-Buntis Campaign, 21,282 or 17% opted for natural family planning while 104,128
opted for artificial family planning.
The DOH said that the five week old campaign managed to reach 44% of its
target of 883,050 individuals. However, only 56% of those reached opted to avail
themselves of family planning services offered by the DOH campaign.
The Ligtas-Buntis Campaign managed to help 49,752 pregnant women.

Meanwhile 1.404 of the 65,000 men reached by the campaign opted to vasectomy. The
campaign also managed to teach 110,793 adolescents on values formation and
reproductive physiology. And those who availed themselves of artificial family planning
services, 60% opted to use birth control pills, 11% opted to use condoms, 4% ligation,
3-5% chose DMPA or injectibles and 2% opted to use IUD.
According to Tan (2007) of Manila Bulletin in her article on natural method of

family planning, stated some natural techniques on how to prevent unintentional
children. First is abstinence, the avoidance of sexual activity. It is the most effective
natural method of family planning. Second, the calendar or rhythm method, it is suitable
for women with regular 28 to 30 days cycle. The patient is aware of her safe and unsafe
period in her regular monthly menstrual cycle. The safe period includes 8 days of her
monthly period, (beginning on the first day of her menses) and 8 days before her
expected menses of succeeding cycle. The days inclusive of these periods are safe for
unprotected sexual activity. The unsafe periods starts from the 9th day to the 21st day of
menstrual cycle. The fertile period or ovulation of the woman is included in the unsafe
period. She is likely to get pregnant if she engages in sexual activity without any form of
contraception. During ovulation, the woman may observe moderate amount of slippery
raw egg-white like discharge. Third is condom, it is a rubberized contraceptive device
which the men use during sexual activity. It serves as a pouch for collecting the seminal
fluid containing the sperm cells. This way, the sperm cells prevented from swimming up
15
into the womb after ejaculation, ultimately preventing the fertilization of the egg cell and
pregnancy. I believe almost of every mature adult is familiar with its use. It is disposable
and never reusable. Fourth is the withdrawal method or coitus interruptus. This method
requires the withdrawal of the male sex organ prior to ejaculation during sexual act.
Ejaculation is achieved outside the female sex organ. This is the most unreliable
method of family planning. It requires good control of sexual emotions on the part of the
male partner. Small amounts of pre-ejaculatory seminal fluid may be released in the
course of sexual act that can lead to unexpected pregnancy. You should know your
family planning methods and practices responsible parenthood. No to ABORTION!
Every child born is a gift of love. May we always be delighted in God’s glorious mercy
on us.
(Artificial)
Cuevas, Reyala, Cruz-earnshaw et. al (2007), emphasized that among currently

married woman in 2003, it was found that 48.8% use any form of contraceptive method
and 51.1% do not use any form of contraceptive method at all. Of all the currently
married women who use any form of contraception, 33.4% use any modern method of
contraception and 15.5% use traditional method of contraception. The overall goal of
Family planning is to provide universal access to family planning information and
services wherever and whenever they are needed. The family Planning aims to
contribute to reduce infant deaths, neonatal deaths, under-five deaths and maternal
deaths.
The following objectives addresses the need to help couples and individuals
achieve their desired family size within the context of responsible parenthood and
improve their reproductive health to attain sustainable development and ensure the
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quality Family Planning services are available in DOH retained hospitals, LGU managed
health facilities, NGO’s and private sector.
“What are the non-surgical methods of Family Planning?” written by Lim (2006)
of Manila Bulletin, emphasized that a wide range of non-surgical family planning (FP)
methods are available including oral contraceptives (OC) which requires regular daily
intake, transdermal patches are changed weekly, injectible contraceptives are injected
every 2-3 months, subdermal implants are placed in the upper arm which prevents
pregnancy for 3-5 years, intra-uterine (IUD) inserted into the woman’s uterus are
effective for 6-10 years, and the barrier methods includes condoms, spermicides,
sponges, diaphrams, and cervical caps. While calendar, cervical mucus, basal body
temperature and symptothermal methods comprises the natural planning and the
breastfeeding or lactation amenorrhea method can be used for 6 months after delivery if
a woman has not yet resumed menstruation and is fully breastfeeding. In selecting a
contraceptive method several factors are to be considered, like the need for birth
control, effectiveness, ability to comply with method, age, risks and benefits, co-existing
health conditions and the cost. Consultation and proper counseling with the doctor will
help the couples to determine which method is best.
Meanwhile, Bayos (2006) of Philippine Daily Inquirer wrote about “What are the
surgical or invasive methods of Family Planning available?” said that, surgical or
invasive methods of family planning or “sterilization” per se involve two major
procedures: female sterilization which is popularly known as “Tubal Ligation” that
involves cutting or occluding of the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization and for the
male its called “Vasectomy” which entails the cutting of vas deferens to prevent
passage of semen to the tubes and remains to be unpopular in the Philippines up to
know. Sterilization procedures become of great importance if: 1) the wife is over 30
years of age 2) the couple has been married for more than 10 years 3) the couple
desires no additional children in the family. Unlike the other non-surgical methods of
contraception like the use of oral contraceptive pills, condoms, intrauterine device (IUD)
and diaphragm, sterilization may be irreversible. Although there are attempts of surgeon
17
such reconstructive surgery over the years was proven to be more difficult and has
resulted to varied success rates. Proper counseling is done before any such procedure
is undertaken. Patients and their spouses are informed of the possibility of risks for
bleeding, hematomas, and most importantly the chances of irreversibility. Resulting
effects like loss of libido, mood changes, or irritability, infections and dryness and weight
gain are only few of the common misconception/fallacies which remain unproven
science.
B. review of Related Studies
B.1 Foreign Studies
(Artificial)
Matlab, Bangladesh in 1990, Contraceptive use. According to Matlab Bangladesh

in his study on Family Planning stated that family planning prevalence has risen to 57%
in the maternal and child health/family planning project area. Between 1984 and 1990
significant increases were registered in the proportions of women using contraceptives
for the purposes of spacing and limiting births.
In 1990, he found out that fertility control in the intervention area had become so
widely diffused that educational differentials in contraceptive practice were no longer
evident. Although significant gains in contraceptive use were also evident in the
neighboring comparison is during this period, at 27%, prevalence there still remained
substantially below the levels in the intervention are. The disparity in contraceptive use
between the two areas is adequately explained neither by differences in socioeconomic
conditions nor in the demand for family planning, but rather by differences in the
intensity, coverage and overall quality of their family planning programs.
Lichtman, Simpson, Rosefield et. al. (2003), “Pregnancy, Birth and Family
Planning” emphasized that family planning is the way of controlling the population in the
country. According to their study, the human beings have attempted to control their
numbers. Some method of family limitation has always been employed. These methods
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have included celibacy, often through taboos, abortion, or simple means of
contraception. The average woman who begins her reproductive life as young as age
17 or 18 and makes no effort at family planning will have thirteen children.
They found out that in recent years this degree of unrestrained fertility has been
met only occasionally. Today in this country it is seen in religious group such as the
hutterites and Hasidic jews. The ability to control reproduction effectively, however, and
the freedom from fear that your children will die in childhood are relatively recent
occurrences in history of our species. These advances have changed the lives of
human beings as significantly as any medical or technological innovation.
Family planning should have its importance in reducing maternal mortality

according to Thana (1995). She stated that at least half a million women die each year
of pregnancy-related causes. Ninety-nine percent (99%) live in developing countries.
Two approaches can reduce these deaths. First, make pregnancy and delivery safer
once women become pregnant; second reduce number of pregnancies through family
planning. Family planning reduces maternal mortality in several ways. At the individual
level, family planning reduces number of times a woman becomes pregnant. Generally
speaking, women of higher parity face greater risks in pregnancy. For, example, a
woman who has been pregnant six times has twice the risk of dying a maternal death as
women who has been pregnant for only three times. Family planning reduces the
number of unintended and unwanted pregnancies. Unwanted pregnancies are far more
likely to end in induced abortion, and are far less likely to receive adequate prenatal
care than wanted pregnancies. In some situations, abortions account for up to half of all
pregnancy-related deaths. The potential for family planning to reduce these deaths is
very great. At the national level, family planning reduces the number of pregnancies and
births. Even without any improvement in obstetric care a 10% reduction in the number
of pregnancies will produce a 10% (or greater) reduction in the number of maternal
deaths. Family planning can be targeted to reduce the number of pregnancies to
women in groups at increased risk maternal death, that is women who are too young
(<20), too old (>35 or >39), or women who are high parity (more than 5 previous births).
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By far the most important way of reducing maternal deaths is simply y reducing the
number of pregnancies. By itself, this is very effective. But it is important to pay
simultaneous attention to improving obstetric care. Most women want have at least two
children, and they should have good quality care during pregnancy and for delivery.
Ideally, these two interventions, family planning and obstetric care should go hand in
hand.
B.2 Local Studies
(Natural)
A look back at natural planning by Julio Miguel Chavez, Junior Researcher,

according to his studies, a population of 86 million and growing, the Philippines needs
to implement a sound population policy which is deemed crucial to a country’s
development.
In a discussion paper, economists from the UP School of Economics (UPSE)

maintain that although rapid population growth is not the country’s main problem, it
nevertheless exacerbates poverty.
They contend that an “unequivocal and coherent” national population policy

backed by a strong family planning program that provides relevant information and
enables access to contraceptives, is crucial to eradicating poverty and, ultimately,
promoting economic development.
To his day, however, many Filipino women and couples still do not have access
to various tolls for them to improve their sexual and reproductive health.
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A joint study by the UP Population Institute and the Guttmacher Institute (UPPI-
Guttmacher) finds that more than half of all pregnancies in the country are unintended
and that the incidence of unintended pregnancies occurs more than often with women in
the poorest fifths of the Philippine population.
Sadly, the national government has been to promote a program to address this
pressing problem adequately. As was pointed out by the UP economists, the Catholic
Church’s hand-lines stance against modern family planning methods, plus pressures
from interest groups, has prevented the g debate still unresolved, it is but apt to ask how
else the government can address the population issue.
The current administration advocates various natural family planning (NFP)

methods. According to the handbook released by Population Commission (Popcom) on
responsible parenting, The NFP methods require couples to constantly observe the
changes in the woman’s body during her menstrual cycle to determine when it is right
for them to have sexual intercourse, whether they intend to have a child or not.
The handbook further highlights the advantages of the NFP program, asserting
that it is simple to learn, highly effective, and relatively inexpensive. Most important, the
handbook elaborates the role NFP plays in fostering positive communication between
couples which, in turn, leads to better relationships.
As a concrete illustration of NFP, we focus on the lactational amenorrhea

methods, or LAM, which is based on the physiology of breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding in the Philippines, information from the internet emphasize a Data

from the 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) indicate that on
average, the duration for exclusive breastfeeding of a Filipino bay is 24 days, down from
1.4 months in 1998. The NDHS also showed that only 16.1% of babies are exclusively
breastfeeding for 4–5 months of age, and only 1.6% of babies are breastfed for 6-7
months.
Research on the determinants of breastfeeding in the Philippines also

underscores the lack of a “breastfeeding culture” in the country. Although breast milk is
21
widely regarded as superior over typical baby formulation, Filipino women, especially
the poor often regard breast milk as inferior to commercial milk formula: Research
indicates that they would rather feed their babies with formula instead of breast milk if
they had the money; Breastfeeding is also seen by women as a “costly” activity: a 1990
research by Williamson indicates that breastfeeding declines as a mother’s educational
level increases. The same study also notes that mothers with modern jobs breastfeed
the least, among employed and non-employed mothers. Tanaka hypothesizes that this
might probably be due to the opportunity cost of a Filipino mother’s time that comes with
an increase in educational attainment, or the demands of the workplace.
Family planning has its economic and psychosocial influences on the lives of
women in Western Visayas, this research was conducted by the Social Science
Research Institute, Central Philippines University, in collaboration with the Women’s
Resource Center and the Family Planning Organization of the Philippines. The principal
investigators were Dr. Chin. Research was supported by the Women’s Study Project at
Family Health International, through a cooperative agreement funded by the U.S.
Agency of International Development. Technical assistance was provided by Dr. Eilene
Bisgrove. Researchers interviewed 1,100 marries woman of reproductive age, plus 50
key informants. Investigators also conducted nine pre-survey and 27 post-survey focus
group discussions with women, men, community leaders, members of women’s group,
and family planning service providers. Both rural and urban residents took part in the
study.
More than half of the women interviewed currently use contraception or had used
family planning at some point. 37 % are current users. The most popular are the pill,
tubal ligation, and injections while the most unpopular are male-oriented methods –
condoms and vasectomy. The most common reason for choice of family planning
methods was effectiveness, while the most often cited side effects was dizziness. In
focus group discussions, men and women expressed fear about contraceptive side
effects and gave this concern as a reason for not using family planning.
22
Family planning users were most likely to engage on paid work than were non-
users. Family planning use provided increased economic opportunities for women,
including opportunities to earn a living and to become more efficient workers.
Women who used family planning were more likely to participate in community
activities, such as Parent-Teacher Associations, religious organizations and
beautification projects. Women found community activities relaxing, and said these
activities allowed them to socialize and interact with their peers. Women reported that
social participation gave them satisfaction and increased their sense of self-worth.
More family planning users than non-users shared decision-making with their
husbands in four areas: the woman’s work outside the home; the woman’s travel
outside the community; use of family planning; and plans for future births. Non-users
were more likely to report that their husbands made decisions independently in the four
areas.
More than one-third of the women reported they had been victims of physical
abuse, psychological abuse, or both. Most domestic violence happened when the
perpetrator (usually the husband) had been drinking. Among the perceived causes
violence were jealousy, quarrels due to suspected infidelity, and arguments over
financial and other family matters. The most common reported acts of physical abuse
were beating, punching, slapping and kicking. Contraceptive use did not reduce
women’s risks of violence, nor did work status.
There should be continuous efforts to improve the family planning program,

including an effort to provide integrated reproductive health. Special attention needs to
be given to helping women deal with side effects. Because of demands on women’s
time at home and in the workplace, health services should be offered at times (and
places) convenient to women; for example, on weekends or after normal business
hours. Policy-makers should be concerned about the need for more employment
opportunities for women, and should encourage women to take on greater leadership
roles in the community. Community leaders should develop strategies to minimize and
23
eliminate domestic violence and should develop referral system to respond to victim’s
need in a timely manner.
(Artificial)
The study Magnaye and her groups about knowledge of mothers on the birth
control pills, found out that majority of the respondents belong to the older age group
with 2-3 children who were high school graduates and had been using birth control pills
for about one year and below. Most of the respondents were married and unemployed.
The result of the study showed no significant relationship between the profiles
variable and practical and speculative knowledge of the respondents. It implies that
although a different variable does not significantly shift and enhance the knowledge of
the respondent. They also showed that any age bracket can have different knowledge
regarding birth control pills depending on their exposure and interest on the said subject
and other various factors employment status, although this can be an indicator of how
literate a person is, can’t easily affect the ability of a person to gain knowledge, if a
willingness and interest do. Although when it comes to educational attainment, the table
showed different result. Since, most of the respondents were high school and college
graduates, the respondents in one way or another have understood the effects and the
proper usage of birth control pills. In the last profile variable, civil status, this factor
cannot highly affect the knowledge of the respondents.
Although getting married and having an agreement with the partner before taking
any oral contraceptives are important. Knowledge is still a person’s possession and that
certain person only has the ability to retain or forget information.
24
CHAPTER 3
Research Design and Methodology
This chapter presents the research design that was employed in the study. The
section includes a further discussion of respondents whom the data gathered; the
location of the study methodology used, instruments utilized in the study. It presented
the statistical tools and treatment that were used for interpretation of collected data.
Methods of Research
A descriptive type of research (Descriptive Survey) was used in this study. The
said method was a fact finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the
findings. Descriptive research is a study that describes the nature of the phenomenon
under investigation after a survey of current trends, practices and conditions that were
related to that phenomenon. Descriptive studies involved analysis of an extremely broad
range of phenomena, its result was a comprehensive presentation and interpretation of
statistical tabulations of data yielded by a survey.
25
Sources of Data
The primary source of data was collected through survey questionnaires, which
was answered by a total of thirty (30) respondents. Data and information was gathered
using a checklist type of questionnaire wherein the respondents check the specific
options that pertain to their knowledge on family planning methods. The researchers
guided the respondents in answering the questionnaires to make sure that they fully
understand the questions and ensure accuracy.
Respondents of the Study
This study will involve respondents that were selected according to the following:
1. The respondents of this study were thirty selected married couple, 18-35 years
old, and living together.
2. A resident of Barangay Sinalhan, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna.
Sampling Technique
The researchers used purposive sampling technique. It is a random sampling

technique which seeks to include respondents who fit the criteria needed for the study.
The respondents were chosen based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This was
used because the chosen respondents had to be married couples and living together.
They have to agree to be interviewed and literate enough to comprehend the questions
asked of them. The researchers excluded those who did not fit the criteria.
Instrumentation and Validation
26
The principal tool for the data gathering is the questionnaires. The researchers
will instruct questions related to topic under studies. Part I consisted of the demographic
profile of respondents. Part II consisted of questions on the level of awareness on
methods of family planning.
The level of awareness on family planning methods consisted of two parts: (a)
natural methods and (b) artificial methods. The natural methods consisted of
rhythm/calendar method, withdrawal, abstinence, basal body temperature and
lactational amenorrhea. The artificial methods consisted of the use of the condom, pill,
intra-uterine device and diaphragm.
In validating the questionnaire, the researcher conducted a pre-test with 15

married couples.
Data Gathering Procedure
Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the researcher panel according
to the institution’s protocols for conducting research. Based on established knowledge
on supported in the literature, the researchers developed a survey tool and interview
questions as the instrument for gathering data from the respondents. Data collection
was done through interview using the researcher-made instrument phrased in English.
The interview was done after the permission was obtained from proper authorities.
Informed consent was solicited from each respondent in their willingness to participate
in the study. The purpose of the study was explained to the respondents.
Evaluation and Scoring
To determine the family planning knowledge of married couples, the 5-Point

Likert Scale was used and the interpretations are as follows:
Scale Range Verbal Interpretation
5 4.21-5.00 Very High Level of Awareness
27
4 3.41- 4.20 High Level of Awareness
3 2.61-3.40 Average Level of Awareness
2 1.81-2.60 Low Level of Awareness
1 1.00-1.80 Very Low Level of Awareness
Statistical Treatment
To add credence and reliability of the result and the empirical data of
respondents, statistical methods were used for the purpose. To be able to arrive at the
possible answers to the research problem, the researchers used the following statistical
procedures to the test the hypothesis of the study:
1. The Frequency and Percentage Distribution was used to describe the profile of the
pregnant women in terms of age, civil status, educational attainment, religion,
occupation and monthly income. The formula of the percentage is:
P = f/n x 100
Where: P = Percentage
f = frequency
n = total number of respondents
2. To determine the level of awareness on family planning methods, the weighted

mean was taken. The procedure employed in the use of the weighted mean is as
follows;
28
• The weight from the 5-point Likert scale assigned to the research instrument
will be taken to obtain the weighted frequency.
• The total weighted frequencies will be divided by the total frequency to
obtain the weighted mean. The formula is as follows:
∑ (f )(weight)
WM =
N
Where: WM = weighted mean
f = frequency
n = total number of respondents
3. Ranking was used after the weighted means were computed

and given verbal interpretations, to show the magnitudes from the highest to the
lowest in order to indicate the relative importance of an item discussed.
4. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be employed to determine the significant

difference between the mean level of awareness of the respondents when grouped
according to age, educational attainment, number of children and monthly income.
The formula is as follows:
MSbet SSbet SSw
F= MSbet = MSw =
MSw k- 1 N- k
Where:
MSbet – Mean Square between Groups
MSw – Mean Square within Groups
SSbet – Sum of Squares between Groups
SSw – Sum of Squares within Groups
K – number of groups
N – total sample size
29
F – calculated F-statistic
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter includes presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. The

gathered data were subjected to statistical treatment. Results were presented in tabular
form so that analysis of the result would be facilitated.
1. Profile of the Respondents
1.1 Age of Respondents
Table 1 shows the age distribution of the respondents. It is shown in the table
that 46.7% of the respondents are aged 30 and above, 30% are aged 24 – 29 years
and 23.3% are aged 18 – 23. Overall, most of the respondents are adults.
Table 1
30
Age Distribution of Respondents
Age Group Frequency Percentage
18 - 23 7 23.3%
24 - 29 9 30.0%
30 and above 14 46.7%
Total 30 100%
1.2 Educational Attainment of Respondents
Table 2
Educational Attainment Distribution of Respondents
Frequenc
Educational Attainment Percentage
y
Elementary Level 5 16.7%
High School Level 21 70.0%
College Level 4 13.3%
Total 30 100%
Table 2 shows the educational attainment distribution of the respondents. It is

shown in the table that 70% of the respondents are in the high school level, 16.7%
are in the elementary level and 13.3% are in the college level. Overall, most of the
respondents have either finished or not finished high school.
31
1.3 Number of Children of the Respondents
Table 3 shows the number of children distribution of the respondents. It is shown
in the table that 53.3% of the respondents have at least 1 to 2 children, 33.3% have
at least 3 to 4 children and 13.3% have children or more. Overall, most of the
respondents have at least 1 to 2 children.
Table 3
Number of Children Distribution of Respondents
Number of Children Frequency Percentage
1-2 16 53.3%
3-4 10 33.3%
5 & above 4 13.3%
Total 30 100%
1.4 Monthly Income of the Respondents

Table 4
Monthly Income Distribution of Respondents
Frequenc
Monthly Income y Percentage
Below 1,000 8 26.7%

1,000 - 2,000 6 20.0%
2,000 % above 16 53.3%
Total 30 100%
32
Table 4 shows the monthly income distribution of the respondents. It is shown in
the table that 53.3% of the respondents are earning 2,000 pesos or more monthly,
26.7% are earning between 1,000 to 2,000 pesos and 20% are earning less than
1,000 pesos. Overall, the respondents may be earning below the minimum monthly
wage.
2. Level of awareness of Respondents towards Family Planning
2.1 Natural Methods

Table 5 shows the level of awareness of the respondents towards family planning
in terms of natural methods. From the table it can be seen that the respondents’
knowledge is most adequate in terms of the withdrawal method, as reflected by the
highest mean of 3.89 and interpreted as a high level of awareness. Ranked number 2
among the respondents is abstinence, with a weighted mean of 3.80 and interpreted
also as a high level of awareness. The respondents’ knowledge is least adequate in
terms of the body basal temperature as its weighted mean of 2.37 has been
interpreted only as a low level of awareness.
Table 5
Level of awareness of Respondents in Terms of Natural Methods
Weighted
Natural Methods Rank Verbal Interpretation
Mean
Rhythm/Calendar Method 2.75 4 Average Level of Awareness
Withdrawal/Coitus
3.89 1 High Level of Awareness
Interuptus
Abstinence 3.80 2 High Level of Awareness
Basal Body Temperature 2.37 5 Low Level of Awareness
Lactational Amenorrhea 3.18 3 Average Level of Awareness
33
Average Weighted Mean 3.20 Average Level of Awareness
Overall, the mean level of awareness of the respondents on natural family

planning methods is 3.20 and interpreted as having an average level of awareness.
2.2 Artificial Methods

Table 6 shows the level of awareness of the respondents towards family planning
in terms of artificial methods. From the table it can be seen that the respondents’
awareness is most adequate in terms of the use of condoms, as shown by its
weighted mean of 4.08 and interpreted as a high level of awareness. Ranked number
2 among the respondents is the use of pills, with a weighted mean of 3.95 and
interpreted also as a high level of awareness. The respondents’ awareness is least
adequate in terms of the use of a diaphragm as its weighted mean of 2.11 has been
interpreted only as a low level of awareness.
Table 6
Level of awareness of Respondents in Terms of Artificial Methods
Weighted
Artificial Methods Rank Verbal Interpretation
Mean
Condom 4.08 1 High Level of Awareness
Pills 3.95 2 High Level of Awareness
Average Level of
Intra-Uterine Device 3.37 3 Awareness
Diaphragm 2.11 4 Low Level of Awareness
Average Weighted Average Level of
Mean 3.38 Awareness
Overall, the mean level of awareness of the respondents on artificial family

planning methods is 3.38 and interpreted as having an average level of awareness.
Even though the respondents have a higher level of awareness on artificial methods,
34
both family planning methods have been interpreted as average level of awareness.
This would indicate that the respondents may have the same level of awareness on
family planning methods, whether natural or artificial.
3. Is there a significant difference between level of awareness in methods of family

planning when group according to:
3.1 Age
Table 7 presents the comparison of level of awareness of the respondents on
natural methods of family planning according to age. From the table, it can be seen
that the older respondents have the highest weighted mean at 3.28. However, the
weighted means for all the three age groups have been interpreted as having an
“average level of awareness”.
Table 7
Comparison of level of awareness of Respondents
On Natural Methods of Family Planning According to Age
Age Group
18 - 23 24 - 29 30 & above
n 7 9 14
Weighted Mean 3.20 3.07 3.28
Average Level Average Level Average Level
Interpretation
of Awareness of Awareness of Awareness
Mean Square between 0.123
Mean Square within 0.558
F-statistic 0.220
F-critical 3.354
Decision Accept Ho
Conclusion No Significant Difference
Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) from Table 7 show that at the 0.05
level of significance, the F-statistic is less than the F-critical value. Therefore, the null
35
hypothesis is accepted. There is no significant difference in the level of awareness on
natural family planning methods. This shows that age is not indicative of the level of
awareness of the respondents on natural family planning methods.
artificial methods of family planning according to age. The table shows that as the
respondents get older, the weighted means increases; with the oldest group having
the highest weighted mean at 3.57. The weighted means for the two younger groups
have been interpreted as having an “average level of awareness” while the oldest
group has a weighted mean interpreted as having a “high level of awareness”.
Table 8
on Artificial Methods of Family Planning According to Age
Age Group
18 - 23 24 - 29 30 & above
n 7 9 14
Average
Average Level High Level of
Interpretation Level of
of Awareness Awareness
Awareness
F-statistic 3.847
F-critical 3.354
Decision Reject Ho
Conclusion Significant Difference
Results of the analysis of variance in Table 8 show that at the 0.05 level of
significance, the F-statistic is greater than the F-critical value. Therefore, the null
hypothesis is not accepted. There is a significant difference in the level of awareness
on artificial family planning methods. This shows that age may be able to indicate the
level of awareness of the respondents on artificial family planning methods is.
36
Since the result of the ANOVA showed a significant difference, a post hoc
analysis is deemed necessary in order to establish which group is responsible for the
significant difference. Table 9 shows the post hoc analysis using the Tukey-Kramer’s
Minimum Significant Difference Test.
Table 9
Post Hoc Analysis on level of awareness on
Artificial Family Planning Methods According to Age
Age Groups MSD Tukey's MSD Interpretation
not
18 - 23 vs. 24 - 29 0.4315 0.5916 significant
18 - 23 vs. 30 and above 0.6071 0.5434 significant
not
24 - 29 vs. 30 and above 0.1756 0.5016 significant
Legend: MSD = Minimum
Significant Difference
Table 9 shows that the level of awareness of the respondents aged 18-23 years
is not significantly different from respondents aged 24-29 years; the level of
awareness of respondents aged 24-29 years is not significantly different from
respondents aged 30 years and above; the level of awareness of the respondents
aged 18-23 years is significantly different from respondents aged 30 years and
above. This indicates that the awareness on artificial family planning methods is most
adequate among much older respondents. This is clearly justified by the large
difference between the means of the two extreme groups.
3.2 Educational Attainment

natural methods of family planning according to educational attainment. The table
shows that as the respondents’ educational attainment increases, the level of
awareness also increases. The respondents from the college level have the highest
37
weighted mean at 4.01and interpreted as having a “high level of awareness” while the
respondents from the elementary level have the lowest weighted mean at 2.46 only
and interpreted as having a “low level of awareness”.
Table 10
on Natural Methods of Family Planning According to Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment
Elementary
High School Level College Level
Level
n 5 21 4
Low Level of Average Level of High Level of
Interpretation
Awareness Awareness Awareness
F-statistic 7.312
F-critical 3.354
Decision Reject Ho
on natural family planning methods. This shows that educational attainment may be
able to indicate the level of awareness of the respondents on natural family planning
methods is.
Table 11
Natural Family Planning Methods According to Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment MSD Tukey's MSD Interpretation
Elementary vs. High School 0.7567 0.7486 significant

38
Elementary vs. College 1.5525 1.0092 significant
not
High School vs. College 0.7958 0.8207 significant
The post hoc analysis on Table 11 shows that the level of awareness of the high
school level respondents is not significantly different from college level respondents;
the level of awareness of the elementary level respondents is significantly different
from high school level respondents; the level of awareness of the elementary level
respondents is significantly different from college level respondents. This indicates
that the awareness on natural family planning methods is least adequate in
elementary level respondents.
artificial methods of family planning according to educational attainment. The table
shows that as the respondents’ educational attainment increases, the weighted
means increases; with the college level respondents having the highest weighted
mean at 3.69. The weighted means for the elementary and high school level
respondents have been interpreted as having an “average level of awareness” while
the college level respondents have a weighted mean interpreted as having a “high
level of awareness”.
Table 12
on Artificial Methods of Family Planning According to Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment
Elementary Level High School Level College Level
n 5 21 4
Average Level Average Level of High Level of
Interpretation
of Awareness Awareness Awareness
39
F-statistic 0.855
F-critical 3.354
Decision Accept Ho
significance, the F-statistic is less than the F-critical value. Therefore, the null
artificial family planning methods. This shows that educational attainment may not be
able to indicate the level of awareness of the respondents on artificial family planning
methods is.
3.3 Number of Children

natural methods of family planning according to number of children. From the table, it
can be seen that the respondents with 3-4 children have the highest weighted mean
at 3.27. However, the weighted means for all the three groups have been interpreted
as having an “average level of awareness”.
Table 13
on Natural Methods of Family Planning According to Number of Children
Number of Children
1-2 3-4 5 & above
n 16 10 4
Average Average
Average Level
Interpretation Level of Level of
of Awareness
Awareness Awareness
F-statistic 0.071
40
F-critical 3.354
Decision Accept Ho
natural family planning methods. This shows that the respondents’ number of children
may not be able to indicate the level of awareness of the respondents on natural
family planning methods is.
Table 14 shows the comparison of level of awareness of the respondents on
natural methods of family planning according to number of children. From the table, it
can be seen that the respondents with the most number of children have the highest
weighted mean at 3.81. It can be seen from the table that respondents with more
than two children have a “high level of awareness”.
Table 14
on Artificial Methods of Family Planning According to Number of Children
Number of Children
1-2 3-4 5 & above
n 16 10 4
High Level
Average Level High Level of
Interpretation of
of Awareness Awareness
Awareness
F-statistic 5.464
F-critical 3.354
Decision Reject Ho
41
on artificial family planning methods. This shows that the number of children may be
able to indicate the level of awareness of the respondents on artificial family planning
methods is.
Table 15
Artificial Family Planning Methods According to Number of Children
Number of Children MSD Tukey's MSD Interpretation
1 to 2 vs. 3 to 4 0.4711 0.4526 significant

1 to 2 vs. 5 and above 0.6836 0.6276 significant
not
3 to 4 vs. 5 and above 0.2125 0.6642 significant
The post hoc analysis on Table 15 shows that the level of awareness of the
respondents with 3-4 children is not significantly different from respondents with 5 or
more children; the level of awareness of the respondents with 1-2 children is
significantly different from respondents with 3-4 children; the level of awareness
respondents with 1-2 children is significantly different from respondents with 5 or
more children. This indicates that the awareness on artificial family planning methods
is least adequate in respondents with 1-2 children only.
42
3.4 Monthly Income
natural methods of family planning according to monthly income. From the table, it
can be seen that the respondents earning 1,000-2,000 pesos a month have the
highest weighted mean at 3.37. The weighted means however for all the three
income groups have been interpreted as having an “average level of awareness”.
Table 16
on Natural Methods of Family Planning According to Monthly Income
Monthly Income
Below 1,000 1,000 - 2,000 2,000 above
n 8 6 16
Average Average
Average Level
Interpretation Level of Level of
of Awareness
Awareness Awareness
F-statistic 0.213
F-critical 3.354
Decision Accept Ho
natural family planning methods. This shows that the respondents’ monthly income
43
may not be able to indicate the level of awareness of the respondents on natural

artificial methods of family planning according to monthly income. From the table, it
can be seen that the respondents earning 1,000-2,000 pesos a month have the
highest weighted mean at 3.37 and interpreted as having a “high level of awareness”.
The weighted means however for the other two income groups have been interpreted
as having an “average level of awareness”.
Table 17
on Artificial Methods of Family Planning According to Monthly Income
Monthly Income
1,000 -
Below 1,000 2,000 above
2,000
n 8 6 16
Average Level High Level of Average Level
Interpretation
of Awareness Awareness of Awareness
F-statistic 0.077
F-critical 3.354
Decision Accept Ho
artificial family planning methods. This shows that the respondents’ monthly income
may not be able to indicate the level of awareness of the respondents on artificial
44
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary from the analysis of the data gathered,
conclusions drawn from the findings and the recommendations of the study. The study
aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of respondent in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.4 Monthly Income
2. The level of awareness of the respondent towards family planning in terms of:
2.1 Natural Method
2.1.1 Withdrawal
2.1.2 Abstinence
2.1.3 Calendar Method
2.1.4 Basal Body Temperature
2.1.5 Lactational amenorrhea
2.2 Artificial Method
2.2.1 Condom
2.2.2 Pills
2.2.3 Intra-Uterine Device
2.2.4 Diaphragm
3. Is there a significant difference between level of awareness in methods of family
planning when group according to:
3.1 Age
45
3.4 Family Income
The researchers used the descriptive method of research in this study. This method
was deemed appropriate in determining status or trend that elicits information pertaining
to the level of awareness of the respondents on family planning methods.
To represent the respondents of the study, the researchers purposely acquired thirty
(30) married couples of Barangay Sinalhan, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna. Each participant’s
informed consent was obtained prior to the interview.
Summary of Findings
The profile of the respondents showed that most of the respondents are adults
with 46.7% aged 30 years or more; 70% are from the high school level; 53.3% have at
least 1 to 2 children and 53.3%are earning more than 2,000 pesos monthly.
In terms of natural family planning methods, the respondents’ level of awareness
is most adequate using the withdrawal method and least adequate in using the basal
body temperature.
In terms of artificial family planning methods, the respondents’ awareness is most
adequate in the use of the condom and least adequate in the use of the diaphragm.
Overall, the respondents’ level of awareness on natural and artificial family
planning methods showed an average level of awareness.
The respondents show the same level of awareness on natural family planning
methods regardless of age. The level of awareness of the oldest group of respondents
is more adequate on artificial family planning methods.
The level of awareness of the respondents having the highest educational
attainment is the most adequate in terms of natural and artificial family planning
methods compared to respondents with lesser educational attainment.
The level of awareness of the respondents is the same in terms of natural family
planning methods regardless of number of children. The level of awareness of the
respondents with more than two children is more adequate in terms of artificial family
planning methods compared to respondents with 1 to 2 children.
46
The level of awareness of the respondents is the same in terms of natural family
planning methods regardless of monthly income. The level of awareness of the
respondents with a monthly income of 1,000-2,000 pesos is more adequate in terms of
artificial family planning methods compared to respondents earning less than 1,000
pesos or more than 2,000 pesos a month.
No significant difference was found between the level of awareness of the
respondents on natural family planning methods when grouped according to age,
number of children and monthly income.
A significant difference was found between the level of awareness of the
respondents on natural family planning methods when grouped according to
educational attainment.
No significant difference was found between the level of awareness of the
respondents on artificial family planning methods when grouped according to
educational attainment and monthly income.
A significant difference was found between the level of awareness of the
respondents on artificial family planning methods when grouped according to age and
number of children.
Conclusions
In the light of the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn by
the researchers:
Immaturity, in terms of the age of the respondents, shows the least level of
awareness in terms artificial methods. This may indicate that they still lack the
necessary knowledge pertaining to alternatives to natural family planning methods since
they are still young at the stage of their married life. However, age does not influence
the level of awareness on natural methods.
A higher educational attainment shows more level of awareness on family
planning methods but favors adequacy of knowledge on the natural methods. This
indicates that more intellectual maturity tends to increase awareness to the benefits of
natural methods.
47
The level of awareness on artificial methods is lower for couples with less than 3
children. This may indicate that having more children tends to increase awareness on
the use of artificial methods as alternatives to natural methods. The number of children
however does not influence the level of awareness on natural methods.
The level of awareness on natural and artificial family planning methods is not
influenced directly by monthly income. This indicates that this profile is not a possible
indicator as to level of awareness on family planning method is.
Recommendations
From the conclusions drawn in this study, the following are the recommendations
of the researchers:
To the Nursing Research Community, it is recommended that a parallel study be
conducted by other researchers which would include other variables that would serve as
a good indicator to measure of the adequacy of knowledge on family planning methods.
This will help to further strengthen the findings of this study that may lead to increase
the level of awareness on family planning.
To the Rural Health Units, it is recommended to have a program that will help
couples in understanding the family planning methods in such a way that they can
easily apply it in their family.
To the Nursing Institution, it is recommended that they should elaborate the
importance of family planning in their students, so that they can give enough knowledge
in their chosen family in their community health nursing duty.
To the Nursing Educators, it is recommended that they should elaborate the
family planning methods in lectures and in clinical areas such as in community health
nursing
To the Nursing Students, it is recommended that nursing students should have
enough awareness on family planning to be able to have an effective health teachings
regarding family planning on their selected families in a community
To couples, it is recommended that they must be fully aware with the types of
family planning method in order to control unwanted pregnancies. In this way they
would support family finances and needs sufficiently
48
49

Level of Awareness On The Methods of Contraception of The (Repaired)

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Level of Awareness On The Methods of Contraception of The (Repaired)

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This study is based on Levine’s theory of conservation. The model based on

• Basal Body Temperature

Statement of the problem

Specially, It will answer on the Following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.2 educational of children ; and

1.3 monthly income

2. What is the level of awareness of the respondent couples on contraceptive

2.1 Natural method

2.1.1 rhythm / calendar method

2.1.2 withdrawal / coitus interruptus

2.1.4 basal body temperature; and

2.1.5 lactational amenorrhea

2.2 artificial method

2.2.3 intra uterine device

There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and

Assumption of the Study

This study will be based on the following assumptions:

3. That the couples know something about family planning.

Scope and Delimitation of the study

The study is to determine the level of awareness on contraceptive methods of

Significance of the study

The study will benefit the following:

Definition of the Terms

Age- the length of time that an organism has lived.

Educational attainment- the highest degree of education an individual has completed

Level of Awareness - implies knowledge gained through one's own perceptions or by

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A. Review of Related LIterature

A.1 Foreign Literature

Hatcher and Stewart (1978 – 1979) of Contraceptive Technology 9 th Revised

Identifying factors that affect family planning behaviors helps in understanding

A.2 Local literature

According to the article of Manongdo (2005) of Manila Bulletin about “Family

The Ligtas-Buntis Campaign managed to help 49,752 pregnant women.

According to Tan (2007) of Manila Bulletin in her article on natural method of

Cuevas, Reyala, Cruz-earnshaw et. al (2007), emphasized that among currently

B. review of Related Studies

B.1 Foreign Studies

Matlab, Bangladesh in 1990, Contraceptive use. According to Matlab Bangladesh

Family planning should have its importance in reducing maternal mortality

B.2 Local Studies

A look back at natural planning by Julio Miguel Chavez, Junior Researcher,

In a discussion paper, economists from the UP School of Economics (UPSE)

They contend that an “unequivocal and coherent” national population policy

The current administration advocates various natural family planning (NFP)

As a concrete illustration of NFP, we focus on the lactational amenorrhea

Breastfeeding in the Philippines, information from the internet emphasize a Data

Research on the determinants of breastfeeding in the Philippines also

There should be continuous efforts to improve the family planning program,

Research Design and Methodology

Respondents of the Study

2. A resident of Barangay Sinalhan, Sta. Rosa City, Laguna.

The researchers used purposive sampling technique. It is a random sampling

Instrumentation and Validation

In validating the questionnaire, the researcher conducted a pre-test with 15

Data Gathering Procedure

Evaluation and Scoring

To determine the family planning knowledge of married couples, the 5-Point

Scale Range Verbal Interpretation