Thermal-Fluids I

Chapter 18 – Transient heat conduction

Dr. Primal Fernando
primal@eng.fsu.edu
Ph: (850) 410-6323
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Transient heat conduction
• In general, The temperature of a body varies with time as well as
position.

 In rectangular co-ordinates this variation is expressed as T(x,y,z,t)

 x,y,z → variations in x,y,z directions
 t → variation with time

• The studies in this chapter is focused on

 Lumped system analysis
 Transient heat conduction in large plane walls, long cylinders and
spheres with spatial effects
 Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids
 Transient heat conduction in multi-dimensional systems

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BROAD OBJECTIVE: INVESTIGATE THE PROBLEM
OF

HOW DO
SPHERES COMING
OUT OF A OVEN
COOL?

3
 Consider …

• An engineer, a psychologist, and a

physicist were asked to make
recommendations to improve the
productivity of an under-producing
dairy farm …

• Engineer: more technology

• Psychologist: improve environment

• Physicist …

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“Consider a spherical cow …”

T(t)

• Great engineers and physicists are able to appropriately simplify

problems to extract the physics!

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Lumped system

• A lumped system is one in which the dependent variables of interest

are a function of time alone. In general, this will mean solving a set of
ordinary differential equations (ODEs)

• A distributed system is one in which all dependent variables are

functions of time and one or more spatial variables. In this case, we will
be solving partial differential equations (PDEs)

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 Lumped system

• Consider a small hot copper ball coming out from an oven.

– Temperature change with time.
– Temperature does not change much with position at any given time.
– Lumped system analysis are applicable to this system.

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 Lumped system

• Consider a large roast in an oven.

– Temperature distribution not even.
– Temperature does change much with position at any given time.
– Lumped system analysis are not applicable to this system.

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Consider a body of arbitrary shape of mass m, volume V, surface area As,
density ρ, and specific heat Cp initially at a uniform temperature of Ti.

At time t=0, the body is placed into a medium at temperature T∞

Heat transfer take place between body and its environment

Temperature of the body change with the time

and the temperature of the body at a given time
T=T(t)

Heat transfer into the body at any given time

T=T(t)

Q = hA s [T∞ − T (t )]
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Heat transfer into the body at temperature T

Q = hA s (T∞ − T )

 Heat transfer into the   The increase in the energy 

  =  
 body during a time period dt   of the body during time dt 

hA s (T∞ − T )dt = mc p ∆T

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 hAs (T∞ − T )dt = mc p dT
m = ρV
dT hAs
=− dt
(T − T∞ ) ρVc p
t
hAs t
∫ ∫
T (t )
ln(T − T∞ ) T =−
T (t )
dT hAs t0
= −
Ti (T − T∞ ) ρVc p
dt i
ρVc p
0

hAs
T (t ) − T∞ hAs T (t ) − T∞ −
ρVc p
t
ln =− t =e
Ti − T∞ ρVc p Ti − T∞

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 hAs T (t ) − T∞
T (t ) − T∞ −
ρVc p
t
= e −bt
=e Ti − T∞
Ti − T∞
hAs 1
where b = → units
ρVc p s

Time constant

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13
 Criteria for lumped system analysis

T (t ) − T∞ b=
hAs
→ units
1
= e −bt ρVc p s
Ti − T∞

V
Lc =
Characteristic length
As

Biot number Bi Bi = hLc

k

Lc / k Conduction resistance within the body

Bi = =
1 / h Convection resistance at the surface of the body

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 Lc / k Conduction resistance within the body
Bi = =
1 / h Convection resistance at the surface of the body

Small Bi number indicate low conduction resistance, and

therefore small thermal gradient within the body

Lumped system is exact when

Bi = 0
Generally accepted lumped system analysis when,

Bi ≤ 0.1
If Bi < 0.1, there is a ± 5% error or less in estimating
temperature throughout body as a single-valued function
of time T(t)
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 Remember 1st Major Assumption

Temperature is uniform throughout sphere.

- Temperature gradients are small inside sphere.

- Resistance to conduction within solid much less than

resistance to convection across fluid boundary layer.

Lc / k Conduction resistance within the body

Bi = =
1 / h Convection resistance at the surface of the body

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Remember 2nd Major Assumption

Heat transfer coefficient is

assumed not to be a function of ∆T.

Rate of heat energy passing through sphere

Q = - h As (Ts - T∞)
(W) = (W/[m2-Ko])(m2)(Ko)

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Problem: Steel balls 12 mm in diameter are annealed by heating to 1150 K
and then slowly cooling to 400 K in an air environment for which T∞=325
K and h=20 W/m2K. Assuming the properties of the steel to be k=40 W/mK,
ρ=7800 kg/m3, and cp=600 J/kgK, estimate the time required for the cooling
process.

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Solution
hLc
Biot number Bi Bi =
k

4 3
Characteristic length  πr 
V 3  r 6 −3 −3
= = = = × = ×
Lc
As (
4π r 2 3 3 )10 2 10

 W  
(
hLc 20 × 2 × 10 −3 )   m 2 K (m )
Bi = =    = 0.001 < 0.1
k 40   W  
  mK  

Therefore, temperature of the steel balls remain approximately uniform:

lumped system analysis applicable

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 T (t ) − T∞ 1
t = ln
Ti − T∞
= e −bt b T (t ) − T∞
Ti − T∞
hAs h ρLc c p Ti − T∞
b= = t= ln
ρVc p ρLc c p h T (t ) − T∞

  kg   J  
  3 (m )  
ρLc c p Ti − T∞ −3
7800 × 2 × 10 × 600  1150 − 325    m   kgK  
t= ln = ln 
h T (t ) − T∞ 20  400 − 325    W  
  2  
  m K  
= 1122 s = 18.704 min

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Bi number provide-Measure of temperature drop in solid relative to
temperature difference between the surface and the fluid

Lc / k Conduction resistance within the body

Bi = =
1 / h Convection resistance at the surface of the body

Steady state system

 Ts ,1 − Ts , 2 
 
 Ts ,1 − Ts , 2
Bi =  Q  =
 Ts , 2 − T∞  Ts , 2 − T∞
 

 Q 

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Transient heat conduction in large plane walls,
long cylinders and spheres with spatial effects

In this section variation of temperature with time and position in one

dimensional problems such as those associated with large plane wall, long
cylinder and sphere.

A distributed system is one in which all dependent variables are functions

of time and one or more spatial variables. In this case, we will be solving
partial differential equations (PDEs)

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Transient heat conduction in large plane walls,
long cylinders and spheres with spatial effects

T∞ < Ti at t = 0

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large plane walls with spatial effects

Transient temperature distribution T(x,t) in

a wall results in a partial differential
equation, which can be solved using
advanced mathematical techniques. The
solution however, normally involves infinite
series , which are inconvenient and time-
consuming to evaluate. Therefore, there is
a clear motivation to present the solution in
tabular or graphical form.
Solution involves so many parameters
such as x, L, t, k, α, h, Ti and T∞. In order
to reduce the number of parameters, it is
defined dimensionless quantities

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Dimensionless parameters
ro for cylinder and
T ( x, t ) − T∞ sphere (not V/A)
Dimensionless temperature θ ( x, t ) =
Ti − T∞

Dimensionless distance from the center

x
X =
L
hL (Biot number)
Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient Bi =
k
αt (Fourier number)
Dimensionless time τ =
L2
Nondimensionalization enables us to present temperature data in terms
of X, Bi and τ

The above defined dimensionless quantities can be used for cylinder or

sphere by replacing the variable x by r and L by ro.

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One dimensional transient heat conduction problem: For above
geometries, solutions involve in finite series, which are difficult to deal
with.
Solutions using one dimensional approximation

T ( x, t ) − T∞ −λ12τ
Plane wall: θ ( x, t ) wall = = A1e cos(λ1 x / L), τ > 0.2
Ti −T ∞
T (r , t ) − T∞ −λ12τ
Cylinder: θ (r , t ) cyl = = A1e J 0 (λ1 r / r0 ), τ > 0.2
Ti −T ∞
T (r , t ) − T∞ −λ12τ sin(λ1 r / r0 )
Sphere: θ (r , t ) sph = = A1e , τ > 0.2
Ti −T ∞ λ1 r / r0
A1 and λ1 are functions of Bi and their values are listed in Table 18-1

J0 is the Zeroth order Bessel function and values are listed in Table 18-2

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27
 Temperature of the center of the plane wall,
cylinder and sphere

T (0, t ) − T∞ − λ12τ
Plane wall: θ (0, t ) wall = = A1e
Ti −T ∞
T (0, t ) − T∞ − λ12τ
Cylinder: θ (0, t ) cyl = = A1e
Ti −T ∞
T (0, t ) − T∞ − λ12τ
θ (0, t ) sph = = A1e
Sphere: Ti −T ∞

Once Bi number is known, these relations can be use to

determine the temperature anywhere in the medium
(interpolations may be required to determine intermediate
values) .
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Heisler charts – M.P. Heisler 1947

• There are 3 charts associated with each geometry

– Chart 1: Determine the temperature of the of the center of the

geometry (T0) at a given time t.

– Chart 2: Determine the temperature of another location (T) in terms

of (T0) center temperature.

– Chart 3: Determine the total amount of heat transfer up to the time.

Note: these plots are valid to τ>0.2

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Heisler charts - Large plane walls (18-13)

(chart 1) Fourier number

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Heisler charts - Large plane walls (18-13)

(chart 2)

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Heisler charts - Large plane walls (18-13)

Total mount of heat transfer during

(chart 3) whole period
Q is amount of heat transfer
Note: Qmax=mcp(T∞ - Ti) at finite time period t
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Heisler charts – Long cylinder (18-14)

Heisler charts - Sphere (18-15)

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Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids

• Semi-infinite solid is an idealized body that has an single plane surface

and extends to infinity in all other directions

– The earth
– A thick wall

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Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids-
Graphical representation

Nondimensionalize
d temperature

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Transient heat conduction in multidimensional
systems
• The presented charts can be used to determine the temperature
distribution and heat transfer in one dimensional heat conduction
problems associated with, large plane wall, a long cylinder, a sphere
and a semi infinite medium.

• Using a superposition approach call product solution, these charts can

also be used to construct solutions for two dimensional transient heat
conduction problems encountered in geometries such as short cylinder, a
long rectangular bar, or semi-infinite cylinder or plate and even three
dimensional problems associated with geometries such as a rectangular
prism or semi-infinite rectangular bar…………
⇒ provided that: all surfaces of the solid are subjected to convection to
the same fluid at a T∞ with heat transfer coefficient h and no heat
generation in the body.

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Product solution -
short cylinder

Short cylinder

 T (r, x,t) −T   T (x,t) −T   T (r,t) −T 

 ∞
 =  ∞
  ∞

 T −T
i ∞ 
short
cylinder
 T −T
i ∞ 
plane
wall
 T −T
i ∞ 
inf inite
cylinder

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Product solution –
rectangular profile

 T (r, x,t) −T∞   T (x,t) −T∞   T ( y,t) −T∞ 

  =
 T −T    
 Ti −T∞  rec tan gular
bar
 i ∞  plane
wall
 Ti −T∞  plane
wall

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Look the examples in the book,

Friday.. work on problems, will give the home

work, probably a quiz

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