ABSTRACT

Automation is the range of the engineering world. By using

automatic machine it reduces man power, time etc. Now we are in the
stage where everything needs to be automatic and faster.
Lubricants have an important role in world industrial, economic
development. Engine oil such as SAE5W-40, SAE10W-30, SAE20W-
40, etc.. are commonly used as a lubricant. It causes problems like
contamination in sea water, soils, poisoning plants and toxic to
environment. Present work is to overcome these problems by replacing
vegetable oil instead of conventional oil.

1
 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Vegetable oils have been investigated to replace petroleum-based lubricants
due to its environment-friendly characteristics and these oils have become an
important source of bio lubricants. A lubricant is very important role in industrial
world. Because it is mostly used in transportation and machinery. Lubricant is used
in order to reduce the friction between two moving surfaces or reduce metal to
metal contact. The current rate of bio-degradable lubricant production makes only
a very little fraction of the total production of lubricants.

Base oil (SAE20W40 Engine oil) makes over 60% and the vegetable oil
(Cotton seed oil & pongamia oil) makes around 20% for each oil.

Hence exploring ways for substituting the mineral oils with more eco-
friendlier options has become a primary concern of resources performed in the
lubricated industry. Vegetable oils are mainly comprised of triglycerides whose
molecular structure is made up of three long chain fatty acids linked to hydroxyl
groups through ester linkages. The triglycerides structure of vegetable oils offers
desired qualities in the respective lubricant products. The strong interactions
between molecules tend to be re-silent to temperature changes offering a high
viscosity co-efficient. Longer polar fatty acid chains offer higher strength films of
lubricants that can interact strongly with metallic surfaces. Thus reducing friction
and consequently wear.

These oils are able to offer good lubrication because it helps in minimizing
the co-efficient of friction. The optimization blend was done to obtain lower rate of
wear and higher film breakdown temperature value; giving the Cotton seed oil &
pongamia oil with mineral engine oil (SAE20W40).

The optimized blend was further investigated through pin on disk tribotester
using the image processing technique.

2
 CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Tribological Studies of Potential Vegetable Oil-Based

Lubricants Containing Environmentally Friendly Viscosity
Modifiers
L.A. Quinchia, T. Reddyhoff, M.A. Delgado, C. Gallegos, H.A. Spikes

Abstract: The amphiphilic properties that result from the fatty acid composition
of vegetable oils contribute to a better lubricity and effectiveness as anti-wear
compounds than mineral or synthetic lubricant oils. Despite these advantages,
vegetable oils show only a limited range of viscosities and this constrains their use
as suitable bio lubricants in many industrial applications. For the reason, ethylene–
vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) have been added to the
vegetable oil-based lubricants studied .To address this issue, the frictional and
lubricant film-forming properties of improved vegetable oil-based lubricants (high
oleic sunflower (HOSO), soybean (SYO) and castor (CO) oils), blended with 4%
(w/w) of EVA and 1% (w/w) of EC, have been studied. It has been found that
castor oil shows the best lubricant properties, when compared to high oleic
sunflower and soybean oil, with very good film-forming properties and excellent
friction and wear behaviour. This can be attributed to its hydroxyl functional group
that increases both the viscosity and polarity of this vegetable oil. Regarding the
effect of the viscosity modifiers studied, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer exerts a
slight effect on lubricant film-forming properties and, thus, helps to reduce friction
and wear mainly in the mixed lubrication region. Ethyl cellulose, on the other
hand, was much more effective, mainly with castor oil, in improving both mixed
and boundary lubrication.

3
2.2. Tibrological Features of Refined, Deodorized And Bleached
Palm Olein With Mineral Oil Blend
Mohammed Hassan,Farid Nasir Ani& S.Syahrullail.

ABSTRACT: Vegetable oils have been investigated to replace petroleum-based

lubricants due to its environment-friendly characteristics and these oils have
become an important source of bio lubricants. For the purpose of ensuring the
ability of the vegetable oils as a neat or partially bio lubricant, an image processing
techniques were employed for exploring the tribological characteristics of the
vegetable oil with the mineral oil blend. The refined, bleached and deodorized,
palm olein blended with the mineral oils was investigated using both four ball
tribotester and the design of experiments from volumetric blending ratio of 20 to
80 %. An optimized value E53.11/RB46.89 was obtained from the investigation,
all which were in compliant according to the ASTM D4172 standard. From the
results, the E53.11/RB46.89 blend reduces the friction coefficient, wear scar
diameter as well as the material lost in comparison with neat mineral oil. It is
concluded that the E53.11/RB46.89 blend could be a potential partial bio lubricant
due to its negligible negative impact on wear and give satisfactory performance as
a lubricant.

2.3. Tribological Effects Of Vegetable Oil As Alterative Lubricant;A

Pin-On-Disk Tribometer And Wear Study
N. Nuraliza & S. Syahrullail

ABSTRACT: The investigation of lubricated friction and wear is an extended

study. The aim of this study is to investigate the friction and wear characteristics of
double fractionated palm oil (DFPO) as bio lubricant using pin-on-disk tribo-tester
under loads of 50N and 100N, with rotating speeds of 1ms-1, 2ms-1, 3ms-1, 4ms-1
and 5ms-1 in a one hour operation time. In this study, hydraulic oil and engine oil
(SAE 40) were used as reference base lubricants. The experiment was conducted
using aluminum pins and SKD 11(alloy tool steel) disc lubricated with tested
lubricants. To investigate wear and friction behavior, images of worn surface have
been taken by optical microscopy. From the experimental results, the rate of COF
(coefficient of friction) rose when sliding speed and load were high. Meanwhile,

4
the wear rate for a load of 100N for all lubricants was almost always higher
compared to lubricant with a load of 50N. The results of this experiment reveal that
the palm oil lubricant can be used as lubricating oil, which would help to reduce
the global demand of petroleum based lubricants substantially.

5
 CHAPTER 3

3. ENGINE OIL
Engine oils are derived from petroleum based and non-petroleum-synthesized
chemical compounds. Motor oils today are mainly blended by using base oils
composed of hydrocarbons, poly Alpha Olefins (PAO) and poly internal olefins,
organic compounds consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

Fig 3.1.Lubrication oil consumption

3.1. Types
Motor oils can be segmented into four basic varieties. They are,

i) Synthetic Oil

ii) Conventional Oil

iii) Synthetic Blend Oil

iv) High Mileage Oil

6
3.2. PROBLEMS
The usage of engine oil as a lubricant for machineries causes severe threat to
living organisms in the environment.

• Non-Degradable

• The addition of used engine oil in the sea, causes erosion to the coral reefs

• The disposal of the engine oil in the water bodies effect the aquatic life in
them.

• The work done in machines using engine oil as a lubricant may cause some
allergy, skin disease to the human being.

• Engine oil is obtained from crude oil, since crude oil is obtained from earth;
it is a non-renewable form of energy.

3.2.1. Toxicity

Fig 3.2 Toxicity

7
 Crude oil is a mixture of many different kinds of organic compounds, which
are highly toxic and causes cancer. This type of Oils are "acutely lethal" to fish,
so that it kills the fishes quickly, at a concentration of 4000 ppm(0.4%). Crude
oil and petroleum distillates causes birth defects.

3.2.2. Ennore Port Incident

Fig 3.3. Ennore Port Incident

8
 Tamilnadu pollution control board (TNPCB) says that booms were laid at
the Ernavur site to prevent oil from spreading. Due to the wave action and the
southern current, the spill spread over 34 km till vettuvankeni in the south. 40 tons
of oil sludge is removed from the Ramakrishna nagar beach near Ernavur. It leads
to death of many aquatic lives.

3.2.3. Erosion of Coral Reefs

Fig 3.4. Erosion of Coral Reefs

Coral reefs can come in contact with oil in three major ways:

• Oil floating on the water’s surface can be deposited directly on corals in an

intertidal zone when the water level drops at low tide.

• Rough seas can mix lighter oil products into the water column (like shaking
up a bottle of salad dressing), where they can drift down to coral reefs.

• As heavy oil weathers or gets mixed with sand or sediment, it can become
dense enough to sink below the ocean surface and smother corals below.

9
3.2.4. Oil Causes Skin Allergy

Fig 3.5.Oil Causes Skin Allergy

Mechanics and other auto workers who are exposed to the used engine oil
from a large number of cars have experienced skin rashes, blood effects (anemia),
and headaches and tremors. Persons breathed mists of used engine oil for a few
minutes had slightly irritated noses, throats, and eyes.

3.2.5. Disposal

Fig 3.6.Disposal

When waste oil from vehicles drips out engines over streets and roads, the
oil travels into the water table bringing with it such toxins as benzene. This poisons

10
both soil and drinking water. Run off from storms carries waste oil into rivers and
oceans, poisoning them as well.

3.3. LUBRICANT PROPERTIES

3.3.1. Viscosity: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. It is a property of the fluid which
opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of the fluid that are moving
at different velocities. It is denoted by µ.The unit of viscosity is N-s/m².

There are two types of viscosities. They are,

i) Dynamic viscosity

ii) Kinematic viscosity

3.3.2. Density: Density is a degree of compactness of a substance specified

pressure and temperature. It is defined as ratio of mass and volume. It is denoted
by ϱ. The unit is kg/m³.

Density = mass / volume

ϱ = m/v

Where,

m - Mass (kg)

v - Volume (m³)

ϱ - Density (kg/m³)

3.3.3. Flash Point: The Flash Point is the lowest temperature at which vapours
of a volatile material will ignite, when given an ignition source. The flash point is a
descriptive characteristic that is used to distinguish between flammable liquids
such as petrol and combustible liquids such as diesel.

3.3.4 Fire Point: The Fire Point is the lowest temperature at which the vapour
will keep burning after being ignited and the ignition source removed. The fire

11
point is higher than the flash point, because at the flash point the vapour may be
reliably expected to cease burning when the ignition source is removed.

12
 CHAPTER 4

4. REDWOOD VISCOMETER AND FLASH POINT AND FIRE

POINT TEST APPARATUS

4.1. Redwood Viscometer

The redwood viscometer consists of vertical cylindrical oil cup with an
orifice in the centre of its base. The orifice can be closed by a ball. A hook pointing
upward serves as a guide mark for filling the oil. The cylindrical cup is surrounded
by the water bath. The water bath maintains the temperature of the oil to be tested
at constant temperature. The oil is heated by heating the water bath by means of an
immersed electric heater in the water bath, the provision is made for stirring the
water, to maintain the uniform temperature in the water bath and to place the
thermometer it record the temperature of oil and water bath. The cylinder is
47.625mm in diameter and 88.90mm deep. The orifice is 1.70mm in diameter and
12mm in length, this viscometer is used to determine the kinematic viscosity of the
oil. From the kinematic viscosity the dynamic viscosity is determined.

13
 Fig4.1 Redwood Viscometer

Viscosity is the property of fluid. It is defined as “The internal resistance

offered by the fluid to the movement of one layer of fluid over an adjacent layer ‘ .
It is due to the Cohesion between the molecules of the fluid. The fluids which obey
the Newton law of Viscosity are called as Newtonian fluid.

The dynamic viscosity of fluid is defined as the shear required to produce unit rate
of angular deformation.

4.2. Flash Point and Fire Point Test

Flash point:

It is that point of temperature at which the asphalt will flash for one
second under specific situation.

Fire point:

It is minimum point of temperature at which the asphalt will fire

(burn) for five seconds under specific situation.
14
TEST SIGNIFICANCE:

1. To find out the type and quantities for the availability of un desirable
materials in the asphalt.

2. To find the safe point of heating the asphalt during the construction
process (to protect asphalt from burning).

APPARATUS:

1. Flash and fire test instrument.

2. Flame.

3. Cleveland cup, gloves, tongues and thermometers.

Fig.4.2. Flash and Fire Point Apparatus

15
Procedure:-
 Start the test heater to heat in a rate of (5-6)⁰C/min.
 Before the expected Flash point by about (28⁰C) start to close the
flame from the samples surface each (1⁰C) until (104⁰C).
 Continue with step (4) after (104⁰C) but in intervals of each (3⁰C).
 Compute the flash and fire points when they happened.

16
 CHAPTER 5

5. VEGETABLE OIL
Vegetable oils are the oils which are extracted from the plant seeds, dry
fruits, grains and nuts under pressure to squeeze the oil out.

Vegetable oils have traditionally been applied in food uses but recent trends
suggest their economic usefulness as industrial fluids. Increasing crude oil prices
and emphasis on the development of renewable, environmentally friendly fluids
have brought vegetable oils to a place of importance.

As environment pollution and health problem became more and more

seriously concerned, the use of environmentally friendly lubricants is strongly
supported by political parties, regional and local governments. The objective of
this work is to determine the influence of lubricant on wear and frictional force by
using pin on disc machine.

5.1. Types
Vegetable oils are classified into two major categories based on the usage
and application.

i) Edible oils ii) Non edible oils

i. Edible oils: Oils which can be consumed by human beings

ii. Non edible oils: Presence of fatty acids cant be consumed

17
5.2. Uses
Cooking, Cosmetics, As fuel, Medical purpose

5.3. Edible Oils

1) Coconut oil

2) Corn oil

3) Cottonseed oil

4) Olive oil

5) Sunflower oil

6) Groundnut oil

7) Safflower oil

8) Soybean oil

9)Palm oil

10) Almond oil

5.4. Non Edible Oils

1) Jatropha oil

2) Jojoba oil

3) Pongamia oil

4) Madhuca Indica oil

5) Linseed oil

6) Castor oil

7) Carrot seed oil

18
8) Neem oil

9) Orange oil

10) Lemon oil

19
 CHAPTER 6

6. OIL SELECTION
6.1. Detail about Selection of Oil
In our project, three oils are selected for preparing lubricating oil. There are
following below.

1. SAE20W40 OIL (MAIN OIL)

2. Cotton seed oil (adding oil)

3. Pongamia oil (adding oil)

We will going to see about these oils detaily.

6.1.1. Pongamia Oil

Pongamia Pinnata trees are normally planted along the highways, roads,
canals to stop soil erosion. Billions of trees exist all over India. If the seeds fallen
along road side are collected, and oil is extracted at village level expellers, few
million tons of oil will be available for Lighting the Lamps in rural area. It is the
best substitute for Kerosene. Since these are spread over a large area, collection of
seeds for Biodiesel manufacture is not viable.

The seedlings of pongamia can survive in 1.5 meters deep water

submergence or inundation for five to six months duration at a stretch. There are
nearly 30,000 square km of water reservoirs in India. This tree can be cultivated in
our water storage reservoirs up to 1.5 meters depth and reap additional economic
value from unused reservoir lands. The estimated annual production of oil from its
seeds is about 50,000 tonnes. The oil has not yet found any significant commercial
application. But due to increase in awareness and growth in research in this area
the pongamia it can be developed as the alternative source of fuel by replacing
diesel. In the present study attempt has been made to study the scope of pongamia
in India.

20
 Fig.6.1. Pongamia Seeds

S.no Properties Unit Value

1. Color - Yellowish red

2. Density gm/cc 0.924
2
3. Viscosity mm /sec 40.2
4. Specific gravity - 0.924
o
5. Flash point C 225
o
6. Fire point C 230
7. Cetane number - 46
Table no 6.1. Pongamia oil properties

6.1.2. COTTENSEED OIL

Cotton seed oil is cooking oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plants after
the cotton lint has been removed. Cotton is an important fibre crop of global
significance and is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of more than eighty
countries. Cotton is primarily cultivated for its lint or fibre, in other words, lint is
the main product of cotton crop. Now, cotton seed oil is also widely used for
human consumption. Thus, cotton has become a fiber cum oil yielding crop. Its
seeds also contain 20-25% protein. Hence, in future, cotton will become a source
of fiber, oil and protein. There are four products of cotton plant viz.lint, seed, stalk
and leaves. Out of these, lint is the main product and rests are by-products.

Cottonseed oil was transertified to convert into biodiesel. The optimum

catalyst concentration, amount of methanol used per liter of oil, time taken by the

21
reaction, and temperature were found. This cottonseed oil-derived biodiesel was
tested in a direct injection, naturally aspirated, single-cylinder diesel engine. The
diesel engine was operated from no load to full load condition. Effect of this
biodiesel on engine parameters, namely, fuel consumption, electrical efficiency,
lower heating value, and engine speed, was examined. Also, the physical and
chemical properties, including specific gravity, moisture content, refractive index,
acid value, iodine number, specification value, and peroxide value of the methyl
esters used in this study, were estimated. Based on electrical efficiency, the methyl
esters obtained from cottonseed oil were found to be a good alternate fuel in
internal combustion engines with electrical generators.

For the effective and efficient operation of an automobile at operating

conditions requires proper lubrication between the moving parts so that the parts
slide smoothly over each other. To decrease energy losses, reduction of wear and
friction has a key importance in engines and drive trains. In IC engines from a long
time mineral oils have been used as a lubricant. However, Mineral oil is a product
of the distillation of crude oil, so that it can be used until crude oil is available.
Also, the disposal of mineral oils leads the problem of pollution in aquatic as well
as in terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, the combustion of mineral oil lubricants
have been emit traces of metals as zinc, calcium, magnesium phosphorous and iron
nanoparticles. Today, the depletion of reserves of crude oil, the growing prices of
crude oil, and concern about protecting the environment against pollution have
developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants as a replacements
for mineral oils in engines.

In comparison with mineral oil and synthetic oils, vegetable oil based
lubricants possess the properties such as low toxicity, high lubricity, high viscosity
index, high load carrying capacity, excellent coefficient of friction, good anti-wear
capability, low emission into the environment, high flash point. Because of polar
groups in the structure of vegetable oil and presence of long fatty acid chains
obtain both boundary and hydrodynamic lubrications. Many of the researchers
have used vegetable oil as engine oil, but only few of the researchers have reported
vegetable oil-based lubricants for automotive applications.

22
 Fig 6.2. Cotton seeds

S.no Properties Unit Value

1. Color - Reddish brown
2. Density gm/cc 0.925
3. Viscosity mm2/sec 60
4. Specific gravity - 0.874
o
5. Flash point C 315
o
6. Fire point C 323
7. Cetane number - 56.63
Table No: 6.2. Cotton Seed Properties

6.1.3. SAE20W40 Oil

Kinematic viscosity measured at 100°C defines SAE degrees from 20 to 60
for rising levels of viscosity. Dynamic viscosity at low temperatures defines the
SAE "W" degrees, from the initial "winter", from 0W to 25W on the basis of
viscosity levels measured at temperatures from -35° to -5°C. The temperature
represents the lowest possible temperature at which the engine can be started when
lubricated with an oil of the corresponding SAE degree (e.g.a 20W oil makes it
possible to start the engine at upto -20°C). The minimum pumping temperature is
the minimum temperature at which oil, in addition to allowing start up, can flow
freely and lubricate the critical parts of the engine.
23
S.no Properties Unit Value
1. Color - Golden brown
2. Density gm/cc 0.882
3. Viscosity mm2/sec 121
4. Specific gravity - 0.923
o
5. Flash point C 315
o
6. Fire point C 323
7. Cetane number - 60
Table No: 6.3. SAE20W40 Oil Properties

24
 CHAPTER 7

7. PREPARATION OF OIL
Mixing Of Oil (Our Oil)
Base oil (SAE20W40 Engine oil) makes over 60% and the vegetable
oil (Cotton seed oil & pongamia oil) makes around 20% for each oil.

Hence exploring ways for substituting the mineral oils with more eco-
friendlier options has become a primary concern of resources performed in the
lubricated industry. Vegetable oils are mainly comprised of triglycerides whose
molecular structure is made up of three long chain fatty acids linked to hydroxyl
groups through ester linkages. The triglycerides structure of vegetable oils offers
desired qualities in the respective lubricant products. The strong interactions
between molecules tend to be re-silent to temperature changes offering a high
viscosity co-efficient.

Longer polar fatty acid chains offer higher strength films of lubricants that
can interact strongly with metallic surfaces. Thus reducing friction and
consequently wear.

These oils are able to offer good lubrication because it helps in minimizing
the co-efficient of friction. The optimization blend was done to obtain lower rate of
wear and higher film breakdown temperature value; giving the Cotton seed oil &
pongamia oil with mineral engine oil (SAE20W40).

25
 CHAPTER 8

8. TRIBOMETER
A tribometer is an instrument that measures tribological quantities such as
coefficient of friction, frictional force and volume between two surfaces in contact.

8.1. Types
 Four ball tribometer

 Pin on disc tribometer

 Block on ring tribometer

 Bouncing ball tribometer

 Twin disc tribometer

 Fretting test machine tribometer

8.2. Pin on Disc Tribometer

The pin-on-disc tribometer is a laboratory apparatus for measuring the
friction and wear properties of combination of metals and lubricants under selected
conditions of load, speed and temperature.

Fig 8.1. Pin on Disc Tribometer

26
8.2.1. Principle
It is described by a hanging mass and a mass resting on a horizontal surface,
connected to each other via a string and pulley. The coefficient of friction µ, when
the system is stationary, is determined by increasing the hanging mass until the
moment that begins to slide.

Then using the general equation for friction

F=µN

N - Normal force equal to the weight of the sitting mass.

F- Load force equal to the weight of the hanging mass.

µ- Coefficient of friction.

8.2.2. Experimental Setup:

Fig.8.2. Line Diagram of Tribometer

27
 Pin on disc tribometer consists of a stationary pin under an application of load
in contact with a rotating disc. A known load is applied along the axis of the pin,
and the friction. A force is measured by the force transducer restraining pin
motion.

The elements of the tribometer included a “pin” sliding on the flat face of a
“disc” rotating in a vertical plane, with provisions to control the load, speed, oil
temperature and to measure friction.

The test oil was contained in a tank in which the disk rotated and the oil was
swept up into the contact area by the rotating disk. The oil temperature is measured
and controlled by a double-shielded thermocouple.

The load of the pin against the disk is applied by weights on a pan hanging on a
thin steel cable over a pulley and hooked to the arm. Thus, the weights pulled the
pin toward the disk. Tangential frictional force and wear were monitored with
electronic sensors and recorded.

8.2.3. Schematic View Of Pin On Disk

Fig 8.3. Schematic View of Pin on Disk

28
 In this setup, flat face of rotating disc is rotating with the help of motor. The
damper is attached with the motor which is used to absorb vibration due to
running.

Stationary pin under an application of load in contact with a rotating disc. A

known load is applied along the axis of the pin, and the friction. A force is
measured by the force transducer restraining pin motion.

The load of the pin against the disk is applied by weights on a pan hanging
on a thin steel cable over a pulley and hooked to the arm. Thus, the weights pulled
the pin toward the disk. Tangential frictional force and wear were monitored with
electronic sensors and recorded.

MATERIAL SELECTION

Disc - SKD 11(Alloy tool steel)

Pin - Aluminum (LM25)

29
 CHAPTER 9

9. FRICTIONAL FORCE & WEAR CHARACTERISTICS

9.1. Sliding Velocity 0.5 m/s

Fig.9.1.Sliding Velocity 0.5 m/s

30
9.2. Sliding Velocity 1 m/s

Fig.9.2. Sliding Velocity 1 m/s

31
9.3. Sliding Velocity 1.5 m/s

Fig.9.3. Sliding Velocity 1.5 m/s

32
 CHAPTER 10

10. FRICTION COEFFICIENT GRAPHS

10.1. Sliding Velocity 0.5 m/s

Fig 10.1. Sliding Velocity 0.5 m/s

10.2. Sliding Velocity 1 m/s
33
 Fig.10.2. Sliding Velocity 1 m/s

10.3. Sliding Velocity 1.5 m/s

34
Fig .10.3. Sliding Velocity 1.5 m/s

35
 CHAPTER 11

11. OPTICAL MICROSCOPIC IMAGES

Fig.11.1. Sliding Velocity 0.5 m/s

Fig.11.2. Sliding Velocity 1.0 m/s

36
Fig.11.3. Sliding Velocity 1.5 m/s

37
 CHAPTER 12

12. ADVANTGES AND APPLICATIONS

12.1. Advantages
 Obtaining less wear.
 It will use as alternative lubricant.
 Improved cold starting and faster engine warm up.
 Exceptional thermal and oxidation stability to resist decomposition in
super charged engines operating with high ring zone temperatures.
 Lower fuel and engine oil consumption.

12.2. Applications
 Automobiles
 Chemical industry
 Education/research
 Electronics
 Material science/nanotechnology
 Minerals/mining/raw materials

38
 CHAPTER 13

13. CONCLUSION
The friction and wear characteristics of our oil were evaluated at constant
load of 70N. By varying sliding velocities (0.5m/s, 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s), the
friction and wear characteristics were analyzed.

From the results,

 Our oil shows a lower wear.

 Our oil has a lower coefficient of friction at 1.5 m/s.
 An optical microscopic image shows our oil has good worn surface.

From the above results, it can be concluded that our oil is a suitable
alternative lubricant for conventional engine oil.

39
 PHOTOGRAPHY

Discs Pins

40
41
 REFERENCES

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Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston
Ring Combination, tribological transaction. 55:4, 438-445.

2. Yang Jiao & Yong Kang Chen (2014) Tribological Properties of Zinc Borate
Ultrafine Powder (ZBUP) as a Lubricant Additive in Oil, Science
direct.57:425-434.

3. N. Nuraliza & S. Syahrullail (2015) have done a research on Tribological

effects of vegetable oil as alternative lubricant: a pin-on-disk tribometer and
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4. Sachin M.Agarwal & Subash Lahane (2014) have done a research on

Experimental Investigations into Wear Characteristics of M2 Steel Using
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5. Hidayet oguz & Hayrettin duzcukoglu (2011) have done a research on The
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mineral oil blend, Science direct. 69,6 pp 11-14.

42
9. F.Sundas & H.H.Masjuki (2016) have done a research on Analysis of
tribological properties of palm biodiesel and oxidized biodiesel blends,
tribological transaction. 57:3, 408-415.

10. Yuan Ching Lin & Tsang Hung Kan (2013) have done a research on
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43