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Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
ES 15: Fluid Mechanics I
» Fifth level
Lecture 3
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

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CE 16 Fluid Mechanics II - Villalba
 ClickLearning
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Outcomes
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
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– Determine and draw the pressure distribution due to a
– Second
fluid levelsurface
on a plane
• Third level
– Fourth
– Calculate level force and locate its center of pressure
the total
» Fifth
due to a fluid onlevel
a plane surface

– Analyze and solve problems involving hydrostatic forces

on plane surfaces

2 2
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Mechanics I
II - Villalba
 Click to edit Master title style
Outline
I. Hydrostatic Force
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A. Horizontal Surfacetext styles
–B. Inclined
Second Surface
level
• Third level
– Fourth level
II. Special Cases
» Fifth level
A. The Pressure Prism Approach
B. Hydrostatic Force by Layered Fluids

III. Examples

3 3
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 ClickHydrostatic
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Force
Definition
• Click
- resultant force
to edit due to hydrostatic
Master text stylespressure

– Second level
Applications
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Source: Source:
httplibrary.water-resources.usdocsMMDLFLDImagesMultipurposeReservoirsDworshakGravityDam-Large 4
httpd3rcw26txszxab.cloudfront.net735x525s555e896a3a000.jpg 4
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Mechanics I
II - Villalba
 Click to edit
Hydrostatic ForceMaster title Surface
on a Horizontal style
Consider a horizontal plane with an arbitrary area, submerged
on a fluid at a depth, h
• Click to edit Master text P =styles
CONSTANT hydrostatic
pressure acting over the
– Second Flevel
P entire area = γh
• Third level h
y F = equivalent resultant force
– Fourth level
of the hydrostatic pressure
» Fifth level
x acting x’ units from the y-axis
𝑭 = න 𝑷𝒅𝑨 = 𝑷𝑨 = γ𝒉𝑨
𝑨
dA
෍ 𝑴𝒚 ∶ 𝑭𝒙′ = න 𝑷𝒅𝑨 𝒙
𝑨
x’
𝑷𝑨𝒙′ = 𝑷 න 𝒙𝒅𝑨 𝒙′ = ഥ
𝒙
𝑨 5 5
x
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II - Villalba
 Click to edit
Hydrostatic ForceMaster titleSurface
on an Inclined style
Consider a plane with an arbitrary area, submerged on a fluid
and inclined at an angle θ from the liquid surface
• Click to edit Master text styles P = γh = γysinθ
θ
– Second
ഥ
𝒉 h level
𝑭 = න 𝑷𝒅𝑨 = න γysinθ𝒅𝑨
F • Third level x 𝑨 𝑨
– Fourth level
x 𝑭 = γ න ysinθ𝒅𝑨
» Fifth level
y 𝑨
dA
CG
ഥ
𝒚 ҧ
F = γ𝐡𝐀
𝒚𝒑
where:
CP
ഥ
𝒙 F = magnitude of resultant hydrostatic force
y
𝒙𝒑 γ = specific weight of the fluid
ഥ = vertical distance of the centroid of the
𝒉
cross-section from the liquid surface
CP = center of pressure (xp,yp) A = cross-sectional area
6 of the plane 6
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 Click to edit
Hydrostatic ForceMaster titleSurface
on an Inclined style
Consider a plane with an arbitrary area, submerged on a fluid
and inclined at an angle θ from the liquid surface
• Click to edit Master text styles
θ ෍ 𝑴𝒙 = 𝑭𝒚𝒑 = න γ𝒚𝟐 sinθ𝒅𝑨
– Second
ഥ
𝒉 h level 𝑨
F • Third level x 𝟏 𝑰𝒙
𝟐
– Fourth level 𝒚𝒑 = න 𝒚 𝒅𝑨 =
x ഥ𝑨 𝑨
𝒚 ഥ𝑨
𝒚
» Fifth level
y 𝑰𝑪𝑮
dA
ഥ
𝒚 𝒚𝒑 = ഥ𝒚 +
CG ഥ𝑨
𝒚
𝒚𝒑 where:
CP yp = y-coordinate of the center of pressure
y ഥ
𝒙 ഥ = y-coordinate of the centroid of the
𝒚
𝒙𝒑 cross-section from the liquid surface
ICG = centroidal moment of inertia of the
cross-section of the plane || to the x-axis
CP = center of pressure (xp,yp) A = cross-sectional7area of the plane 7
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Mechanics I
II - Villalba
 Click to edit
Hydrostatic ForceMaster titleSurface
on an Inclined style
Consider a plane with an arbitrary area, submerged on a fluid
and inclined at an angle θ from the liquid surface
• Click to edit Master text styles
θ ෍ 𝑴𝒚 = 𝑭𝒙𝒑 = න γxysinθ𝒅𝑨
– ഥ
Second
𝒉 h level 𝑨
F • Third level x 𝟏 𝑰𝒙𝒚
– Fourth level 𝒙𝒑 = න 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝑨 =
x ഥ𝑨 𝑨
𝒚 ഥ𝑨
𝒚
» Fifth level
y 𝑰𝒙𝒚
dA
ഥ
𝒚 𝒙𝒑 = ഥ𝒙 +
CG ഥ𝑨
𝒚
𝒚𝒑 where:
CP xp = y-coordinate of the center of pressure
y ഥ
𝒙 ഥ = x-coordinate of the centroid of the
𝒙
𝒙𝒑 cross-section
Ixy = product of inertia of the cross-section
of the plane
CP = center of pressure (xp,yp) A = cross-sectional 8area of the plane 8
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 Click to SUMMARY
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For a plane surface subjected to hydrostatic forces,
• •magnitude
Click toofedit Master
the total text force:
hydrostatic styles
– Second
• location of totallevel
hydrostatic force (center of pressure):
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
NOTE:
- ICG is always positive so the center of pressure is
always below the geometric centroid of the plane area
- IXY is zero whenever the plane area has an axis of
symmetry
9 9
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 Click to edit Master
The Pressure title style
Prism Approach
Recall:
• Click
- the total hydrostatic
to edit Master force canstyles
text be visualized as the
resultant of the pressure distribution over the plane area
– Second level
- the force acting on a differential area is given by
• Third level
– Fourth level 𝒅𝑭 = 𝑷𝒅𝑨 = γ𝒉𝒅𝑨 = 𝒅∀
where:
» Fifth level
𝒅∀ = element of volume of the pressure prism
Integrating,
𝑭=∀
*The magnitude of the total hydrostatic
force is equal to the volume of the
pressure prism.
10 10
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 Click to edit Master
The Pressure title style
Prism Approach
Location of the total hydrostatic force:

• Click
෍ to𝒑 edit
𝑴𝒙 = 𝑭𝒚 = න Master
𝒚𝒑𝒅𝑨 text
෍ styles
𝑴𝒚 = 𝑭𝒙𝒑 = න 𝒙𝒑𝒅𝑨
𝑨 𝑨
– Second level
𝟏 𝟏
•
𝒚𝒑 = නlevel
Third 𝒚𝒅∀ 𝒙𝒑 = න 𝒙𝒅∀
–∀Fourth
𝑨 level ∀ 𝑨
» Fifth level
ഥ𝒗
𝒚𝒑 = 𝒚 𝒙𝒑 = ഥ
𝒙𝒗

*The line of action of the resultant hydrostatic force passes

through the centroid of the pressure prism.
NOTE: This approach is more convenient to use if the
volume and centroid of the pressure prism can be easily
determined. (i.e. rectangular plane areas) 11 11
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 Click to edit
Hydrostatic Master
Force title Fluids
by Layered style
Consider a plane area subjected to hydrostatic forces in a layer
of fluids:
• Click to edit Master l. s. text styles
Because of the difference in
–hSecond
1 level
Fluid 1, γ1 < γ2 specific weights, the pressure
h2 γ1h1level
• Third distribution acting on the plane
h3 l. i.
– Fourth level
will not vary at constant slope.
» Fluid
Fifth 2, γ2
level
γ1h2 Solution:
Transform fluid 1 into fluid 2
*Change the layer height of fluid 1
to its equivalent height using γ2.
γ1h2+γ2(h3-h2)
*Pressure at liquid interface (l.i.)
should be the same. 12
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 Click to edit Master title style
Examples
Problem 1
A •vertical,
Clickrectangular gate with
to edit Master water
text on one side is shown in
styles
the figure. Determine the magnitude and location of the
– Second
resultant level
hydrostatic force.
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
3m
2m
water

1.2 m

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 Click to edit Master title style
Examples
Problem 2
• outflow
The Click to in the
editopen, buriedtext
Master gasoline storage tank shown is
styles
regulated by a square gate AB which is hinged at A. However,
– Second
because level
of a leak, water has seeped through at the bottom of
the tank. •Determine
Third levelthe reaction exerted by the stop at B.
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

6m
gasoline
(SG = 0.82) 1.5 m
A
0.75 m
water B

14 14
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 Click to edit Master title style
Examples
Problem 3
A •round
Clickviewing
to editmirror of diameter
Master text Dstyles
= 0.80 m is situated in a
large tank of seawater (SG = 1.03). The top of the window is
window– Second
is 1.2 mlevel
below the water surface and the window is
angled at• 60
Third level
o with respect to the horizontal. Find the magnitude
of the total –hydrostatic
Fourth level force and the corresponding center of
pressure. » Fifth level

1.2 m

Seawater
SG = 1.03

D = 0.80 m
60o
15 15
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Mechanics I
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 Click to edit Master title style
Examples
Problem 4
• Clicktriangle
Isosceles ABMaster
to edit in the figure
textisstyles
hinged at A. Compute the
horizontal force, P, required at point B for equilibrium. Neglect
– Second
the weight level
of the gate.
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

16 16
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 An L-gate 1.2 m wide is hinged at O
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and weighs 5kN. Its center of gravity is
0.5 meter from the left face and 0.6
meter above the lower surface. Find
• Click to edit Master text depth
the minimum stylesh for the gate to
– Second levelbe in equilibrium in the position
shown in the figure.
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
The tank has a 4-cm diameter
plug at the bottom on the
right. The plug will pop out if
the hydrostatic force on it is
50N. For this condition, what
will be the reading h on the
mercury manometer on the
left side? SGmanometer = 13.6
17 17
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 Click to References
edit Master title style
• Streeter, V.L., et al., Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill
• Click to edit Master text styles
International, 1998
– Second level
• Crowe,• Third
C.T., level
et al., Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed.,
– Fourth
John Wiley level
& Sons, Inc., 2009
» Fifth level

• Alejandrino, A.A., Lecture Notes in Fluid Mechanics, National

Hydraulic Research Center, 1989

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II - Villalba