PROJECT REPORT

ON
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING CONPLAST
ADMIXTURE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the degree of
Bachelor of Technology

Batch: 2014-2018

Department of Civil Engineering

Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar

BIJU PATNAIK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

 CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

“PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING CONPLAST
ADMIXTURE” submitted by us in partial fulfillments for the
requirements for the award for Bachelor of Technology Degree in
Civil Engineering at Orissa Engineering College under Biju
Patanaik University of Technology is an authentic work carried out
by them under my supervision and guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the

thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for
the award of any Degree/Diploma.

Asst. Prof. Silpika Panda

Department of Civil Engg.
Orissa Engineering College
 CERTIFICATE

Department of Civil Engineering

ORISSA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHUBANESWAR

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE USING CONPLAST ADMIXTURE” is presented by us in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering during the academic year
2017-18.

HOD, Civil Engineering External Examiner – I Guided by

 Department of Civil Engineering
Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Our sincere thanks to all the staff members of Civil Engineering

Department, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar for their
encouragement and valuable suggestions during the period of my project
work and preparation of the project report.

We take this opportunity to express our view regarding the

application of Civil Engineering in this specific field, which gave us
immense pleasure while sharing our ideas. We would like to thank our
university “Biju Patnaik University of Technology” for including project
in our academic co-curriculum.

Last but not the least we want to express gratitude to my parents and
well-wishers for their constant encouragement from time to time.

Thanking all.
SL. NO. NAME REGD. NO.

1 NIRMAL MALLIK 1521211019

2 ANITA DAS 1521211002
3 LIPIKA BEURA 1521211017
4 ARCHANA MAHAPATRA 1521211004
5 ANKITA SURACHITA 1521211003
6 SUBHAM SARANGI 1521211031
7 TAPAS RANJAN NAIK 1401211040
8 RITESH ROSAN MISHRA 1401211046
9 RASMITA PARIDA 1521211021
10 RASMIRANI BARAL 1521211035
CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. TYPES OF ADMIXTURE
4. DATA SHEET OF CONPLAST SP430G8
5. DATA REQUIRED FOR DESIGN MIX
I. ZONE TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE
II. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
III. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE
AGGREGATE AND COARSE AGGREGATE
IV. ELONGATION AND FLAKINESS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
V. CRUSHING STRENGTH OF COARSE AGGREGATE
VI. AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
VII. ABRATION TEST
6. DESIGN MIX
7. CEMENT TEST
I. FINENESS OF CEMENT
II. NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST
III. INITIAL SETTING TIME TEST
8. CONCRETE TEST
I. COMPACTING FACTOR TEST
II. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
9. WATER REDUCING PROPERTIES
10.CONCLUSION
 ABSTRACT

The study investigated the effects of CONPLAST SP430G8

admixtures on the properties of concrete. The workability, water
reducing, setting time and compressive strength of cement concrete
incorporated with this admixture were carried out. The dosage of
admixture incorporated was: 0.5 to 3.0% of cementitious material based
on the recommendation by FOSROC constructive solution. The results
revealed that this admixtures generally improve the workability of
cement concrete. The compressive strength obtained at 28th day for
concrete without admixture was 32.75N/mm2, while for concrete with
admixture generally not varying too much. These results showed that
concrete incorporated with this admixture increase high value of
workability and compaction. The initial setting time was varying
drastically while increasing the admixture proportion by a small amount.
 INTRODUCTION

The freshly-mixed and hardened properties of concrete may be changed by

adding liquid (chemical) or mineral admixtures to the concrete, during batching.
Admixtures are commonly used to (1) intentionally entrain air, (2) reduce water
demand, (3) increase workability, (4) adjust setting time or hardening, and (5)
adjust other concrete properties, such as strength.

Common chemical admixtures include water reducers, set retarders and

accelerators, air entraining, and super-plasticizers. Common finely-divided mineral
admixtures are usually classified as either cementitious materials (i.e. ground-
granulated blast furnace slag and lime), or pozzolans (i.e. fly ash and silica fume).

Admixtures that affect the workability of a concrete mixture will also affect
the slump, which is a test of the consistency of the mix. The slump of a mix with
the same aggregate, cement and water can vary significantly by adding an
admixture such as a high-range water-reducing admixture (super-plasticizer),
which will increase the strength and provide greatly increased workability with the
addition of excessive amounts of water. The admixture does not, however, reduce
the quality of the material.

TYPES OF ADMIXTURE

Type of chemical
Desired effect Material
admixture
Accelerators Accelerate setting and early- Calcium chloride (ASTM
(ASTM C494, strength development D98)
Type C) Triethanolamine, sodium
thiocyanate, calcium formate,
calcium nitrite, calcium nitrate
Air-entraining Improve durability in Salts of wood resins (vinsol
admixtures environments of freeze-thaw, resin)
deicing chemicals, sulfate, and Some synthetic detergents
alkali reactivity Salts of sulfonated lignin
Improve workability Salts of petroleum acids
Salts of proteinaceous material
Fatty and resinous acids and
their salts
Alkylbenzene sulfonates
 Salts of sulfonated
hydrocarbons
Alkali-reactivity Reduce alkali-reactivity Pozzolans (fly ash, silica
reducers expansion fume), blast-furnace slag, salts
of lithium and barium, air-
entraining agents
Corrosion Reduce steel corrosion activity in Calcium nitrite, sodium nitrite,
inhibitors a chloride environment sodium benzoate, certain
phosphates or fluosilicates,
fluoaluminates
Permeability Decrease permeability Silica fume
reducers Fly ash (ASTM C618)
Ground granulated blast-
furnace slag (ASTM C989)
Natural pozzolans
Water reducers
Latex
Retarders (ASTM Retard setting time Lignin
C494, Type B) Borax
Sugars
Tartaric acid and salts
Super-plasticizers Flowing concrete Sulfonated melamine
(ASTM C1017, Reduce water-cement ratio formaldehyde condensates
Type 1) Reduce water demand (minimum Sulfonated naphthalene
12%) formaldehyde condensates
Lignosulfonates
Water reducer Reduce water demand at least 5% Lignosulfates
(ASTM C494, Hydroxylated carboxylic acids
Type A) Carbohydrates
(Also tend to retard set so
accelerator is often added)
Workability agents Improve workability Air-entraining admixtures
Finely-divided mineral
admixtures, except silica fume
Water reducers
Type of mineral
Desired effect Material
admixture
Cementitious Hydraulic properties Ground granulated blast-
Partial cement replacement furnace slag (ASTM C989)
Natural cement
Hydraulic hydrated lime
(ASTM C141)
Pozzolans* Pozzolanic activity Diatomaceous earth, opaline
Improve workability, plasticity, cherts, clays, shales,
sulfate resistance volcanic tuffs, pumicites
Reduce alkali reactivity, (ASTM C618, Class N)
permeability, heat of hydration Fly ash (ASTM C618, Class
Partial cement replacement F and C)
Filler Silica fume
Pozzolanic and Same as cementitious and High calcium fly ash
cementitious pozzolan categories (ASTM C618, Class C)
Ground granulated blast-
furnace slag (ASTM C989)
Nominally inert Improve workability Marble, dolomite, quartz,
Filler granite

Conplast SP430G8

Uses:-
Suitable for high performance concrete to produce pumpable concrete
  To increase workability without extra water

 To improve cohesion, minimizing segregation and give better finish.

 Chloride free, safe for use in prestressed and reinforced concrete

 Can be used with concrete containing micro silica and other cement
replacements.

 Minimize permeability and increase the waterproofing properties of concrete

Advantages:-

 Improved workability - Easier, quicker placing and compaction.

 Increased strength - Provides high early strength if water reduction is taken

advantage of.

 Increased quality - Denser, close textured concrete with reduced porosity

and hence enhanced durability.

 Higher cohesion - Risk of segregation and bleeding minimized; thus aids

pumping of concrete

Standards compliance:-

Conplast SP430G8 complies with IS: 9103:1999, BS: 5075 Part 3 - 1985
and ASTM-C494M - 99a, 1999 Type ‘G’ as a high range water reducing admixture
& IS 2645- 2003 as an integral waterproofing compound

Description:-

Conplast SP430G8 is based on Sulphonated Napthalene Polymers and is

supplied as a brown liquid instantly dispersible in water.

Conplast SP430G8 has been specially formulated to give high water

reductions up to 25% without loss of workability or to produce high quality
concrete of reduced permeability.
Properties:-

 Specific gravity 1.22 to 1.23 at 27oC

 Chloride content Nil to BS5075

 Air entrainment Less than 1% additional air is entrained

 Compatibility: Can be used with all types of cements except high alumina
cement. Conplast SP430G8 is compatible with other Conplast admixtures
when added separately to the mix. Site trials should be carried out to
optimize dosages.

 Workability: Can be used to produce flowing concrete that requires no

compaction. Some minor adjustments may be required to produce high
workable mix without segregation.

 Cohesion: Cohesion is improved due to dispersion of cement particles thus

minimizing segregation and improving surface finish.

 Compressive strength: Early strength is increased up to 40 to 50% if water

reduction is taken advantage of. Generally, there is improvement in strength
up to 20% depending upon W/C ratio and other mix parameters.

 Durability: Reduction in W/C ratio enables increase in density and

impermeability thus enhancing durability of concrete.

Application instructions

Dosage:-

The optimum dosage is best determined by site trials with the concrete mix
which enables the effects of workability, strength gain or cement reduction to be
measured. Site trials with Conplast SP430G8 should always be compared with mix
containing no admixture. As a guide, the rate of addition is generally in the range
of 0.6 - 2% by weight of cement.
Over dosing:-

An over dose above the recommended level of admixture may result in high
workability, air entrainment and retardation of setting time depending on the
ambient temperature of cure. As such, more than the recommended dosage may be
used if necessary by ascertaining the performance in the lab trials only before using
in actual site conditions.

Dispensing:-

The correct quantity of Conplast SP430G8 should be used by means of a

dispenser. The measured quantity of Conplast SP430G8 should be added along
with a part of gauging water in case of batching plants. Alternatively, correct
dosage should be used with about 20% of the total water in the last phase after the
mix has been rewetted.

Packaging:-

Conplast SP430G8 is supplied in 5, 20 and 200 litre drums.

Storage:-

Conplast SP430G8 has a minimum shelf life of 12 months when stored

under normal temperatures. It should be protected from extreme temperatures and
preferably stored in shade.

DATA REQUIRED FOR DESIGN MIX

1. ZONE TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE

OBJECTIVE:-

To determine the zone of fine aggregate and classification based on IS 383-

1970.

THEORY:-
 This is the name given to the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate
into various fractions each consisting of particles of the same size. The sieve
analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a sample of
aggregate, which we call gradation. Many a time, fine aggregates are designated as
coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand.

GRADING LIMITS FOR FINE AGGREGATES

Percentage of Passing For
Sieve Size Grading Grading Grading Grading
Zone-I Zone-II Zone-III Zone-IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90 – 100 90 – 100 90 – 100 95 – 100
2.36 mm 60 – 95 75 – 100 85 – 100 95 – 100
1.18 mm 30 – 70 55 – 90 75 – 100 90 – 1000
600 micron 15 – 34 35 – 59 60 – 79 80 – 100
300 micron 5 – 20 8 – 30 12 – 40 15 – 50
150 micron 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 15
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 4.75 mm, 2.36

mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron, Balance, Gauging Trowel,
Stop Watch, etc.

PROCEDURE:-

1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and

sieving. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the
sieves are clean before use.
2. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards,
left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so
that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing
directions.
3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of
fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the
side of the sieve.
4. Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron
and 75-micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and blinding of
apertures.
5. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with
any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.

Observation :

Weigh Percentage of Cumulative Cumulative %

I S Sieve Retained on Weight Percentage of finer
Sieve (gms) Retained Retain (%)
(%)
4.75 mm 4 0.40 0.4 99.6
2.36 mm 10 1.00 1.4 98.6
1.18 mm 21 2.1 3.5 96.5
600 micron 94 9.4 12.9 87.1
300 micron 517 51.7 64.6 35.4
150 micron 270 27.0 91.6 8.4
Pan 84 8.4 100 0
RESULT:-

The fine aggregate sample confirming to zone IV.

2. SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COURSE AGGREGATE:

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the size of coarse aggregate for concrete mix design

THEORY:

This is the name given to the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into
various fractions each consisting of particles of the same size. The sieve analysis is
conducted to determine the particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate,
which we call gradation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 40 mm, 20 mm, 16

mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop Watch,
etc.

CLASS AND SIZE IS SIEVE DESIGNATION PERCENTAGE

PASSING
VERY LARGE, 150 160 MM 90 TO 100
TO 80 MM 80 MM 0 TO 10
LARGE, 80 TO 40 MM 80 MM 90 TO 100
40 MM 0 TO 10
MEDIUM, 40 TO 20 40 MM 90 TO 100
MM 20 MM 0 TO 10
SMALL, 20 TO 4.75 20 MM 90 TO 100
MM 1.75 MM 0 TO 10
2.36 MM 0 TO 2

PROCEDURE:-

1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and

sieving. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the
sieves are clean before use.
2. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards,
left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so
that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing
directions.
3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of
fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the
side of the sieve.
4. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with
any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.

OBSERVATION :

Percentage Cumulative
Weigh of Weight Percentage Cumulative
Retained on Retained of Percentage finer
I S Sieve Sieve (gms) (%) Retain (%)
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 65 3.25 3.25 96.75
12.5 mm 979 48.95 52.20 47.80
10 mm 630 31.50 83.70 16.30
4.75 mm 317 15.85 99.55 0.45
2.36 mm 9 0.45 100 100

RESULT:-

The class of aggregate is small and size is 40mm to 20mm

3. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF FINE

AGGREGATE

OBJECTIVE

To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate.

THEORY
 The fine aggregate specific gravity test (Figure 1) is used to calculate the
specific gravity of a fine aggregate sample by determining the ratio of the weight
of a given volume of aggregate to the weight of an equal volume of water.

APPARATUS
Pycnometer, A 1 000-ml measuring cylinder, well-ventilated oven, Taping
rod, Filter papers and funnel, etc.

PROCEDURE

1. A sample of about 500 g shall be placed in the tray and covered with
distilled water at a temperature of 22 to 32°C. Soon after immersion, air entrapped
in or bubbles on the surface of the aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation
with a rod. The sample shall remain immersed for 24 ± l/2 hours.
2. The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample, by
decantation through a filter paper, any material retained being return& to the
sample. The fine aggregate including any solid matter retained on the filter paper
shall be exposed to a gentle current of warm air to evaporate surface moisture and
the material just attains a ‗free-running ‘condition. The saturated and surface-dry
sample shall be weighed (weight A).
3. The aggregate shall then be placed in the pycnometer which shall be
filled with distilled water. Any trapped air shall be eliminated by rotating the
pycnometer on its side, the hole in the apex of the cone being covered with a
finger. The pycnometer shall be dried on the outside and weighed (weight B).
4. The contents of the pycnometer shall be emptied into the tray, care
being taken to ensure that all the
Aggregate is transferred. The pycnometer shall be refilled with distilled
water to the same level as before, dried on the outside and weighed (weight C).
 5. The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample by
decantation through a filter paper and any material retained returned to the sample.
The sample shall be placed in the oven in the tray at a temperature of 100 to 110°C
for 24 f l/2 hours, during which period it shall be stirred occasionally to facilitate
drying. It shall be cooled in the air-tight container and weighed (weight D).
6. Calculations— Specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and water
&sorption shall be calculated as follows:

CONCLUSION / RESULT:

I. The Specific Gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to be 2.70

II. The Water Absorption of a given sample of fine aggregate is found to be
1.00 %

4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF COARSE

AGGREGATE

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregates

APPARATUS:

(a) A balance of capacity about 3kg, to weigh accurate 0.5g, and of such a type
and shape as to permit weighing of the sample container when suspended in water.
(b) A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature at 100-110° C.
(c) A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of
convenient size with thin wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.
(d) A container for filling water and suspending the basket
(e) An air tight container of capacity similar to that of the basket
(f) A shallow tray and two absorbent clothes, each not less than 75x45cm.

THEORY:
The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or
quality of the material. Stones having low specific gravity are generally weaker
than those with higher specific gravity values.
PROCEDURE:

(I) About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained

and placed in wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between
22- 32º C and a cover of at least 5cm of water above the top of basket.
(ii) Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by
lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to
drop at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and aggregate should
remain completely immersed in water for a period of 24 hour afterwards.
(iii) The basket and the sample are weighed while suspended in water at a
temperature of 22° – 32°C. The weight while suspended in water is noted =W1g.
(iv) The basket and aggregates are removed from water and allowed to drain for a
few minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to the dry absorbent
clothes. The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water jolted 25 times and
weighed in water=W2g.
(v) The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further
moisture could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the
second dry cloth spread in single layer and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes
until the aggregates are completely surface dry. The surface dried aggregate is then
weighed =W3 g
(vi) The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a
temperature of 110° C for 24 hrs. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an air
tight container and weighted=W4 g.

(1) Specific gravity = (dry weight of the aggregate /Weight of equal volume of
water)
(2) Apparent specific gravity = (dry weight of the aggregate/Weight of equal
volume of water excluding air voids in aggregate)

OBSERVATIONS
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with basket = W1 g
Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water = W1 – W2 g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W3 g
Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = W3–(W1–W2)g
Weight of oven dry aggregate = W4 g
(1) Specific gravity = W3 / (W3– (W1– W2))
(3) Water Absorption = ((W3 – W4) / W4) X 100

RESULT:
(1) Specific gravity =2.76
(3) Water Absorption =0.28
 5. ELONGATION AND FLACKINESS INDEX TEST OF COARSE
AGGREGATE:

:
OBJECTIVE : To determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index of Course

Aggregate.

REFERENCE : IS : 2386 ( Part I) – 1963, IS: 383-1970, IS : 460-1962

THEORY :
Particle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly mixed concrete
more than the properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured, angular, and elongated
particles require more water to produce workable concrete than smooth, rounded compact
aggregate. Consequently, the cement content must also be increased to maintain the water-
cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated particles are avoided or are limited to about 15
% by weight of the total aggregate.

APPARATUS :
The metal gauge shall be of the pattern shown in Fig. 10.1, Balance, Gauging Trowel, Stop
Watch, etc.

PROCEDURE :
1. Sample - A quantity of aggregate shall be taken sufficient to provide the minimum
number of 200
Pieces of any fraction to be tested.
2. Sieving - The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method described
in Exp. 3(b) with the sieves specified in Table 3.18.
3. Separation of Flaky material- Each fraction shall be gauged in turn for
thickness on a metal gauge of the pattern shown in Fig. 11.1, or in bulk on
sieves having elongated slots. The width of the slot used in the gauge or
sieve shall be of the dimensions specified in co1 3 of Table 3.18 for the
appropriate size of material.
4. Weighing of Flaky Material - The total amount passing the gauge shall be
weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight of the test
sample.
5. The flakiness index is the total weight of the material passing the various
thickness gauges or sieves, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of
the sample gauged.
6. Sieving - The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the method
described in Exp. 3(b) with the sieves specified in Table 3.18.
7. Separation of Elongated Material- Each fraction shall be gauged
individually for length on a metal length gauge of the pattern shown in
Fig. 11.2. The gauge length used shall be that specified in co1 4 of Table
3.18 for the appropriate size of material.
8. Weighing of Elongated Material - The total amount retained by the length
gauge shall be weighed to an accuracy of at least 0.1 percent of the weight
of the test sample.
9. The elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on the
various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the
sample gauged
Size of Aggregate Thickness Weight
Thickness Gauge mm Retained on
Passing through IS Retained on IS
Sieves Sieves Thickness
Gauge
63 mm 50 mm 33.90
50 mm 40 mm 27.00
40 mm 25 mm 19.60
31 mm 25 mm 16.95 125
25 mm 20 mm 13.50 276
20 mm 16 mm 10.80 471
16 mm 12 mm 8.55 244
12.5 mm 10 mm 6.75 55
10 mm 6.3 mm 4.89 86
Total 1257

Total weight of course aggregate. 1257 g (flakiness Index)

Size of Aggregate Thickness Weight Retained on

Length Gauge mm
Passing Retained on Length Gauge
through IS Sieves
IS Sieves
63 mm 50 mm --
50 mm 40 mm 81.0
40 mm 25 mm 58.5
31 mm 25 mm --

25 mm 20 mm 40.5 4

20 mm 16 mm 32.4 196
 16 mm 12 mm 25.6 547

12.5 mm 10 mm 20.2 433

10 mm 6.3 mm 14.7 77

Total 1257
Total weight of course aggregate 1257g (elongation index)

CALCULATION;

Flakiness index of an aggregate =total of % of retained on thickness gauge /100

Elongation index of an aggregate =total of %of retained on length gauge /100

CONCLUSION:

The flakiness index of a given sample of fine aggregate is 45.71 %

The elongation index of a given sample of fine aggregate is 18.33 %

6. CRUSHING STRENGTH OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

Objective : This method of test covers the procedure for determining the
aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate.
Reference :
IS : 2386 ( Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970

Theory :
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance of
an aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. With
aggregate of ‗aggregate crushing value‘30or higher, the result may be anomalous,
and in such cases the ten percent fines value‘ should be determined instead.

Apparatus :
A 15-cm diameter open-ended steel cylinder, with plunger and base-plate, of the
general form and dimensions shown in Fig. ,A straight metal tamping rod, A balance
of capacity 3 kg, readable and accurate to one gram, IS Sieves of sizes 12.5, 10 and
2.36 mm, For measuring the sample, cylindrical metal measure of sufficient rigidity
to retain its form under rough usage and of the following internal dimensions:
Diameter 11.5 cm and Height 18.0 cm.
Procedure
:
1. The material for the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing a 12.5 mm
IS Sieve and retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve, and shall be thoroughly separated
on these sieves before testing.
2. The aggregate shall be tested in a surface-dry condition. If dried by heating, the
period of drying shall not exceed four hour ,the temperature shall be 100 to
110*c and the aggregate shall
be cooled to room temperature before testing.
3. The appropriate quantity may be found conveniently by filling the cylindrical measure
in three layers of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times with
the rounded end of the tamping rod and finally leveled off, using the tamping rod as a
straight-edge.
4. The weight of material comprising the test sample shall be determined (Weight A) and
the same weight of sample shall be taken for the repeat test.
5. The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in position, shall then be placed
between the platens of the testing machine and loaded at as uniform a rate as possible
so that the total load is reached in 10 minutes. The total load shall be 400 kN.
6. The load shall be released and the whole of the material removed from the cylinder
and sieved on a
2.36 mm IS Sieve for the standard test. The fraction passing the sieve shall be weighed
(Weight B).
Calculation :
The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test shall be
expressed as a percentage, the result being recorded to the first decimal place:
Aggregate Crushing Value 

A  642g=weight in g of saturated surface - dry sample,

B  3130g=weight in g of fraction passing through appropriate sieves
Conclusion /
Result
The aggregate crushing value of given sample of coarse aggregate is 21.51 %

The aggregate crushing value should not be more than 45 per cent for aggregate
used for concrete other than for wearing surfaces, and 30 per cent for concrete used for
wearing surfaces such a runways, roads and air field pavements.

7. AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

Objective : This method of test covers the procedure for determining the

aggregate impact value of coarse aggregate.

Reference : IS : 2386 ( Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970

Theory : 3
The aggregate impact value ‘gives a relative measure of the resistance of an
aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its
resistance to a slow compressive load.
 Apparatus
An impact testing machine of the general form shown in Fig. 2 and complying
with the following:
1. A cylindrical steel cup of internal dimensions: Diameter 102 mm, Depth 50
mm and not less than 6.3 mm thick
2. A metal hammer weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg, the lower end of which shall be
cylindrical in shape,
100.0 mm in diameter and 5 cm long, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge,
and case-hardened. The hammer shall slide freely between vertical guides so
arranged that the lower (cylindrical) part of the hammer is above and
concentric with the cup.
3. Means for raising the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between the vertical
guides from a height of 380.0 mm on to the test sample in the cup, and means
for adjusting the height of fall within 5 mm.
Sieves-The IS Sieves of sizes 12.5, 10 and 2.36 mm, Tamping Rod, balance of
capacity not less than 500 g, Oven etc.

Procedure :
1. The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5
mm IS Sieve and is retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve. The aggregate comprising
the test sample shall be dried in an oven for a period of four hours at a
temperature of 100 to 110°C and cooled.
2. The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped
with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod .the weight of aggregate
is the measure
measure shall be determined to the nearest gram (Weight A)
3. The impact machine shall rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate, block
 or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.
4. The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of
the test sample placed in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the
tamping rod.
5. The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of
the aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate. The test sample
shall be subjected to a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not
less than one second.
6. The crushed ‘aggregate shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved
on the 2.36 mm IS Sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. The
fraction passing the sieve shall be weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (Weight. B).
7. The fraction retained on the sieve shall also be weighed (Weight C) and, if the total
weight (C+B) is less than the initial weight (Weight A) by more than one gram, the
result shall be discarded and a fresh test made .Two tests shall be made

Calculation :
The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test
shall he expressed as a percentage, the result being recorded to the first decimal
place:
Aggregate Impact Value 55/350*100=15.71%
A g= weight in g of saturated surface - dry sample,
B  350g=weight in g of fraction passing through 2.36 mm IS Sieve

:
 Conclusion /
Result

The aggregate Impact value of given sample of coarse aggregate is 15.71%

The aggregate impact value should not be more than 45 per cent for aggregate
used for concrete other than for wearing surfaces, and 30 per cent for concrete used
for wearing surfaces such a runways, roads and air field pavements.

8. ABRASION TEST
Objective : This method of test methods of determining the abrasion value
of coarse aggregate By the use of Los Angeles machine.

Reference : IS : 2386 ( Part IV) – 1963, IS: 383-1970

Abrasive Charge-The abrasive charge shall consist of cast

Theory :
iron spheres or steel spheres approximately 48 mm in.
 diameter and each weight between 390 and 445 g.

The test sample consist of clean aggregate which has been dried in an oven at 105°C to 110°C
and it should conform to one of the gradings

Apparatus :
Los Angeles machine - The Los Angeles abrasion testing machine shall
consist of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both ends, having an inside
diameter of 700 mm and an inside length of 500 mm. The cylinder shall
 be mountain on stub shaft attached to the ends of the
but not entering it, and shall be mounted in such, a manner that it
may be rotated about its
axis in a horizontal position. An opening in the c y l i n d e r s h a l l
be provided

For the introduction of the test sample. A removable steel shelf,

projecting radially 88 mm into
the cylinder and extending its full length, shall be mounted along
one element of the interior
Surface of the cylinder. The shelf shall be of such thickness and
so mounted, by bolts or other
Approved means, as to be firm and rigid. The 1.70 mm IS Sieve.
Procedure :
1. The test sample shall consist of clean aggregate which has been dried in an
oven at 105 to 110°C to substantially constant weight and shall conform to one
of the grading shown in Table 3.22. The grading or grading used shall be those
most nearly representing the aggregate furnished for the work.
2. The test sample and the abrasive charge shall be placed in the Los Angeles
abrasion testing machine and the machine rotated at a speed of 20 to 33
rev/min. For gradings A, B, C and D, the machine shall be rotated for 500
revolutions; for gradings E, F and G, it shall be rotated for 1 000 revolutions.
3. The machine shall be so driven and so counter-balanced as to maintain a
substantially uniform peripheral speed. If an angle is used as the shelf, the
machine shall be rotated in such a direction that the charge is caught on the
outside surface of the angle.
4. At the completion of the test, the material shall be discharged from the
machine and a preliminary separation of the sample made on a sieve coarser
than the l.70 mm IS Sieve.
5. The material coarser than the 1.70 mm IS Sieve shall be washed dried in an oven
at 105 to 110°C to a
Substantially constant weight, and accurately weighed to the nearest gram.
Calculation :
The difference between the original weight and the final weight of the test sample is
expressed as a
Percentage of the original weight of the test sample. This value is reported as the
percentage of wear.
Aggregate Abrasion Value 88/5000*100=1.76%
A g weight in g of saturated surface - dry sample,
B  5000g=weight in g of fraction passing through 1.70 mm IS Sieves
 MIX DESIGN
STEP-1

DESIGN STIPULATION:

 Characteristic compressive strength

Required at 28 days 25 N/mm2
 Maximum size of aggregate 20mm (angular).
 Degree of workability 0.90 compacting factor
 Degree of quality control Good
 Type of exposure Mild.

STEP-2

TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS:

 Cement used PPC
 Specific gravity of cement 3.15
 Specific gravity :
 Coarse aggregate 2.76
 Fine aggregate 2.70
 Water absorption:
 coarse aggregate 0.28%
 fine aggregate 1.00%
 Free (surface) mixture:
 coarse aggregate Nil
 fine aggregate 2%
 Silver analysis result:
 coarse aggregate-
 Percentage Cumulative
Weigh of Weight Percentage Cumulative
Retained on Retained of Percentage finer
I S Sieve Sieve (gms) (%) Retain (%)
40 mm 0 0 0 100
20 mm 65 3.25 3.25 96.75
12.5 mm 979 48.95 52.20 47.80
10 mm 630 31.50 83.70 16.30
4.75 mm 317 15.85 99.55 0.45
2.36 mm 9 0.45 100 100

 fine aggregate

Weigh Percentage of Cumulative Cumulative %

I S Sieve Retained on Weight Percentage of finer
Sieve (gms) Retained Retain (%)
(%)
4.75 mm 4 0.40 0.4 99.6
2.36 mm 10 1.00 1.4 98.6
1.18 mm 21 2.1 3.5 96.5
600 micron 94 9.4 12.9 87.1
300 micron 517 51.7 64.6 35.4
150 micron 270 27.0 91.6 8.4
Pan 84 8.4 100 0

STEP-3

Target strength of mix design = M25

Fck* = fck + (t * s)
Fck = 25
t = 1.65
s = 5.3
Fck*= 25 + (1.65 X 5.3) = 33.745 N/mm2

STEP-4

W/c ratio = 0.43 (Fig. 1 of IS 10262:1982)

STEP- 5 :

Selection of water & sand content :

From table no. 4 for 20 mm aggregate size

 Water content per m3 of concrete = 186 kg
 Sand as % of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35%

STEP 6:
For the change in various water-cement ratio, compacting factor and sand
belonging to Zone IV, the following adjustment is required.
Change in condition Adjustment required in
Water-cement % % sand in total aggregate
For decrease in w/c ratio
by (0.60-0.43) i.e. 0.17 -3.4%
For sand conforming to
grading IV -3%
Increase or decrease in
the value of compacting -3%
factor by 0.1
-3% -6.4%

Required sand as % of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35% - 6.4% = 28.6%

Required water content per m3 of concrete =186 -186*(3/10) = 180.42 kg

Determination of cement content:

W/C ratio = 0.43

Water = 180.42 kg
Cement = 180.42 /0.43 =419.58 kg/m3
This cement content is adequate for mild exposure conditions, according to
appendix A of IS 456:1978

Determination of fine and coarse aggregate content:

Vf = [W + C/Sc + 1/P X fa/Sfa] X 1/1000
Vc = [W + C/ Sc + 1/(1-P) X Ca/S0a] X 1/1000
V = 0.98
W = 180.42 kg
Sc = 3.1
P = 0.286
Vf
0.98= [180.42 + 419.58/3.1 + 1/0.286* Fa/2.7] * 1/1000
=>0.98 = [315.768 + Fa/0.7722] x 1/1000
=> Fa = 513 kg/m3
Vc:
0.98= [180.42 + 419.58/3.1 + 1/ (1-0.286) * Ca/2.76] x 1/1000
=>0.98 = [315.768 + Ca/1.97064] x 1/1000
=>Ca = 1308.96 = 1309 kg/m3

The mix proportion become

Water= 181 kg
Cement =420 kg
Fine aggregate =513 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1309 kg/m3

MIX PROPERTION

1: 1.22: 3.12

W/C ratio = 0.43 ≈ 0.45

C. CEMENT TESTS:

1. FINENESS OF CEMENT

Scope: This test method covers determination of the finesses of cement by

Means of 90μm sieves.
Apparatus:-
1. Sieve:-90μm sieves.
2. Balance and weights.
3. A pan and a cover for the sieve.
Procedure:

1. Place 100-gm sample of the cement on the clean, dry sieve

With the pan attached.
2. While holding the sieve and uncovered pan in both hands, sieve with a gentle
wrist
Motion until most of the fine material has passed through and the residue looks
Fairly clean.13 or 4 minutes.
3. Place the cover on the sieve and remove the pan.
4. With the sieve and cover held firmly in one hand, gently tap the side of the sieve
With the handle of the brush used for cleaning the sieve.
5. Empty the pan and wipe it out with a cloth, replace the sieve in the pan and
Carefully remove the cover.
6. Continue sieving without the cover for 5 to 10 min. Or until not more than
(0.05gm) of the material passes through in 1 minutes of continuous sieving.
7. Carefully open the set and transfer the residue on the sieve to a white clean
paper,
And record the weight.
8. Calculate the percentage residue as:
% residue = wt. of residue x 100
9. Specifications requires that %retained
On 90μm sieve not more than 10%.

Observation & calculation:

Amount of residue retain on sieve = 6.5 gm
% residue = 6.5/100x 100= 6.5%
2. NORMAL CONCISTANCY

Scope: This test method cover the determination of the normal consistency of
cement. That is by determining the amount of water required to prepare
cement pastes for Initial and final time of setting test.

Apparatus:

1. Weight and weighing devices.

2. Glass graduates (200 or 250) ml capacity.
3. Vicat apparatus with the plunger end, 10 mm in diameter.
4. Electrical mixer, trowel and containers.
5. Mixing glass plate 30cm x 30cm.

Procedure:

1- Place the dry paddle and the dry bowl in the mixing position in the
Mixer.
2- Place all the mixing water in the bowl.
3- Add the cement to the water and allow 30 s for a absorption of the water.
4- Start the mixer at low speed for 30 s
5- Stop for (15 s) and make sure no materials have collected on the sides of the
Bowel.
6- Start mixing at medium speed for (1 min).
7- Quickly form the cement paste into the approximate shape of a ball with
Gloved hands
8- Putting hand at (15cm) distance, throw the cement paste ball from hand to
Hand six times.
9- Press the ball into the larger end of the conical ring, completely fill the ring
With paste.
10- Remove the excess at the larger end by a single movement of the palm of the
Hand. Place the ring on its larger end on the base of the plate of Vicat
Apparatus.
11- Slice off the excess paste at the smaller end at the top of the ring by a single
Sharp- ended trowel and smooth the top. (Take care not to compress the paste).
12- Center the paste under the plunger end which shall be brought in contact with
The surface of the paste, and tighten the set-screw.
13- Set the movable indicator to the upper zero mark of the scale or take an initial
Reading, and release the rod immediately. This must not exceed 30 seconds
After completion of mixing.
14- The paste shall be of normal consistency when the rod settles to a point
10±1mm below the original surface in 30 seconds after being released.
15- . Make trial paste with varying percentages of water until the normal
Consistency is obtained. Make each trial with fresh cement.

Result:

Normal consistency for plain concrete = 36%

3. INITIAL TIME OF SETTING OF CEMENT:

Scope: This test covers determination of the time of Setting of cement by means of
The Vicat needle.

Apparatus:

1. Vicat Apparatus with the needle end, 1mm in diameter.

2. Weights and weighing Device.
3. Glass Graduates (200 or 250) ml capacity.
4. A trowel and containers.

Procedure:

1. Weigh (400) gm cement.

2. Prepare amount of water as to that calculated in normal consistency test.
3. Prepare a cement paste following same steps mentioned in the previous test (test
No. 9). Place in Vicat conical ring like test No. 9. Don't forget to record the
Time since the cement is added to the water.
4. Allow the time of setting specimen to remain in the moist cabinet for 30 minutes
After molding without being disturbed. Determine the Penetration of the 1mm
Needle at this time and every (15) minutes until a penetration of 25mm or less is
Obtained
5. To read the penetration, lower the needle of Vicat Apparatus until it touches the
Surface of the cement paste. Tighten the screw and take an initial reading. Release
The set screw and allow the needle to settle for 30 seconds, and then take the
Reading to determine the penetration.
6. Note that no penetration shall be made closer than (6mm) from any previous
Penetration and no penetration shall be made closer than (9.5mm) from the inside
Of the mold. Record the results of all penetration, then by drawing a curve
Determine the time when a penetration of 25 mm is obtained. This is the initial
Setting time

Result:
INITIAL SETTING TIME
PLAIN CEMENT 30 min
ADMIXTURE OF 0.5% 2 hr 22min
ADMIXTURE OF 1.0% 2 hr 42 min
ADMIXTURE OF 1.5% 3 hr 10 min

CONCRETE TEST

A.WORKABILITY

1. COMPACTING FACTOR TEST

Scope
 This test describes the method for determining the compacting factor of
concrete of low, medium and high workability. The method applies to plain and
air-entrained concrete, made with lightweight, normal weight or heavy aggregates
having a nominal maximum size of 40 mm or less but not to aerated concrete or
no-fines concrete. The method is suitable for concretes having compacting factor
in the range 0.7 to 0.98.

Apparatus:

1-The compacting factor apparatus, which consists of a holder fixing two conical
Hoppers and a cylinder at the base.
2- Tools and containers for carrying and mixing the materials.
3- Balance.

Procedure:

1- Prepare a concrete mix following steps mentioned in test (No3).Use 8 kg of

cement to cast 2 cubes and 2 cylinders.
2- Damp the two, hoppers and record the empty weight of the cylinder.
3- First, close the bases of the two hoppers.
4- Fill the upper hopper with the freshly mixed concrete (fill freely without
compacting), then open the base of this upper hopper to allow concrete to fall
under the effect of its weight to the lower hopper. This hopper is smaller than the
Upper one, thus it will be filled to overflowing.
5- Then open the base of the second hopper to allow concrete (also only under the
Effect of its weight) to fall into the cylinder. Excess concrete is cut by
Two floats slide across the top of the mold.
6- Certain mixes have a tendency to stick in one or both of the hoppers. If this
occurs,
Help the concrete through by pushing the tamping rod gently into the concrete
from
The top until the lower end emerges from the bottom of the hopper. If this does not
Dislodge the concrete, raise the rod and repeat the process until the concrete falls
Through the hopper. Count the number of times the concrete is rodded as this
Provides a guide to the cohesiveness of the concrete.
7- Level the surface of the cylinder and clean the sides of the cylinder.
Within 150 s of placing, weigh the cylinder with concrete inside. Record the
Weight.
8- The difference between the weight of the concrete with the cylinder and empty
Cylinder will be the weight of partially compacted concrete [W1].
9- Now empty the cylinder, clean it and cover the inside surface by a thin layer of
Mineral oil.
10- Fill the cylinder with concrete in six layers (BS) rodding each layer by (25)
Strokes equally distributed on the surface. Level the surface and clean sides.
11- Weigh the cylinder with its contents and record.
12- The difference between the weights of the compacted concrete with the
cylinder
And the empty cylinder will be the weight of completely compacted concrete
[W2].

Calculations:

The compacting factor (C.F) = 17.930/19.430*100= 0.92

W1= 17.930kg =the weight of partially compacted concrete
W2= 19.430 kg =the weight of completely compacted concrete

The compaction factor using 0.5% Admixture = 18.423/19.675*100 = 0.94

B. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

1. CUBE TEST:

Scope:

The test method covers determination of compressive strength of cubic

concrete Specimens. It consists of applying a compressive axial load to molded
cubes at a rate which is within a prescribed range until failure occurs. The
compressive strength is calculated by dividing the maximum load attained during
the test by the cross sectional area of the specimen.
Apparatus:

1- Weights and weighing device.

2- Tools and containers for mixing.
3- Tamper (square in cross section)
4- Testing machine.
5- Three cubes (150 mm side)

Procedure:

1- Prepare a concrete mix as mentioned in (test No. 3) with the proportions

suggested Such as: 1: 2: 3 with w/c = 55% by mechanical mixer.
2- Prepare three testing cubes; make sure that they are clean and greased or oiled
Thinly.
3-Metal molds should be sealed to their base plates to prevent loss of water.
4-Fill the cubes in three layers, tamping each layer with (35) strokes using a
tamper, square in cross-section with 2.54 cm side and 38.1 cm length, weighing
1.818 kg.
5- While filling the molds, occasionally stir and scrape together the concrete
Remaining in the mixer to keep the materials from separating.
6- Fill the molds completely, smooth off the tops evenly, and clean up any concrete
Outside the cubes.
7- Mark the specimens by a slip of paper on which is written the date and the
Specimen identification. Leave the specimens in the curing room for 24 hours.
8- After that open the molds and immerse the concrete cubes in a water basin for
7 days.
9- Before testing, ensure that all testing machine bearing surfaces are wiped clean.
10-Carefully center the cube on the lower platen and ensure that the load will be
Applied to two opposite cast faces of the cube.
11-Without shock, apply and increase the load continuously at a nominal rate
within the range of (0.2 N/mm2.s to 0.4 N/mm2.s) until no greater load can be
Sustained. On manually controlled machines, as failure is approached, the
Loading rate will decrease, at this stage operate the controls to maintain, as far as
Possible, the specified loading rate. Record the maximum load applied to each
Cube.
Calculations

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the cube face from the checked nominal
Dimensions. Calculate the compressive strength of each cube by dividing the
Maximum load by the cross-sectional area.
Calculate the average for the three cubes.

Observation table:
COMORESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28
DAYS
PLAIN CONCRETE 32.75N/mm2
USING 0.5% ADMIXTURE 33.45 N/mm2
USING 1.0% ADMIXTURE 33.90 N/mm2
USING 1.5% ADMIXTURE 33.56 N/mm2
USING 2.0% ADMIXTURE 33.49 N/mm2
USING 3.0% ADMIXTURE 33.20 N/mm2

2. CYLINDER TEST:

Scope:
The test method covers the determination of compressive strength of cylindrical
concrete specimens, such as molded cylinders and drilled cores. It is limited to
concrete having a unit weight > 800 kg/m3

Apparatus:
1- Weights and weighing device.
2- Tools and containers and pans for mixing, or mixer.
3- A tamper (circular in cross-section) (16 mm in diameter and
600 mm in length).
4- Testing machine.
5- Three cylinders (150mm in diameter and 300mm in height).

Procedure:

1- Follow the same steps as in. (test No. 3) in order to prepare a fresh concrete mix.
2- The cylinder also must be clean, lightly oiled, well fixed with the base.
3- Filling the specimens will be also in three layers, roding each layer by (25)
strokes using the circular section rod.
4- All other steps are the same as in test No. 6.
5-The test specimens must be tested in the moist condition with a rate of loading
(0.14-0.34) MPa.

Observation & Result:

Observation table:

COMORESSIVE STRENGTH AT 28
DAYS
PLAIN CONCRETE 32.49 N/mm2
USING 0.5% ADMIXTURE 33.18 N/mm2
USING 1.0% ADMIXTURE 33.63 N/mm2
USING 1.5% ADMIXTURE 33.29 N/mm2
USING 2.0% ADMIXTURE 33.22 N/mm2
USING 3.0% ADMIXTURE 32.94 N/mm2

C. WATER REDUCING PROPERTIES:

Observation table:
% WATER REDUCED
PLAIN CONCRETE 0%
USING 0.5% ADMIXTURE 0.25%
USING 1.0% ADMIXTURE 3.33%
USING 1.5% ADMIXTURE 6.00%
 CONCLUSION

From the results of the various tests performed, the following

conclusions can be drawn:
1. Admixtures generally improve the workability of cement concrete.
The greatest effect was caused by plasticizer which improves the flow
properties of the mix by dispersing the cement particles and breaking
up cement agglomerate.
2. The incorporation of admixtures in cement concrete generally not
increases its compressive strength at all ages irrespective of the type
used.
3. The use of this admixture helps to retard the setting time by
varying the proportion.
4. It helps to improve the self-compacting property of concrete
5. It also helps to reduce the amount of water required for normal
consistency of cement mortar.
REFERENCE

1. CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY ; BY M.L. GAMBHIR

2. CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY ; BY M.S. SHETTY
3. BUILDING MATERIAL ; BY S.K. DUGGAL
4. BUILDING MATERIAL; BY RANGAWALA
5. JOURNALS PUBLISHED BY IITS
6. INTERNET