VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAVI

Project Seminar
on
Assessing water quality impact on the durability of cement mortar.
Presented By,
Mr. Gokul.S USN: 1AR21CV401

Mr. Ganesh USN: 1AR21CV400

Mr. Vishal USN: 1AR21CV405

Research Guide
Mrs . VIDYA.B.R
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

AMRUTA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

BIDADI.
 1 • Introduction

•
2 • Objectives

Content 3 • Literature
Review

4 • Methodology

5 • References
 INTRODUCTION
• Concrete is the most widely used man-made building material on the planet.

• Concrete has a significant environmental impact due to its high water consumption.

• The concrete industry is consuming one billion tons of mixing water annually.

• Water fit for drinking is suitable for mixing concrete, but this is not always true. Water
with small amounts of sugar is safe for drinking but unsuitable for mixing concrete.

• Water is essential for the hydration of cementing compounds during curing, leading to
the setting and hardening of concrete.
• IS 456 Code for the use of potable water in a concrete mix, potable water is becoming
scarce due to a sudden increase in urbanization and population.
• The literature study focused on Alternative sources of water for concrete mixing can
include
- Partially treated, and fully treated water,
- Industrial wastewater, and domestic wastewater,
- Saltwater, and River water.
• Wastewater parameters impact rheological properties, strength, and durability.

• This study, Eliminates the cost of treatment wastewater and focused to produce concrete
that uses the harvested rainwater, stormwater, and Conventional water.
 Objectives
The following are the main objectives of the study

• Analysis of Harvested Rainwater (HRW), Stormwater (SW), Borewell Water (BW), Potable
Water (PW), and Sea water to compare the tolerable limits with the available standards.

• To investigate the effect of Harvested Rainwater (HRW), Stormwater (SW), Borewell Water
(BW), Potable Water (PW) and Sea water quality on the properties of cement mortar.

• To investigate the durability and mineralogical composition of mixing water in cement concrete
and assess the suitability of water qualities and their effects on the strength of concrete.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Properties of water in setting time of concrete
• High concentrations of lead in water, which is unable to react with calcium oxide in
cement may increase the setting time. Paul Awoyera [91]
• Magnesium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, Inorganic Solids, and Phosphorous in mixing
water have been found to increase the setting time. Asadollahfardi Al-Ghusain et al [26].
• The presence of potassium, sodium carbonates, and bicarbonates in concrete mixed
water can alter the setting time. Paul Awoyera [91]
• Higher alkalinity in the concrete mix water leads to more accelerated setting times.
This faster setting time is attributed to the formation of gyrolite. (C3S) & (C2S) Al-Ghusain et al [26].
• The presence of sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid has been found to decrease the
initial and final setting time. Al-Ghusain et al [26].
 Properties of water in workability of concrete

• The slump of concrete increases by increasing the electrical conductivity of water.

Ismail and Hashmi [53].

• Solid content influence on workability.

• The type of mixing water did not affect the slump, water content was affected by the
slump .A.M. Nevillee [62].

• Using greywater, and resin waste to mix concrete can lead to a decrease in the slump.
Ismail and Hashmi [53].

• Ammonium salts cause bleeding action. A.M. Nevillee [62]

 Properties of water in mechanical properties of concrete

• Organic matter may negatively influence the strength gain of concrete due to a low pH.

• The presence of high amounts of organic matter and salts decreases early-age strength
and tensile strength. Babar Ali’s[92]
• Total solid content is present in making concrete, which might fill the voids and cause
an improvement in the strength of concrete. Xianhua Yao [90].
• The presence of sodium chloride could also contribute positively to concrete. The early-
age strength of concrete is positively affected by the chloride activator.
 LITERAURE SURVEY
Type of wastewater and
Authors conventional water used to
produce concrete
Performance of Concrete
1. Babar Ali, 2021
Containing Non Potable
[87]
Water
2. Meena and Secondary (ST) and tertiary
Luhar2019[45] (TT) treated wastewater
Four treatment plant treated
3. G.Reddy babu,
wastewater
2017, [20]
Fresh, Mechanical
wastewater quality
properties and Remarks
Parameters analysed
Durability analyzed
pH, Electrical resistivity
Workability, CS, TS, FS, positive and negative
(μs/cm), TDS, Tot.
Water Absorption,IST effects of non-potable
Alkalinity, HCO3,
&FST, Chloride ion water on the fresh- and
Carbonates, Hydroxide,
Penetration, Density, hardened-state properties
Tot. Hardness, Ca + Mg +
UPV of concrete.
Na + K, Iron,
BOD5,Hardness as
Workability, CS, Cloride
CaCO3,Chlorides, 15% reduction in 28 day
migration test, FS,
Turbidity (NTU), pH, compressive strength.
Corbonation test
Conductivity (μs/cm)
pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, Water treatment plants
SS, Organic Solids, outlet waters may be
Inorganic Solids, recommended to use in
Workability, IST &FST,
Chlorides, Sulphates. cement mortar.
CS, FS, XRD
 CS,SEM,EDX test,Rapid pH,Turbidity,Sulphates,N
freezing and thawing itrates,Nitrites,Chlorides,
4. Al-jabri and Total
Treated domestic wastewater test,TS,Surface No significant effect on
TahaAsadollahfardi, solids,TSD,BOD5,TDS,C strength
before chlorination Resistivity,Water
etollahfar, 2016[51] OD
Absorption,IST
&FST,Workability

Raw (RGW) and treated grey TSD,TDS,COD,BOD5,C No significantly

5. Ghrair,2016 et al. hlorides,Sulphates,pH,E.
(TGW) water from grey water IST &FST,CS,SIM reduction in compressive
[6] Coli (MPN/100 ml) ,NH3
treatment plant strength

pH,Total solids, Total wash water might be

Hardness,Total practicable to use in the
6. Gholamreza alkalinity,Sulphates,Chlor production of fresh
Wash water from ready mix ides,Ca + , Mg +, Na+, concrete.
Asadollahfardi, CS, FS
concrete plant K+ ,Nitrate, Ferrous,
2015[88]
BOD5,COD

pH,Total
alkalinity,Sulphates,Cl,S No significantly
7. Devendra Swami,
Treated Domestic Effluent IST &FST,CS, Porosity S,TS,OS,IS,Total reduction in compressive
2015[24]
Acidity,Lead,Zinc,Manga strength
nese
METHODOLOG
Y
M
E A sampling of Hrw , Sw , Pw , Bw
T Borewell water
Harvested rain water Storm water Portable water
H
Analysis of water sample
O
D Selection of raw materials

O Mix design
L Setting time Workability
O
Preparation of moulds
G
Y Curing of specimen

Mechanical properties Durability and mineralogical study

Compression RCPT XEM Chloride and

test test test sulphate attack

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

 MATERIALS
Cement
• Ordinary Portland cement of 53 Grade, as per IS 12269: 2013,
was used to bind the aggregates together and form a solid mass
in the concrete.
Fine Aggregate
• In the present work, locally available M Sand, as per IS 383:
2016, was used as fine aggregate in the concrete mix. Provide
volume and strength to the concrete mix.
Coarse Aggregate
• Coarse Aggregate (CA):- Locally available coarse aggregate IS
383: 2016 having a maximum size of 20mm is used in the
present work.
Harvested Rain Water Sampling Station
 Sampling Programme of harvested rainwater

• Identify sampling point in the AIEMS campus Bidadi, Ramanagara. Collect the
harvested rainwater during the monsoon season from June to October 2023.

• Rainwater from the roof is diverted to a tank using a PVC gutter pipe and collected in
200 L capacity polyethylene cans.

• Analyzed as per standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater of the
American Public Health (APHA) and American Water Work Association and Water
Environment Federation (WEF) pollution 2012.
 Sampling Programme of Stormwater, Bore well water,
Potable water, Sea water

• Identify sampling point in the AIEMS campus Bidadi, Ramanagara. Collect the storm
water, Bore well water, Potable water, Sea water during the monsoon season from June
to October 2023.

• Analyzed as per standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater of the
American Public Health (APHA) and American Water Work Association and Water
Environment Federation (WEF) pollution 2012.
 M-30 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009
A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning

1 Grade Designation M30

2 Type of Cement OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987

3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm

4 310 kg/m3
Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A)

5 0.45
Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A)

6 Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 50-75 mm (Slump)

7 Exposure Condition Normal

8 Degree of Supervision Good

9 Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate

10 540 kg/m3
Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2)
A-2 Test Data for Materials

1 Cement Used PENNA OPC 43 grade

2 Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15

3 Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00

4 Chemical Admixture Nill

5 Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate 2.884

6 Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate 2.878

7 Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605

8 Water Absorption of 20 mm Aggregate 0.97%

9 Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate 0.83%

10 Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%

11 nil
Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate

12 nil
Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate

13 Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand nil

14 Separate Analysis Done

Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates

15 Separate Analysis Done

Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates

15 2.882
Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates

16 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

1 42N/mm2
Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700- 5)

2 Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 30N/mm2

A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio

1 0.45
Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A)

2 Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.42

A-5 Selection of Water Content

1 Maximum Water content (10262-table-2) 186 Lit.

2 160 Lit.
Estimated Water content for 50-75 mm Slump

3 Superplasticiser used Nill

A-6 Calculation of Cement Content

1 Water Cement Ratio 0.42

2 Cement Content (160/0.42) 380 kg/m3

Which is greater then 310 kg/m3

A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

1 Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262 62.00%

2 Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 62.00%

38.00%
Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1- 0.62)
A-8 Mix Calculations

1 Volume of Concrete in m3 1.00

2 Volume of Cement in m3 0.12

(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement)x1000

3 Volume of Water in m3 0.160

(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000

4 Volume of Admixture @ 0.5% in m3 Nill

(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000

5 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.718

Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)

6 Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.445

Sr. no. 5 x 0.62

7 Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.273

Sr. no. 5 x 0.38

A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)

1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3 380

2 Mass of Water in kg/m3 160

3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 711

4 Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1283

Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 924

Mass of 10 mm in kg/m3 359

5 Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 0.00

6 Water Cement Ratio 0.42

• Rapid Chloride PermeabilityTesting
• The RCPT is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that passes through a
sample 50 mm thick by 100 mm in diameter in 6 hours (see schematic). This sample is typically
cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. A voltage of 60V DC is maintained across the ends of the
sample throughout the test. One lead is immersed in a 3.0% salt (NaCl) solution and the other in
a 0.3 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
• The current that passes through the sample during the test indicates the movement of all ions in
the pore solution (that is, the sample’s electrical conductivity), not just chloride ions. Therefore,
supplementary cementitious materials (such as fly ash, silica fume, or ground granulated blast-
furnace slag) the RCPT for chloride permeability testing on numerous diverse projects. The
following list shows the applications of the RCPT and provides some examples of projects.
• This test method was previously used to provide documentation and assurance that a given
concrete mixture will meet a specified coulomb level and, thus, provide the intended durability
with respect to chloride-induced corrosion. However, because the RCPT does not actually
measure chloride ingress its use has been curtailed with the development of ASTM C1556,
Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of
Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion, which yields a parameter that can be used in software
programs such as the industry-developed Life-365TM Service Life Prediction Model for
reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides in service.
• Where should I be concerned about Chloride Ion Penetration?
• Chloride ion ingress is a concern in areas where deicing salts are used to melt snow and ice, in marine
environments where concrete structures are subjected directly to seawater or airborne chlorides, or
where reinforced concrete elements are exposed to brackish water. Parking garages, bridges, marine
structures and other concrete structures with proximity to the marine environment, and concrete piles
and footings in brackish water typically require some form of corrosion protection to meet the intended
design service life. Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures and/or supplementary cementitious materials, in
combination with a low water-cementitious materials ratio, are effective corrosion protection measures
RATING OF CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF WATER
CHLORIDE CHARGE PASSING TYPE OF WATER NO OF DAYS CURING
PERMEABILITY COLLUMBS

VERY LOW 1200<4000 POTABLE WATER 90

MODERATE 1400<4000 BORWELL WATER 90

LOW HARWESTTED RAIN 90

WATER

MODRATE STORM WTER 90

MODRATE SEA WATER 90

Sulphate & chloride attack
 SULFURIC ACCID ATTACK TEST
• The acid resistance was carried out on 100mm size specimen at the age 28 day curing
• The cube specimen were weighed and immersed in water diluted with 1% of weight sulfuric acid for 28 days,
• The specimen is taken out from acid and surface of the cube were cleaned
• The cubes are tested in compressive testing machine
• W1- (weight of specimen after 28days of water curing
• W2- (weight of the specimen after 28 days of sulfuric acid curing
• % lose of weight = w2-w1/w1*100

HYDROCHLORIC ACID ATTACK TEST

• The acid resistance was carried out on 100mm size specimen at the age 28 day curing
• The cube specimen were weighed and immersed in water diluted with 1% of weight of hydrochloric
• acid for 28 days,
• The specimen is taken out from acid and surface of the cube were cleaned
• The cubes are tested in compressive testing machine
• W1- (weight of specimen after 28days of water curing
• W2- (weight of the specimen after 28 days of hydrochloric acid curing
• % lose of weight = w2-w1/w1*100
 MIX PROPORTION
MIX ID BINDER FINE AGG

CEMENT SAND

% %

MC1 100 100

MC2 90 80

MC3 80 80

MC4 90 60

MC5 80 60
 SULFURIC AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID ATTACK RESULTS:
MIX ID SULFURIC ACID ATTACK HYDROCHLORIC ACID ATTACK

%Loss in Normal Strength (28 %Loss in Normal Strength (28

weight strength days) weight strength days)
n/mm^2 n/mm^2

MC1 0.525 38.51 37.82 0.734 38.51 36.25

MC2 0.393 30.81 34.22 0.590 30.81 31.50

MC3 0.505 40.21 38.01 0.625 40.21 39.10

MC4 0.550 47.88 48.80 0.741 47.88 44.32

MC5 0.680 54.78 50.62 0.808 54.78 52.62

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