Academy Of Technology

Department - ECE Semester - 1st

Paper Name - Paper Code -BS- CH101

CHEMISTRY-I

Power Point Presentation On HARDNESS OF WATER

Presented by

Name - Jitu Ghosh University Roll No. -64

Understanding Water
Hardness
Water hardness is a crucial aspect of water quality, impacting everything from
household chores to industrial processes. Let's explore the definition, impact,
and methods of addressing water hardness.

by JITU GHOSH
Definition of Hardness
1 What is it?
Water hardness measures the mineral
concentration, affecting soap lathering
and causing issues in various
applications.
2 Impact
Understand how minerals in water
influence daily activities and industrial
processes.
Acid and Basic Radicals Responsible
1 Acid Radicals
Carbonates, bicarbonates, and sulfates contribute to the acidity of water, causing
temporary hardness.

2 Basic Radicals
Calcium and magnesium ions are responsible for permanent water hardness,
affecting various applications.
Unit of Hardness
Common Unit Quantifying Minerals
Water hardness is typically measured in Explore how this unit quantifies the
parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per concentration of mineral ions in water.
liter (mg/L).
Types of Hardness
Temporary Hardness Permanent Hardness

Caused by bicarbonate ions and can be removed by Caused by sulfate and chloride ions, requiring
boiling, affecting daily water usage. different removal methods for overall water
improvement.
Demerits of Hardness
Scaling
1 Mineral deposits in pipes and appliances reduce efficiency and increase energy
consumption.

Soap Scum
2 Reduced soap lathering affects cleaning quality and personal care.
Different Methods of Removal of
Hardness
1 Boiling
Effective for temporary hardness, as it
causes the precipitation of calcium
carbonate, improving water quality.
2 Chemical Treatment
Lime or soda ash can be added to
precipitate minerals, enhancing water
purity.

3 Ion Exchange
Replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions to soften water, enhancing its
usability.
Conclusion
Water hardness is crucial for maintaining plumbing systems, improving water quality, and enhancing the
effectiveness of cleaning agents.*

Addressing water hardness is crucial for maintaining plumbing systems, improving water quality, and the
effectiveness of cleaning agents.
REFERENCES
1. Dynamic Programming, by E. V. Denardo, Dover Publications, 2003.

2. “The construction of optimal binary search trees using dynamic programming is described in The Art of
Programming: Sorting and Searching”, Vol.3, by D. E. Knuth, Second Edition, Addison Wesley, 1998.
Thank You