SEMESTER 2, ACADEMIC SESSION 2020/2021

EAP 215: WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT 2

TITLE: DESIGN ASSIGNMENT

LECTURER: DR. MOHAMAD FARED BIN MURSHED

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

MUHAMMAD IDHAM BIN ZAINAL AZLIN 147148

NUR ATIQAH SYAFIRA BINTI NAZARI 148650

NUR LIYANA BINTI ZAMRI 147060

RAFIEQAH BINTI RAFIDI 149256

SARAH ULFA BINTI ZURULSHUBHI 146230

1. Define the location of water intake and the water quality of source of water (Please
sketch and discuss briefly in the report)

Location of Water Intake

By assuming the new Taman Berilmu residential area was built at Kulim, Kedah. The
location of water intake is from Sedim River which is the sub-basin of the Muda River that
borders the state of Penang and Kedah. From the image below, the stranded land that have
been highlight near the Sedim River has the potential as a place to build Taman Berilmu as it
has a total land area of approximately more than our predicted area for residential which is
53270.00 m2 (measured from Google Earth). The illustration below shows the overall, water
intake location and new residential area:

Location of New Residential Area via Terrain View

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Page | 3
Location of new residential area (Taman Ilmu), proposed water treatment plant and water source (Terrain View)

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 Water Quality of Source Water

Sedim River is a unique and interesting place for ecotourism in Malaysia as people
can held ecotourism and activity which is in the upstream area of the river. The sample was
taken at the upstream of the Sedim River and it is shown by the WQI of the river. The
analysis of the sample shows the WQI is depending on physical and chemical parameters.
From the table, the physical parameter that involved are pH and Total Supended Solid (TSS)
while for chemical parameters are Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3N), Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). This six
water quality parameter is required to calculate WQI and determine the status of the water
quality of Sedim River. From the table below, water quality index (WQI) of Sedim River is in
the range of 90 and above which is categorized as clean. Although not all the sample was in
class I, all the sample still can be classified as clean because water quality in class I and II are
suitable for any water-based recreational activity or residential supply. The average WQI for
the Sedim River is 92.3 and can be concluded that water from Sedim River is safe and
suitable to be used as a raw water supply, freshwater fisheries activity, suitable for drinking
after treatment, recreational purpose, and others.

SAMPLE/PARAMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6

NH3N (mg/l) 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.04

TSS (mg/l) 5 8 5 2 1 6

pH 6.94 7.02 7.11 1.52 16.00 9.58

BOD (mg/l) 0.60 1.22 1.52 0.80 0.40 1.04

COD (mg/l) 40 24 16 13 45 17

DO (mg/l) 9.64 9.32 9.58 8.02 8.05 9.16

WQI 90.5 92.6 94.2 95.1 90.9 90.5

CLASS II II I I II II

AVERAGE WQI AND

92.3 (CLASS II)
CLASS

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 Result of Water Quality Assesment for Sedim River
2. Determine the size and length of pipeline from the intake to the treatment plant.

Size and Length of Pipeline

For our piping system, we have chosen mild steel pipe as we assume the location is on
non-corrosive soil. The soil is non-corrosive as human activities is very low at that location.
Mild steel pipe is chosen due to its high mechanical strength, toughness and fatigue
resistance. Therefore, it is suitable for the pipe to be buried underground and can withstand
the load of soil and traffic loads. Mild steel pipes are flexible and easy to detect for leakages
which is an advantage in the future use. Next, there are a lot of types of intake structures. The
function of intake structure is to collect the water from the sources such as river, lake, and
reservoir and convey it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or
concrete structures provides clean water that free from pollution, sand and other floating
material. During discussing this project, we agreed to choose river intake structure as it is the
most suitable as it located inside the river and there will be some pipes that will be used to
convey the water from source to the treatment plant. Plus, having the source of water near to
the water treatment plant, the cost will be low as less pipe is needed for the system compared
to when the water treatment plant is at further distance. By constructing the water treatment
plant near the water source, it is convenient for testing of water source and maintenance
work. Considering the criteria of water intake selection, it is good if the intake structure to be
close with the water treatment plant. Therefore, the length of pipeline is assumed only to be
750 m and the pipe diameter will be 0.74m.

Hydraulic Requirement

The design of an external reticulation system and supply mains shall comply with the
following boundary conditions:

1) Convey peak flows in external reticulation networks (i.e. 2.5 times the average daily
demand flow) and supply mains (i.e. 1.2 times the average daily demand flow)
without incurring head losses greater than 2m/1000m for gravity flow.\
2) Convey a combination of average and fire flows without incurring head losses of
greater than 15 m/1000m within external reticulation networks.
3) Convey flows with a velocity of not less than 0.3 m/sec in order to reduce deposition
of sediments.
4) Maximum flow velocities not to exceed 2.0 m/sec. However, flow velocities along
pumping mains located within a pump station (header system) may exceed this value.

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The average daily demand in our project is Q = 52178.56 m3/day. Therefore,

Flow rate for the tank, Q    = 52178.56 m3/day × 1.2

= 62614.272 m3/day 
= 0.7247 m3/sec
*Assume velocity of the water at 1.7 m/sec,
Q = AV
π d2
0.7247 = (1.7)
4

d = 0.7367 m

Diameter of the pipe, D ≈ 0.74m

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3. Water treatment system required to be at the treatment plant.

4. Design every single water treatment tank equipped with appropriate

Water Treatment System

Water treatments include some process to improve the quality of water so that the
quality of water is good and can be use in human daily life such as water drinking, industrial
water supply, water recreation, river flow maintenance, irrigation and many other uses. Water
treatment use to remove the undesirable particles, contaminants and reduce the concentration
so that the water can be used for desired end-use. Water treatment process is important as it
could affect the health of human and economical use. There are four class of treatment;

Class Treatment Water source

A No treatment Spring water found in hilly areas and used individually

B Disinfection Spring water found in hilly areas and used by the public

Normal treatment River and impounded reservoir (upstream and

C
process downstream of the river)

Need to remove pollutants such as algae, colour, organic

D Special treatment and inorganic matters from river or lake water. Water for
special industrial use

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Chemical Treatment

Chemical treatment is used to increase or improve the water quality and it consists of
applying chemical reactions. It is including flocculants and coagulants, ion exchange,
disinfection and others chemical treatment. Flocculants and Coagulants are one of the
chemical treatments happen, these treatments are used for solids removal, lime softening,
solids dewatering, water clarification and sludge thickening.

Flocculants is a process to destabilize the particles together and cause them to collect
the mass together and drop out to solution while the Coagulants process is to neutralize the
negative electrical charge on particles which destabilizes the forces and keep the particles to
colloids apart. Inorganic coagulants, organic coagulants or combination of inorganic and
organic coagulants are usually used to treat water for suspended solids removal.

Next, disinfection in water treatment is one of important process too. The purpose of
disinfection in wastewater treatment is to reduce the microorganisms or other bacteria in
water to be discharged back into environment for the usage of drinking, irrigation, bathing,
and others. Disinfection effectiveness is depending on the quality of water being treated.

Physical Treatment

Physical treatments are used to improve and treat raw water, no chemical process
include. Screening, Fat and grease removal, equalization basin, sedimentation tank and others
treatment process. Screening is one of the earliest process for wastewater treatment system.
Wastewater screening is usually classify the coarse-screening or fine-screening. It also
removes large non-biodegrable and floating solids that enter the wastewater treatment system
such as plastics, tins, papers, and other solids. By removing all of these solids will protect the
downstream plant and avoid from any possible damage and pipe blockages.

Besides, sedimentation tank also important during physical treatment process. The
purpose of sedimentation is used to remove heavier sludge solids by means of settling and
separation from liquid phase. The advantages of using sedimentation tank are it help towards
significant reduction in BOD level and reduce the load feed into aeration pond.

Water Treatment Process

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 Water treatment, also called as sewage or domestic wastewater treatment is process to
removed pollutants from household sewage, industrial plants and others. It is also include
chemical, physical and biological process. Sewage can be treated in various ways include
pre-treatment, pH adjustment, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration,
chlorination and fluoridation.

I. Pre-treatment

Pre-treatment is the preliminary removal of sludge constituents such as oil, grease and
others solid. Some advantages of pre-treatment is retard accumulation of solids and minimize
subsequent blockages. It also help to reduce abrasion of mechanical parts and extend the life
of sanitation infrastructure. Frequent maintenance and removal of solids and grease which is
not pleasant are example of disadvantage of pre-treatment process

II. Screening

Wastewater screening are classified based on amount of material that is being

removed. There are different types of wastewater screens include coarse screen and fine
screen. The design elements that classify screening equipment are size (width, depth), screen
angle, discharge height, wind, approach velocity of the channel and etc.

Coarse screens Fine screens

Remove material that can cause maintenance

Remove large solids, rags and debris from
problems in downstream processes and systems that
wastewater
cause lack in primary treatment

Opening sizes are 1.5mm to 6mm. Very fine

Opening sizes of 6mm or larger
screens with opening 0.2mm to 1.5mm

III. Pre-chemical treatment

Pre chemical treatment is mainly used to destroy algae using copper sulphate. It is kill
bacteria using chlorine or chloroamine especially during the outbreak of chlorea and others
bacteria. Chloromine is a combination of chlorine and ammonia which is secondary

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disinfectant and have longer lasting disinfectant. The chemicals will be dosed as the raw
water enters the treatment plant. The pre-chemical treatment is divided into two mainly stage
which is Pre-chlorination and Copper sulphate treatment. Pre-chlorination treatment included
in contaminated raw water and control algae and other micro-organisms. The amount of dose
used is around 1 mg/L. Copper sulphate treatment is to control algae and aquatic plants.
Certain freshwater algae are toxic and can cause colouration, corrosion of concrete and steel
and toxic of freshwater. Dosage used in this treatment depends on temperature and alkalinity
which normally at 0.12 mg/L to 0.3 mg/L. 0.5 mg/L are safe range of dosage for most aquatic
fish.

IV. pH Adjustment

pH is a measure of degree of acidity and basicity of solution or the measurement of

hydrogen ion concentration. The scale range for this pH is from 0 to 14. pH < 7 is classified
as acidic solution, pH > 7 is basic solution and pH = 7 is neutral solution. Neutralization of
wastewater is highly acidic (low pH) or highly basic (high pH) required for discharge to
municipal sewer systems or to rivers and to streams. Allowable pH range for discharge is
usually from 6 to 9 but it can be 5 to 11 depends from the source of discharge. Wastewater
that have low pH generally neutralized using sodium hydroxide, lime, calcium hydroxide and
magnesium hydroxide while wastewater with high pH generally neutralized with sulfuric
acid, carbon dioxide or hydrochloric acid but during treatment most common chemical that
has been used is sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. One of the important reason to control
pH in wastewater is to protect wastewater infrastructure from corrosion because of acidic
wastewater. Second, most pre-treatment system need pH adjusted as initial step in treatment
process. For example, Coagulation and Flocculation process for removal of phosphates, oil

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and grease and other suspended solids. Lastly, to protect health of human and environment
such as fish and and other aquatic living organisms in river or streams.

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 V. Coagulation

Coagulation is a process of adding a coagulant to water to destabilize collodial

suspensions. The selection of the coagulant and the coagulant dose in coagulation practise is
based on the coagulant's features (including its price), concentration, water temperature, and
other raw water elements such as phosphorus and alkalinity.

COAGULATION TANK

Coagulation tank is a chemical water treatment process used to remove solids from
water by manipulating the electrostatic charges of particles suspended in water. Small, highly
charged molecules are produced in water to destabilize the charges on particles, colloids and
oily materials in suspension. Therefore, by choosing the right coagulant it will enhance the
overall system performance.

Situation after coagulant and flocculatnt

There are two types of rapid mixing which are mechanical and hydraulics. But in this design,
we use mechanical rapid mixing consist of propeller or paddle type mechanical mixers. The
typical design values for most mechanical rapid mix system for detention time is in range of
10 to 60s and G values from 600 to 100 s−1 .

DESIGN OF COAGULATION TANK

Total Water Demand = 52178.56 m3/day 

= 0.6039 m3/s 

Flow rate for the tank, Q = 0.6039 m3/s 

Detention Time = 80 s

*In this project, we assume detention time, t= 80 seconds 

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Volume of flash mixer, V = Qt 

                                          = (0.6039 m3/s) (80 s) 

                                          =   48.31 m3 

Design and dimension of Coagulation tank

*To get the dimensions of tank, assume length, width and height as x m,
Volume = Length (L) x width (W) x height (H)
= x × x × x = x3
x3 = 48.31 m3
x = 3.64 m

125
Height / depth of water, H = x 3.64
100
= 4.55 m
Therefore, dimension of tank = 3.64 m x 3.64 m x 4.55 m

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 Coagulation tank dimension

*Assume G = 700 s-1; t = 80 s; Temperature = 27℃ (Dynamic Viscosity, μ = 8.509 x 10-4

Pa.s)
Camp number = Gt
= (700 s-1) (8 s)
= 5600

Using Velocity gradient, G =

√ P
μV
where,

G = mean velocity gradient

V = volume of tank
μ = absolute viscosity
P = power dissipate
Power, P = VG2 μ

P = (48.31) (5600)2 (8.509 x 10-4)

P = 1289114.861 W

P = 1289.11 Kw

Thus, the power needed to operate is 1289.11 kW.

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Calculation for paddle:
Height of paddle, h = 30 % x Height of tank (H)

= 0.3 × 4.55

= 1.37 m

Width of paddle, D = 30 % x Length of tank (L)

= 0.3 × 3.64

= 1.09 m

Width of blade paddle, d = 25 % x Width of paddle (D)

= 0.25 × 1.09

= 0.27 m

Paddle design for Coagulation tank

1
To obtain Velocity flow, formula P = FD v = C ρ Av3 is used, where
2 D

FD = drag force
CD = drag coefficient
ρ = mass density
V = velocity difference between paddles and water
A = area of the paddles

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*The drag coefficient is assumed as 1.8

Area paddle = 4 shafts x 2 paddles x (1.37 x1.09) = 11.95 m2

1
1289114.861 = × 1.8 × 1000 × (11.95) × v 3
2

v = 4.93 m/s

Velocity of the paddles, vpaddle

v = vpaddle (1−¿ 0.25)

4.93 = vpaddle 0.75

vpaddle = 6.57 m/s

Thus, the velocity of paddles is 6.57 m/s.

Speed of rotation,

vpaddle = 2 πrn

1.09
6.57 = 2π × ×n
2

n = 1.92 rps

n = 115.2 rpm

Thus, the paddle needs to rotate 115.2 rotations per minute to generate the required power
for the coagulation tank

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Page | 18
VI. Flocculation

FLOCCULATION TANK

Flocculation is a slow mixing process that can be achieved in a flocculator with the
objective to bring the particles in contact with one another so they will collide, stick together,
and grow to a size which will forming into a floc that will easily settle. The floc may then
float to the top of the liquid, settle to the bottom of the liquid or be readily filtered from the
liquid. This process can be forced using flocculants or physical procedures. It also can occur
naturally. Flocculation is widely used in water or wastewater treatment plants which also can
be applied to sample processing for monitoring purpose. The flocculation tank for Taman
Berilmu is designed under some assumptions that have been mentioned in the calculation.

DESIGN OF FLOCCULATION TANK

Total Water Demand = 52178.56 m3/day 

= 0.6039 m3/s 

Flow rate for the tank, Q = 0.6039 m3/s 

Detention Time = 30 minutes = 1800 seconds

*In this project, we assume detention time, t= 1800 seconds 

Volume of flocculation tank, Vtotal = Qt 

                                          = (0.6039 m3/s) (1800 s) 

                      =   1087.02 m3 

Number of flocculation tank, N = 3 tank.

V total
Volume required for 1 tank, Vtank =
N

1087.02
= = 362.34 m3
3

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 Flocculation tank design and dimension
Dimension of this flocculant tank = 3x ×x × 5

*To get the dimensions of tank, assume length and width as x m, and the depth of tank
should be in the range of 1m < x < 5m so we assume the depth of tank, Htank = 5m

Volume, Vtotal = 3length (L) x width (W) x depth (H)

= 3 x × x × 5 = 15 x 2
15 x 2 = 1087.02 m3
x = 8.513 m

1087.02
Area of flocculation tank, Atotal =
5
= 217.404 m2

A tank
Area for 1 tank, Atank =
N
217.404
=
3
= 72.468 m2
Therefore, tank dimension is 25.539 m in length, 8.513 m in width and 5.000 m in depth.
(25.539 m × 8.513 m × 5 m)

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*Assume the temperature for water is 27°C, when T water=27°C, dynamic viscosity,
µ=8.509 ×10-4 Pa.s
Velocity gradient, G at different stages are shown below:

Stages G(s-1)
1 (rapid mixing) 50
2 (medium mixing) 40
3 (slow mixing) 30

Power input can be calculated using the formula; Power input, P = G2µVtank
Stage 1
P1 = 502 × (8.509 x 10-4) × 362.34 = 770.78 Watt
Stage 2
P2 = 402 × (8.509 x 10-4) × 362.34 = 493.30 Watt
Stage 3
P3 = 302 × (8.509 x 10-4) × 362.34 = 277.48 Watt

Calculation for paddle:

Drag coefficient, Cd = 1.8
Density of water, ρwater = 1000 kgm-3
*According to ASCE/AWWA, the width and depth of the paddle ≈ 30%of the tank
dimension to achieve good mixing and width of the paddle blade ≈ 25% of the paddle width.

Depth of paddle, D = 30% × (depth of tank, Htank)

D = 0.3 × 5
Dpaddle = 1.5 m
Width of paddle, W = 30% × (width of tank, Wtank)
W = 0.3 x 8.513
Wpaddle = 2.554 m
Width of the paddle blade, W = 0.25 x (width of the paddle,Wpaddle)
W = 0.25 x 2.554
Wblade = 0.6385 m
Area of the paddle blade, A = 4(0.6385 x 1.5)
Ablade = 3.831 m

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 Plan view and Side View of Flocculation tank

*By using the following formulas and calculated data, the power input, P, velocity flow, V,
peripheral velocity of paddle, V’ , speed of rotation ,n, can be calculated at each stage.

I. Velocity flow, V =
√
3 2P
C d A paddle ρ
V
II. Peripheral velocity, V’ =
0.75
60V '
III. Speed of rotation, n =
2 π W paddle

Stage 1

V1 =
√
3 2(770.78)
(1.8)(3.831)(1000)
= 0.6069 ms-1

0.6069
V1’ = = 0.8092 ms-1
0.75
60(0.8092)
n1 = = 3.03 rpm
2 π (2.554 )

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Stage 2

V2 =
√
3 2( 493.30)
(1.8)(3.831)(1000)
= 0.5230 ms-1

0.5230
V2’ = = 0.6973 ms-1
0.75
60(0.6973)
n2 = = 2.61 rpm
2 π ( 2.554)

Stage 3

V3 =
√
3 2(277.48)
(1.8)(3.831)(1000)
= 0.4317 ms-1

0.4317
V3’ = = 0.5756 ms-1
0.75
60(0.5756)
n3 = = 2.15 rpm
2 π ( 2.554)

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VII. Sedimentation
SEDIMENTATION TANK

Sedimentation is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle out

of the suspension by settling under gravity. The particles that settle out from the suspension
become sediment, and in water treatment is known as sludge. The purpose of sedimentation is
to enhance the filtration process by removing particles. There four types of classification of
settling behaviour which is Class I which unhindered settling of discrete particles, Class II
which settling of dilute suspensions of flocculent particles, Class III which hindered settling
and zone settling and the last one is Class IV which compression settling (compaction). In
water treatment process, ideal settling behaviour that have been focused is Class I and Class
II.

DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK

There are some type of installation. The design of the sedimentation that we make is
rectangular horizontal flow sedimentation tank. The table below shows the guidelines for the
surface loading.

Types of Installation Surface Loading (m/day) Detention time (hr)

Small 20 to 30 3 to 4

1 1
New Technologies 30 to 40 2 to 3
2 2

New Tech. + good operation 35 to 45 2 to 3

1 1
Large + excellent operation 40 to 60 1 to 2
2 2

Types of the installation for the rectangular horizontal flow sedimentation tank that we used
is the small one. Therefore,

The surface loading for this design is 30 m/day = 3.472×10−3 m/s, also known as overflow
velocity, Vₒ

Optimum detention time generally assumed to be 4 hours, t = 14400 s

For rectangular tank, the length to width ratio is preferred 4:1 which is dimension of the
length is 4 times longer than the width.

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Specific gravity of sludge particles, S = 1.55

Average particles size of sludge, dₛ = 1000 μm

Density of water, ρ = 1000 kgm−3

From previous calculation, Total Water Demand = 52178.56 m3/day = 0.6039 m3/s 

Dimension for the Sedimentation tank

Q Q
Overflow rate, Vₒ = =
A b ×l
0.6039
3.472×10−3 =
4 x2
2
x = 434.8358
x = 20.8 ≈ 21 m

Volume of tank, V = Qt
= 0.6039 (14400)
= 8696.16 m3

V
Depth of tank, D =
A
8696.16
=
4 (21)( 21)
= 4.9 m

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The tank dimension is 4x × x × h. Therefore, the length of tank, 4x = 4(21) = 84 m,
width of tank, x = 21 m and the depth of tank, h = 4.9 m.

Tank dimension = 84 m × 21 m × 4.9 m

Settling velocity, Vₛ =
√ 4
3
(S−1)
gd
Cd

√
= 4 (1.55−1)
3
(9.81)(1000 μ)
1.8
= 0.063 ms−1
Q
Flow through velocity, V =
b ×h
0.6039
= 21(4.9)

= 0.0059 m/s

The overflow velocity, Vₒ = 3.472×10−3 m/s and the settling velocity, V s = 0.063 m/s
which is meaning that the overflow velocity is less than the settling velocity. Over flow
velocity must be less than settling velocity of particle. Therefore, the particle or sediment will
not escapes without settling. The flow through velocity is the velocity of water with which it
travels from inlet to outlet of sedimentation tank. The flow through velocity for this
sedimentation tank is 0.0059 m/s and it is in the allowable range.

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 VIII. Filtration
FILTRATION TANK

Filtration is designed to remove particles from water flows through it. The filters are
made from layers of sand, gravel and anthracite. It is used to remove fine inorganic and
organic particles from the water. There are two types of filtrations which is gravity filters and
pressure filters.

a) Gravity filters
I. Slow sand filters
II. Rapid sand filters
III. High-rate filters using dual or multi-media
IV. Roughing filters
b) Pressure filters
I. Rapid sand filters
II. High-rate filters using or dual multi-media

Parameter Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter

Filtration rate (m/hr) 0.1-0.4 5-20

Effective size of sand (mm) 0.15-0.4 0.6-1.0

Non-uniformity coefficient 1.7-3.0 1.3-1.5

Penetration of suspended solids Superficial Deep

Upward flow or backwashing

Method of cleaning Scraping off surface layer
fluidized the bed

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 Time between cleaning 30-150 1-3

Coagulation, Flocculation and

Inlet water requirement Low turbidity < 50 NTU
Sedimentation

Basic process Biology Physical

Complicated design with complex

Economical aspect Unskilled labours
equipment

Water wastage during

Water loss 1 to 4 to 6% of filtered water
maturation

Comparison between slow sand filter and rapid sand filter

MECHANISM OF FILTRATION
1. The particles that are larger than smallest opening through water flows are remove by
simple mechanical screening. Surface of the filter covered with additional layer
because of the straining.
2. There are small gaps between the grains of granula material, water will flow through
it and the velocity of water is small. Sedimentation will happen when the mass and
diameter of passing particles is larger and it settle through short distance from water.
3. When the water passes through the gaps between grains the streamlines of water
flowing through interstices bend, the flow pattern will increase the contact of particles
and become larger. This process is called flocculation.
4. Next, interception process will happen which the larger particles were trapped by
straining while the smaller particles flow passes near to grains of filter material
because of the bending streamlines.
5. After that impaction process happen where some particles with sufficient mass does
not follow the alteration in flow path with streamlines.

DESIGN OF FILTRATION TANK

Filtration rate = 0.117 m/min = 168.48 m/day

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Maximum surface per filter = 50 m2
Depth tank = 4 m, for design required additional 30% of depth
Flow rate, Q = 52178.56 m3/day
Q 52178.56 m3 /day
Total Surface Area required, A = =
v 168.48 m/day
= 310 m2
310
Total number filter required, n = = 6.2 ≈ 7
50
Depth tank design, D = 4 m × 1.3 = 5.2 m
For seven filters,
2
310 m
Surface area for each filters = = 44.29 m2
7
*7m x 7m use as dimension of filtration tank
3
52178.56 m /day
Normal filtration rate for seven 7 m × 7 m filter installed, v =
7 x 7m x 7m
1day
= 152.12 m/day x
24 hr
= 6.34 m/hr

Dimension of Filtration tank

IX. Post Chlorination

Chlorination is the application of chlorine to the water for the purpose of disinfection.
Chlorine gas is the predominant disinfect of water. Post chlorination is the normal process of

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applying chlorine in the end, when all other treatments are completed but it was before the
water reaches the distribution system. At this stage, chlorination is meant to kill pathogens
and to provide a chlorine residual in the distribution system. Besides, chlorination can also be
used for taste and odor control, iron and manganese removal, and to remove some gases such
as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide and it is chlorine dioxide ( CIO 2) is applied for disinfection
or taste and odor control. It is produced by mixing sodium chlorite and chlorine in controlled
proportions.

NaCIO2 + Cl 2 −−→ 2 CIO 2 + 2NaCl

Moreover, the rate of disinfection depends on concentration and form of available chlorine
residual, time of contact, pH, temperature and other factors. The chlorine dose at post
chlorination stage should be such as to leave a residual-chlorine of about the range from 0.1
to 0.2 mg/L after a contact period of 20 to 30 minutes. Then, the residual chlorine will ensure
the disinfection of water if any recontamination occurs in the transmission and distribution
system. Chlorine dose should not be generally greater than 2.0 mg/L as the excess residual
concentration of chlorine may damage the pipe lining and pump impellers.

Method of Post Chlorination

Post chlorination can be carried out by 3 common methods: Continuous-feed method,

Slug method or Tablet. Among the 3 methods, continuous-feed method is method that we use
in our design as this method can effectively disinfect drinking water. Continuous chlorination
can be a costly and complex treatment process and is often only considered after other
options are exhausted. The continuous-feed method supplies water to the main with a
chlorine concentration of at least 50mg/l. Then, added at a rate to ensure a 10 mg/L residual
will remain in all portions of the system for a minimum of 24 hours.

X. Fluoridation

Fluoridation is an important process in controlled adjustment of fluoride to a public

water supply solely to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that
is effective for preventing cavities. This can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoride is
added to the treated water so that incidence of dental carries can be reduced. In Malaysia, raw
water normally has natural fluoride but not enough. Some of the chemical use for fluoridation
process are sodium fluoride, sodium fluosilicate, hydrofluosilicate and ammonium

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 silicafluoride. In our design, we use the three commonly used fluoride compounds which is
sodium fluoride, sodium slilicofluoride and fluorosilicic acid.

Sodium Fluorosilicic
Sodium Fluoride
Silicofluoride Acid
Formula NaF Na 2 SiF 6 H 2 SiF 6
Fluoride ion, percent 45 61 79
Molecular weight 42 188 144
Commercial purity, percent 90 - 98 98 - 99 22 - 30
Powder or fine
Commercial form Powder of crystal Liquid
crystal
Dosage in pounds per million gallons
required for 1.0mg/l at indicated 18.8 (98%) 14.0 (98.5%) 35.2 (30%)
purity

Characteristics of the Used Fluoride Compounds

XI. Water Storage Tank

There are three basic types of potable water-storage tanks which is ground storage
tanks, elevated storage tanks, and hydropneumatic tanks. In our design, we choose to use
ground storage tank. Ground storage tanks can be installed either below or above ground and
they are fabricated of concrete or steel. We choose ground storage tank as they generally have
the function of providing large volumes of storage for peak-day demand when the capacity of
the source of supply is less than the maximum daily volume the specific system may need.
Ground storage tanks can provide system pressure if they are located near the distribution
system area. Ground storage tanks also usually less expensive to construct than elevated
storage tanks. Welded steel tanks must be coated both inside and out to protect against
corrosion and electrolytic reactions which eventually could cause leaks or structural damage.
Bolted steel tanks are usually lined with a factory-applied glass coating, and seams are
caulked during construction to prevent leaks.

Types of conditions in capacity designed storage tank.

Condition 1 50% of the average total daily domestic requirements + industrial
requirements.

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 Condition 2 The fire demand + water required to support fire suppression systems + 50%
of the average domestic demand rate + industrial or other demand that cannot
be reduced during a fire period.

Condition 3 Condition 1 + Condition 2. (Emergency conditions)

Storage volume requirement:

Condition 1 : 50 percent of total daily domestic requirements

3
52178.56 m /day
Storage volume =
2
= 26089.28 m³
Condition 2 : Fire demand (51816.06 m3 /day for 2 hours)
51816.06
Fire demand = ×2
24
= 4318.01 m3
Storage volume = 26089.28 + 4318.01 = 30407.29 m3
The system is designed with two 1350 gal/min (5.11 m3/min) dual drive pump for both raw
water and filtered water pumping equipment.
Thus, storage for water demand = 30407.29 − (5.11 × 60 × 2) = 29794.09 m3

Condition 3 : Condition 1 + fire demand in Condition 2 (The water amount available in

24 hours, emergency conditions)
Storage volume = 26089.28 + 4318.01 − (5.11 × 60 × 24) = 23048.89 m3

DESIGN OF WATER STORAGE TANK

Based on the 3 types of conditions in calculating the storage water requirement, the
governing factor is the fire demand (Condition 2).

Minimum storage volume, V = 30407.29 m3 ≈ 31000 m3

Standard maximum height of the storage tank, h = 20 m
*We use cylindrical shape in designing water storage tank,

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Since V ≈ 31000 m3
V = π r 2h

√ r2 =
√ V
πh

r =
√ 31000
π (20)
= 22.21

Diameter of the tank, d = 2r = 2(22.21) = 44 m

Volume of the water storage tank

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 WATER TREATMENT PLANT LAYOU

Layout of the Overall Water Treatment Plant (Plan View)

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 REFERENCES

1. Hashim, Maher & Ali, M & Nayan, Nasir & Mahat, Hanifah & Saleh, Yazid &
Balkhis, Saiyidatina & See, K & mat said, Zahid. (2021). The impact of ecotourism
on the water quality in sedim river, kedah, malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science. 683. 012023. 10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012023.
2.

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