Bess PDF

DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

MODEL FOR GRID ANALYSIS
APPLICATIONS
By:
Eng. Mostafa Kamal Salem
Under Supervision Of:

Prof. Dr.-Eng. Peter Zacharias
Prof. Dr.-Eng. Adel Khalil
Prof. Dr.-Eng. Amr Adly
Dr.-Eng. Stefan Kempen
19.03.2013 1
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank all the people who helped me in achieving this thesis. Very special thanks to my supervisors: Prof.
Dr. Adel Khalil, Prof. Dr. Peter Zacharias, and Prof. Dr. Amr Adly for their supervision and support. I would like to
Battery Energy Storage System BESS

thank the examining committee for their time. I would like to express my appreciation to AEG Power Solutions for giving
me the opportunity to work on my master thesis in the company with its quality service provisions. Special thanks to Dr.-
Ing Kempen, M.Sc.-Ing Ammar Salman, and Mr. John Kuhne for their support and guidance. Also, I would like to thank
the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for supporting REMENA master program and for providing me the
financial and moral support. Special thanks to Ms. Anke Stahl and Ms. Janique Bikomo for supporting and care. I would
like to express my appreciation to the University of Kassel and Cairo University for hosting me in the master course.
Special thanks to Prof. Adel Khalil, Prof. Sayed Kaseb, Prof. Dirk Dahlhaus, and Ms. Anke Aref for the support and
guidance during the whole program.
2
Outlines
1.Introduction 2 Min.
2.Methodology & Procedure 1 Min.
3. Review of Literature 2 Min.

Battery Types
Battery Models
4. Model in Power Factory 4 Min.
5. Simulations & Results 8 Min.

BESS TEST
Public Grid with and without BESS
BESS with AEG Grid
BESS with PV
6. Conclusion 2 Min.
7. Future Recommendations 2 Min.
8.Summary 1 Min.
9. References
3
1. Introduction
Motivation:
The major challenge now days is to store the excess energy from the renewable energy that

generated when demand is low, and reuse this energy in later time or in the high demand
times.
Source: www.renewableenergyworld.com
4
1. Introduction
Aim of work:
To Build comprehensive model of the battery energy storage system that simulates the real

reactions that happens inside the battery, and to be able to analyze different grid scenarios
using Power Factory DIgSILENT.
Source: www.newavenergy.com
5
1. Introduction
Battery Energy Storage System is composed of a combination of electrical part and chemical part.

+ -
AEG Converter Lead Acid Battery
Brain of the
system
Figure (1): Battery Energy Storage System
6
1. Introduction
BESS Advantages:
1. Active power output/input (support grid frequency).

2. Reactive power output/input (voltage control).
3. Pure phase shift operation is possible.
4. Charge and discharge at any desired cosф.
Figure (2): PQ Characteristics for BESS [5]
7
2. Methodology & Procedure

Identify Search for
Run The
The Solutions
Model
Problem & Model
Developing Battery Suitable model in Power Integrating The Model
Model that Simulates the Factory DIgSILENT with Different Grids and
Battery and Consider the Different Power Sources
Temperature changes
during the operation.
8
2. Methodology & Procedure
The methodology used in this thesis depends in all available papers, journals, theses, books,
internet web sites, and magazines that related to the Lead Acid batteries and BESS, to collect

the most updated theoretical data in this area. Power Factory Support service provided this
thesis with the suitable Model. The available PV data in AEG Power Solutions Company were
used.
9
3. Review of Literature
Batteries have been used a long time ago. Earthen containers were used as galvanic cells dating
from 250 BC have been found in Baghdad (Iraq). Alessandro Volta is the first person in the modern
times to build an actual battery in year 1800, then Mr. Michael Faraday derived the laws of

electrochemistry based on Volta’s work.
Battery Types:
Table (1): Battery Types [6]
Rechargeable 1.5 V CD/MD/MP3 players, toys, electronic games,
Alkaline cameras, flash lights, remote controls, solar
lighting
NiMH 1.2 V Digital cameras, remote controlled racing toy cars
NiCd 1.2 V Power Tools

Li-ion 3.6-3.7 V Notebook computers, PDAs, mobile phones,
camcorders, digital cameras
Lead Acid 12 V Car starter battery, lift trucks, golf charts, marine,
standby power, UPS, solar lighting and renewable
energy storage
10
Lead acid battery is the cheapest and the most commercially used battery nowadays.
Figure (3): Comparison of Life Cycle Costs per Delivered kWh

for A Typical Peak- Shaving Application [8]
11
Battery Models:
1. Simple Model.

2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model).
Figure (4): Structure of the BESS In Power Factory [11]
12
1. Simple Model:

Current I
Impedance Z (S,SOC)
E (S,SOC)
Figure (5): Typical Discharge Profile of A Lead-Acid Battery [11] Figure (6): Simple Equivalent Circuit for the
Lead Acid Battery [11]
13
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model):
C1 in Farads

R0
R2
R1
Ip,
Em +
-
VPN
R1 = f (SOC)
R2 = f (I,SOC)
IP = f (θ)
Emo= f (SOC,θ)
Main Branch Parasitic Branch
Figure (7): Ceraolo Battery Model Equivalent Circuit [14]
14
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model) during the operation:

Figure (9): Implemented Model [14]
15
4. Model in Power Factory

θ (t) = θinit +
(Battery Capacity)
C = f (I,θ)
Depth of Discharge
Depth of Discharge = Q/ C
Depth of Discharge =
f (OpenDepth of Discharge
Circuit Voltage (Ue)) State of Charge
Ucell = Ue+Urs
State of Charge
Battery Outputs
16
4. Models in Power Factory
BESS Model Verification:

Figure (11): Frame of the BESS Controller In Power Factory [11]
17
Outlines
1.Introduction
2.Methodology & Procedure

Battery Types
Battery Models
5. Simulations & Results
BESS TEST
Public Grid with and without BESS
BESS with AEG Grid
BESS with PV
6. Conclusion
7. Future Recommendations
8.Summary
9. References
18
BESS TEST:

Figure (12): Small Testing Grid for the BESS
19
EVENTS:
Active Power (MW)
0,80

Load_1
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0,40
-0,20
2000,0 2000,0 2000,0 2000,0 2000,0 [s] 2000,0
Load Step: Active Power in MW
Load_1: Active Power in MW
Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
At 2000 sec.
Load _Step
0,20
Load_Ramp
0,00
120 sec.
-0,20
-3.00E-1 3.00E+3 6.00E+3 9.00E+3 1.20E+4 [s] 1.50E+4
Load Step: Active Power in MW Time (seconds)
Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
Figure (13): Loads Active Power In MW
20
Results:
DIgSILENT
DIgSILENT
1,02 1,60
Active Power (MW)

SOC Unit less
1,00 Transient due to the event

1,30
0,98 1,40
1,20
120 sec.
1,10
1,00
118,45 120,39
G (coal): Active Power in MW
0,94 1,20
0,90 1,00
0,86 0,80
At 2000 sec.
0,82 0,60
-3.00E-1 3.00E+3 6.00E+3 9.00E+3 1.20E+4 [s] 1.50E+4 -3.00E-1 3.00E+3 6.00E+3 9.00E+3 1.20E+4 [s] 1.50E+4
Charging Control: SOC G (coal): Active Power in MW
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
Figure (14): The Battery State Of Charge Figure (15): Synchronous Generator Active Power In MW
21
Public Grid with and without BESS:

1. External Grid without BESS:
DIgSILENT

2,10
Active Current (p.u.)

External Grid
1,90
1.62 p.u.
1,70
1.41 p.u.
Switch is
open
1,50
1,30
1,10
-3.00E-1 3.40E+3 6.80E+3 1.02E+4 1.36E+4 [s] 1.70E+4
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Time (seconds)
Figure (16): External Grid without the BESS Figure (17): External Grid Active Current
22
2. External Grid with BESS:

External Grid 2,15

1,90
1.49 p.u.
1.46 p.u.
1,65
Switch is
closed
1,40
1,15
0,90
-3.00E-1 3.40E+3 6.80E+3 1.02E+4 1.36E+4 [s] 1.70E+4
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Time (seconds)
Figure (18): External Grid with BESS Figure (19): External Grid Active Current
23
2. External Grid with BESS :
DIgSILENT
DIgSILENT
0,60

1,03
SOC Unit less
Battery Battery
1,00
Discharging Discharging
0,98 0,40
0,93 0,20
Can be damped using

inverter control
0,88 0,00
0,83
-0,20
Battery
Charging Battery
Charging
0,78
-3.00E-1 3.40E+3 6.80E+3 1.02E+4 1.36E+4 [s] 1.70E+4 -0,40
Charging Control: SOC -3.00E-1 3.40E+3 6.80E+3 1.02E+4 1.36E+4 [s] 1.70E+4
Time (seconds) Advanced Battery: I
Time (seconds)
Figure (20): Battery State of Charge Figure (21): Battery Output Current In p.u.
24
BESS with AEG Grid:

Figure (22) AEG Grid with the BESS
25
BESS with AEG Grid :
DIgSILENT
1,00
1,02

Discharge
SOC Unit less

1st Event at 300 sec.
0,75
1,00
0,50
Idle mode 0,98
End of battery
charging and the 4th
eventat 15000 sec.
0,25 Charging
0,96
0,00
0,94
2nd and 3rd Event at
1500 sec.
-0,25
-3.00E-1 3.60E+3 7.20E+3 1.08E+4 1.44E+4 [s] 1.80E+4 0,92
-3.00E-1 3.60E+3 7.20E+3 1.08E+4 1.44E+4 [s] 1.80E+4
Charge Control: id_ref_out
Time (seconds) Charge Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
Figure (23) Active Charging Current In p.u. Figure (24): Battery State of Charge
26
BESS with PV (off Grid):

Figure (25): Electric Grid with Synchronous Generator, BESS, and PV
System
27
Events:
0,40
Active Power (MW)

0,30
0,20
300 sec.
1000 sec.
0,10
0,00
-0,10
-0,1000 287,92 575,94 863,96 1152,0 [s] 1440,0
Load Step: Active Power in MW
Time (seconds)
Figure (26): Loads Active Power In MW
28
Photovoltaic Data:
The data are taken for one day with one minute time span in AEG Power Solution
inWarstein Belecke, Germany.

DIgSILENT
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
-0,1000 287,92 575,94 863,96 1152,0 [s] 1440,0
Measurment: id_ref
Time (seconds)
Figure (27): Photovoltaic Active Current In p.u.
29
0,99985
Active Power (MW)

0,21
SOC Unit less

0,99960 0,18
300
sec. PV
production
0,99935 increased 0,15
1000
0,99910 sec. 0,12
0,99885 0,09
PV
production
decreased
0,99860 0,06
-0,1000 287,92 575,94 863,96 1152,0 [s] 1440,0 -0,1000 287,92 575,94 863,96 1152,0 [s] 1440,0
Charging Control: SOC G3 (coal): Active Power in MW
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
Figure (28): Battery State of Charge Figure (29): Generator Active Power in MW
30
6. Conclusion

Figure (32): Advanced Battery Figure (31): Simple Battery Equivalent
Equivalent Circuit Circuit
31
6. Conclusion

Figure (33): External Grid Active Current with and without BESS
32
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND.

7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT.
7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL.
33
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND:

For more realistic results of the PV simulation, PV data are required to be entered to the system

which should be taken with a one second time span for one complete day.
34
7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT: Source: www.aegypten-berater.de

El Gouna
Figure (34): Egyptian Solar Map [21] Figure (35): El Gouna Resort
It is recommended to integrate BESS with the PV and another power source to be used in day time
or in emergency cases. As a recommendation for future work, the implementation of the analyzed
BESS can be studied including the sizing, energy yield, and economical evaluation of the plant in El
Gouna.
35
7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL:

q .V 
Q lifetime = F . DOD  max nom  [16]
 1000 
Where:
F Is the number of cycles to failure
DOD Is the depth of discharge [%]
qmax Is the maximum capacity of the battery [Ah]
Vnom Is the nominal voltage of the battery [V].
36
8. Summary
The main purpose of the study is to simulate the effect of the battery temperature, on the different
battery parameters and develop battery model that simulates the real reactions happens inside the

battery ,then integrate this model with different grids with different power sources.
Source: principlesofedu.wikispaces.com
37
9. References
1 Kenrik, V., 2012, Clean Power and Renewable Energy Growth in MENA Region, http://www.environmentalleader.com.
2 Goikoetxea1, A., Barrena1, J.A., Rodríguez, M.A., and Abad,G., March 2010, “Grid manager design using Battery Energy Storage
Systems in weak power systems with high penetration of wind energy“, Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on

Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Granada, Spain.
3 Kottick, D., Blau, M.,and Edelstein,D., 1993, Battery Energy Strorage for Frequency Regulation in an Island Power System, vol.8,
3rd edition, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
4 Tsang, M.W., and Sutanto,D., 1998, “Control Strategies to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using a Battery Energy Storage System”,
Department of Electrical Engineering, university of Hong Kong Polytechnic , Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
5 Electricity Storage Association web site, 2012, http://www.electricitystorage.org
6 Hageman, S.C., 1993 “Simple PSpice models let you simulate common battery types”, EDN, Oct. 28, 1993, pp.117-132.
7 Barak, M. (Ed.), Dickinson, T., Falk, U.,Sudworth, J.L.,Thirsk, H.R., Tye F.L., 1980, Electrochemical Power Sources: Primary &
Secondary Batteries, IEE Energy Series 1, A. Wheaton &Co, Exeter.
8 Energiespeicher in Stromversorgungssystemen mit hohem Anteil erneuerbarer Energieträger“ VDE- Studie 2009.
9 Tammineedi,C., May2011, “Modelling Battery-Ultra-capacitor Hybrid Systems For Solar And Wind Applications”, The Graduate
School, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
10 Toyota Motors Sales, 2012, Automotive batteries with questions, http://www.autoshop101.com.
38
9. References
11 DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 14.1 Battery Energy Storing Systems in PowerFactory. Application Manual Gomaringen, Germany,
May 2011.
12 Idlbi,B., 2012, “ Dynamic Simulation Of A PV-Diesel-Battery Hybird Plant For Off Grid Electricity Supply“, MSc. Thesis, Faculty of
Engineering Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Faculty Of Electrical Engineering And Computer Science, Kassel, Germany, March, 2012.

13 Medora, N.K., and Kusko A., Sept. 2005 “Dynamic Battery Modeling of Lead-Acid Batteries using Manufacturers“, Proceedings of the
27th, Telecommunications Conference, Berlin, Germany.
14 Ceraolo, M., 2000,” New Dynamical Models of Lead–Acid Batteries, Department of Electrical Systems and Automation”, University of
Pisa, Pisa, Italy, IEEE Transections On Power Systems, VOL. 15, NO. 4, Nov. 2000.
15 Jackey, R.A., 2007, ”A Simple, Effective Lead-Acid Battery Modeling Process for Electrical System Component Selection”, The
MathWorks, Inc.
16 Lambert T., Homer Energy Software, [Online], May 2005, tom@homerenergy@.com.
17 Grid Code, High and extra high voltage, E-ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, 1 April 2006.
18 DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Version 14.1, User’s Manual,Volume I, User’s Manual,Volume II, Edition 1, DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen,
Germany, May 2011.
Jürgens, F., July 2012, “Modeling of a Micro grid at an industrial production site with a high percentage of regenerative electrical energy
19 and with innovative energy storage technologies“, BSc. Thesis, University of Wilhelmshaven, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
20 Orascom Development Holding AG web site, 2008, www.orascomdh.com.
21 New and Renewable Energy Authority web site, 2013, www.nrea.gov.eg.
39
Thank You for Your
Attention
2002 Stefan R. Müller .www.blinde-kuh.de
40
Harmonic analysis:
0,015

0,012
0,009
0,006
0,003
0,000
1,00 5,00 9,00 13,0 17,0 21,0 25,0 29,0 33,0 37,0 41,0 45,0 49,0 [-]
PWM Converter/1 DC-Connection: Current, Magnitude/Terminal AC in p.u.
Figure (15): Harmonic Distortion (Current/ Terminal AC in p.u) For the Converter
41
1. Simple Model in Power Factory: Ucell=Uc-UR

Figure (8): Simple Battery Model in Power Factory [11]
42
2.Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model)in Power Factory:

Figure (10): Advanced Battery Model (Ceraolo Model) In Power Factory
43
44

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DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE

BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

Under Supervision Of:

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

2.Methodology & Procedure 1 Min.

3. Review of Literature 2 Min.

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

5. Simulations & Results 8 Min.

7. Future Recommendations 2 Min.

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

AEG Converter Lead Acid Battery

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Figure (2): PQ Characteristics for BESS [5]

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

NiCd 1.2 V Power Tools

Figure (3): Comparison of Life Cycle Costs per Delivered kWh

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Figure (4): Structure of the BESS In Power Factory [11]

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model):

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Figure (7): Ceraolo Battery Model Equivalent Circuit [14]

2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model) during the operation:

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

BESS Model Verification:

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Figure (13): Loads Active Power In MW

Active Power (MW)

1,00 Transient due to the event

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Public Grid with and without BESS:

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Active Current (p.u.)

2. External Grid with BESS:

Active Current (p.u.)

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

2. External Grid with BESS :

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Can be damped using

BESS with AEG Grid:

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

BESS with AEG Grid :

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

SOC Unit less

BESS with PV (off Grid):

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Active Power (MW)

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Figure (26): Loads Active Power In MW

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Active Power (MW)

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

Battery Energy Storage System BESS

7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND.