Op-Amp Practical Applications: Design, Simulation and Implementation -2019

Week 1 Assignment Solution

1. Which is the necessary condition of gain while designing Wien bridge oscillator to
ensure the sustained oscillations?

a. A ≥ 29
b. A≥3
c. A≥1
d. None of the options

Answer: b) A ≥ 3
For a Wein bridge oscillator, the gain of the amplifier must be greater than or equal to
3, this will ensure that sustained oscillations build up in the circuit. To set this gain a
negative feedback is essential.

2. A tuned amplifier has peak output at 2 MHz and quality factor 50. The bandwidth and
3-dB frequencies shall be at what values respectively?

a. 40 kHz, 2.02 MHz, 1.98 MHz

b. 40 kHz, 2.04 MHz, 1.96 MHz
c. 800 kHz, 2.04 MHz, 1.96 MHz
d. 80 kHz, 2.08 MHz, 1.92 MHz

Answer: a) 40 kHz, 2.02 MHz, 1.98 MHz

Given Q = 50 and fo = 2 MHz

WKT, Q = fo/BW
Therefore, BW = 2M/50 = 40 kHz
fH – fL = 40 kHz
Hence,
fL = 2M – 20 kHz = 1.98 MHz
fH = 2M + 20 kHz = 2.02 MHz

3. Select the correct option for a phase shift oscillator

a. A phase shift oscillator uses a voltage follower as an amplifier with a phase
shifting network
b. It can be constructed only with op-amps
c. Op-amp with any gain and a feedback phase shifting network is enough to act
as a phase shift oscillator
d. None of the mentioned

Answer: d) None of the mentioned

4. Find out the equivalent circuit for the circuit shown below

a.

b.

c.

d.
Ans: b)
Solution:
Consider the figure,
−𝑅𝑓
Vo1 = 𝑅1
𝑉2 (Voltage output of inverting amplifier)
𝑅3 𝑅3 𝑅𝑓
Vo2 = - [ 𝑉𝑜1 + − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓] = -Vo1 + Vref = 𝑉2 + Vref -----------(1)
𝑅3 𝑅3 𝑅1
Consider the figure 2, I2 = If (op-amp has very high impedance),
Applying KVL at the non-inverting terminal,
𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑜2 𝑉𝑜2 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑉2 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑜2 𝑉𝑜2
+ = +
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
𝑉2 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
+ = 𝑉𝑜2 ( )
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑉2 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝑜2 = [ ]+ [ ]
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
1
= [𝑅𝑓 𝑉2 + 𝑅1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓]
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓
At node Vo1, I1 = Ir (op-amp has very high impedance),
Applying KVL at the inverting terminal,
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑜1 𝑉𝑜1 − 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑉1 1 1 𝑉𝑜
− 𝑉𝑜1 ( + ) = −
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓 𝑉1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜1 (1 + ) − = [𝑉2 − 𝑉1] + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1
If V1 = 0 V
Rf
Then, Vo = R1
V2 + Vref ----------(2)
Since, Equations (1) and (2) are equal, hence the equivalent circuit is as shown in the
figure

5. An op-amp with slew-rate 6 V/µs and gain of 20 dB. If this amplifier must faithfully
amplify sinusoidal signals from dc to 12 kHz without introducing any slew rate induced
distortion, then the input signal level must not exceed ___________.
a. 12.95 V
b. 395 mV
 c. 75 mV
d. 7.95 V

Ans: d)
Solution:

Given Slew rate = 6 V/µs = 6*106 V/s

fin = 0 – 12 kHz
gain = 20 dB
20logG = 20
Gain (G) = 10

Sinusoidal input, Vin = Vm Sinωt

Vo = A Vin
𝑑𝑉𝑜
= 𝐴 𝑉𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑜
| = 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑉𝑚 ∗ 2𝜋𝑓
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥

⇒ 6 ∗ 106 = = 𝐴 𝑉𝑚 ∗ 2𝜋𝑓

After solving we get,

Vm = 7.95 V

6. For the circuit shown, find the CMRR in dB

a. 37.23
b. 59.17
c. Zero
d. 66.2

Ans: b) 59.17
Solution:
 7. Choose the minimum number of op-amps required to implement the given expression
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = [1 + ] 𝑉1 − 𝑉
𝑅1 𝑅1 2
a. Three
b. One
c. Two
d. Four

Ans: b) One

8. Calculate output voltage Vo for the circuit shown

a. 9V
b. 31 V
c. 22 V
d. 11 V

Ans: b) 31 V
Solution:
Apply KCL, and by virtual ground V- = V+ = 6
9 − 6 10 − 6 −12 − 6 0 − 6 6 − 𝑉𝑜
+ + + =
10 𝑘 20 𝑘 30 𝑘 40 𝑘 100 𝑘
After Solving, Vo = 31 V

9. For the circuit shown, assuming ideal diodes; output waveform Vo will be
 a.

b.

c.

d.

Ans: c)
Solution:
Since, input is given to inverting terminal
Vo = -1 – 5 sin ωt
At ωt = π/2, Vo = -1 – 5 sin π/2 = -6 V
At ωt = 3π/2, Vo = -1 – 5 sin 3π/2 = 4 V
During +ve cycle,
V1 > 2 V, D1 = ON; Vo = 2 V
During -ve cycle,
V1 < -2 V, D2 = ON; Vo = -2 V

10. For the circuit given, if the CMRR of the operational amplifier is 60 dB, then the
magnitude of the output voltage is
 a. 100 mV
b. 15 V
c. 10 mV
d. 0V

Ans: a)
Solution:
V1 = V2 = 1 V (Voltage division)
Ad = 100 k/ 1k = 100
CMRR = 60 dB = 1000
CMRR = Ad/Ac
Ac = Ad/ CMRR = 100/ 1000 = 0.1
Vd= V2-V1= 0V
(V1+V2)
Vc = 2
=1V
Vo = Vd Ad + Ac Vc = 100 x 0 + 0.1 x 1 = 0.1 V = 100 mV

11. One terminal of a comparator circuit is connected to ground and a cosine waveform of
10 kHz frequency is given as input to the other terminal. The output waveform of the
comparator will be

a) b)

c) d)

Ans: d)
Solution:
If we apply reference voltage (Vref) to the inverting terminal and made it ground so
that Vref =0V. Now in this case the output of the comparator will be “- V max” volts as
 long as the input voltage is below 0V. When input voltage exceeds 0V the output of the
comparator switches to “+V max” volts.

Such special case op-amp comparator is called as zero-level detector. This zero-level
detector circuit can be used to obtain square waveform from a cosine waveform.

12. Select the correct option for the circuit shown below to get an output Vo as +Vcc

a. Vref > Vin

b. Vref < Vin
c. Vref = Vin
d. None of the mentioned

Ans: a)
Solution:
The circuit given is a comparator. To obtain an output as +Vcc, the non-inverting
terminal voltage input Vref must be greater than the inverting terminal voltage input
Vin.
∴ Vref > Vin

13. Select the correct option to make the green LED glow

a. 3 V < Vi < 6 V
b. 3 V > Vi < 6 V
 c. 3 V < Vi > 6 V
d. 3 V > Vi > 6 V
Ans: a)
Solution:
The green LED will glow when it is forward biased FB, that is when voltage at point A
> point B shown in the circuit.
Consider comparator A2,
When Vi > 3 V, only then the output will be positive
Consider comparator A1,
When Vi < 6 V, only then the output will be negative
Therefore, condition for Vi is, 3 V < Vi < 6 V for the green LED to glow

14. The given op-amp circuit has a cut-off frequency of 12 kHz, determine the value of R2

a. 3.18 kΩ
b. 1.32 kΩ
c. 4.16 kΩ
d. None of the mentioned

Ans: b)

Solution:
1 1
Cut off frequency f = =
2πRC 2πR2C
1 1
∴ R2 = = = 1.32Ω
2πfC 2π x12 k x 10n

15. An amplifier has its FL and FH frequencies at 500 Hz and 200 kHz respectively and
an open-loop gain of 100. A feedback network with feedback factor (β) of 0.89 is
connected to the amplifier. Find the new lower and upper cut off frequencies.
Note: FLf and FHf are lower and upper cut-off frequencies with feedback

a. FLf = 5.5 Hz, FHf =18 MHz

b. FLf = 5 Hz, FHf = 20 MHz
c. FLf = 100 Hz, FHf = 20 kHz
d. FLf = 10.9 Hz, FHf = 8.9 kHz

Ans: a)
Solution:
 Given: A=100, FL = 100 Hz, FH= 100 kHz and Feedback factor-β = gain of feedback
network = 0.99
1+ A β= 1+ 100 x 0.89 = 90
With feedback network,
FL decreases by a factor of 1 + Aβ and FH increases by a factor of 1 + Aβ
Therefore,
FL 500
Lower cut-of frequency with feedback, FLf = 1+Aβ
= 90
= 5.5 Hz
Upper cut-off frequency with feedback, FHf = FH (1 + Aβ) = 200 k x 90 = 18 MHz

16. The given circuit has a unity-gain bandwidth 12 kHz. What will be the bandwidth of

the circuit?

a. 12 kHz
b. 6 kHz
c. 0
d. 24 kHz

Ans: a)
Solution:
Since there is no feedback factor i.e β = 0, the bandwidth will not be affected and thereby
remain at 12 kHz itself

17. Determine the roll-off for the filter circuit given

a. 40 dB/decade
b. 60 dB/decade
c. 20 dB/decade
d. 80 dB/decade

Ans: c)
Solution:

The circuit shown is a first order band-pass filter, and thereby roll-off equals 20 dB/decade
 18. Consider the circuit shown below. If the has an input offset current Ios of 1 µA, compute
the output voltage under steady state condition, if the input Vi is 1 Vp-p of 1 kHz square
wave signal

a. A square wave of 1 Vp-p

b. Positive supply voltage + Vcc
c. A triangular wave of 1 Vp-p
d. Negative supply voltage – Vcc

Ans: d)
Solution:
Because of the input offset current (DC), the op-amp will saturate to negative supply
voltage -Vcc. This is because the DC gain of the integrator circuit

19. Calculate the maximum output voltage of an op-amp shown below, if the op-amp has
Vin = 5 mV, Iib = 500 nA, R1= 1 kΩ and Rom= 909 Ω.
Note: Iib- Input bias current

a. 20.8 mV
b. 0V
c. 57 mV
d. 54.9 mV

Ans: d)
Solution:
Rom = (R1 x Rf)/ (R1+Rf)
Rf = (R1 x Rom)/(R1 – Rom ) = (1 k x 909 Ω) / (1 k – 909 Ω) = 9.98 kΩ
Since there is a Rom resistor (990 Ω) is connected at the non-inverting
terminal of an op-amp, the effect due to bias current IB is compensated.
 𝑅𝑓 9.98 𝑘
∴ 𝑉𝑜 = (1 + ) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (1 + ) ∗ 5𝑚 = 54.9 𝑚𝑉
𝑅1 1𝑘

20. If the op-amp in the figure has an input offset current of 30 nA, calculate the
differential input voltage?

a. 0V
b. 30 µV
c. 30 V
d. 0.3 V

Ans: b)
Solution:
Given Iof = 30 nA
The differential input voltage = Iof x 1 k = 30 nA x 1 k = 30 μV