Unit-1 - DC Circuit Analysis

B.
TECH - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AND DATA SCIENCE
EE18151 –
BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
(UNIT- 1)
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & MEASURMENTS
UNIT I
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & MEASURMENTS
• Ohm’s Law – Kirchhoff’s Laws – Steady State Solution of DC
Circuits using Mesh Analysis
• Introduction to AC Circuits – Waveforms and RMS Value – Power
and Power factor, Single Phase and Three Phase AC Balanced
Circuits.
• Construction and working Principle of Moving Coil and Moving
Iron Instruments (Ammeters and Voltmeters), Dynamometer
type Watt meters and Energy meters (Qualitative treatment
only)
Hours: 10
Electricity
What is electricity?
The ability to perform “work” by moving electrons between atoms
18-12-2020 EE18151-BEEE-UNIT_1 Electrical Circuits and Measurements 3

What do we need to make an electrical circuit
“Work”?
 Power Source
Wiring or Conductors
Control Device (switch)
Load
Circuit Protection (fuse)

Important Electrical Terms
Electric potential:
The ability of the charged body to do work
Potential difference (V)

The amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit (Voltage)
Unit :Volts
Current(I)
The flow of free electrons in a metal
Unit : Ampere

Important Electrical Terms
Energy(E)
Total work done in the electric circuit
Unit: Joules
E = V*I*t (Joules)
Power (P)
Rate at which the work is done in an electric circuit
P= Energy/time =W/t
Unit: Joules/sec (watts)
P = V*I (Watts)

AC vs. DC circuits
• Direct Current (DC) is a current that remains constant with time is
called
• A common source of DC is a battery.
• A current that varies sinusoidally with time is called Alternating
Current (AC)
• Mains power is an example of AC

Resistance(R)
Opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current
Unit :Ohm(Ω)
𝒍 𝒍
R∝ ; R=𝝆
𝑨 𝑨
l-Length of the conductor (m)
A-Area of the conductor (𝑚2 )
Ρ-Specific resistance or resistivity(Ohm –m)
Conductance is the inverse of resistance. Conductance has units of
"Siemens" (S). The associated variable is "G":
𝟏
G=
𝑹

Inductor(L)
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the

change of current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).

Inductor(L)
• The dependence between the current and the voltage of the inductor is
described by the equations:
• The power stored by an inductor:
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0) and its current

cannot change abruptly.

Capacitor(C)
• A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric
field.
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulator (or dielectric).
• Capacitance C is the ratio of the charge q on one
plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v
between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
• Where ε is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates, A

is the surface area of each plate, d is the distance between the plates.
Capacitor(C)
The dependence between the charge and voltage is:
Then current –voltage relationship of the capacitor is described by the

equations:
The power stored by an inductor:
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0). And its voltage cannot

change abruptly (depends on integral of i).
Example
Water = Charge (measured in Coulombs)
Pressure = Voltage (measured in Volts)
Flow = Current (measured in Amperes, or “Amps” for short)

Ohm’s law
The ratio of potential difference between any two points of a
conductor to the current flowing between them is constant,
provided the physical conditions do not change
V/I=constant (or) V/I=R

Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the
potential difference or voltage across the two points,
and inversely proportional to the resistance between
them.
• The mathematical equation describe this relationship
is
I = V/R
Where
I = Current through the resistance (Amperes)
V= The potential difference across the resistance (Volts)
R = The resistance of the conductor (Ohms)
Limitations of ohm’s law
Does not apply to all non metallic conductors
Ex: Silicon carbide
Does not apply to all non linear devices

Ex: Zener diode, voltage regulator tube
Ohm’s law is true for metal conductors at constant temperature.

𝑽 𝑽 𝑽𝟐
V=IR (V); I= (𝐀); R= (Ω); P=VI=𝑰𝟐 R= (W); E = Vit (J)
𝑹 𝑰 𝑹

Mathematical Expression Obtained from Ohm’s Law

Problem 1
An electrical Iron box takes 2.5 amps at 230 V
What does it cost to operate this iron box for 3 hrs, if the cost of the
energy is 75 paise/unit
Solution:
P=V*I=575 watts
E=V*I*t= 575*3= 1725 watt hour = 1.725 kwh
1 unit= 1000 watt hour (or) 1 kwh
Cost=1.725*.75=Rs 1.29375/-

Problem 2
An electrical lamp consumes 100 watts of Power. The supply voltage
is 230 V.
find out 1.the current flowing through lamp filament
2.the resistance value of the filament and energy consumed
in 45 minutes
Given data
P=100 watts V=230 V
Solution:
I=P/V , I= 100/230= .4347 Amps
R=V/I= 529.1 ohms
E= P*t= 100*45/60=75watt-hour=0.075kwh
Problem 3
A length of wire has a resistance of 4.5 ohms. Find the resistance of
another wire of the same material three times as long and twice the cross
sectional area?.
Given data:
R1=4.5Ω ,l2=3l1, A2=2A1
Since both wires are of the same material ƿ is common to both the wire
𝜌𝑙 𝑅 𝐴
𝑅1 = 𝐴 1 𝜌 = 1𝑙 1
1 1
𝜌𝑙2 𝜌 (3 𝑙1 ) 2𝑅2 𝐴1
𝑅2 = = 𝜌=
𝐴2 2 𝐴1 3𝑙1
4.5 𝐴1 2𝑅2 𝐴1
by equating ρ 𝜌= 𝑙1
= 3𝑙1
R2 = 4.5x3 / 2 = 6.75 ohm

Problem 4 Solution:
In the circuit shown in Fig.3, (a) The current is
calculate the current i,
the conductance G, and
the power p.
(b) The conductance is
(C) The power is (calculate by various ways)
Fig.3

Home work problems
1. The resistance of the motor is 200 ohm and the maximum current
that it can take is 2.2 Amps. Find the main supply voltage required
on which it works effectively.
2. A wire of length 1 m has a resistance of 2 ohms. What is the

resistance of second wire, whose specific resistance is double that
of the first, if the length of wire is 3 m and the diameter is double
that of first.

Electric Circuit
Network - Interconnection of two or more circuit elements (Voltage
sources, resistors, Inductors, capacitors…)
If the network contains at least one closed path it is called electric
circuit.
If the network contains at least one active element
–active circuit else passive circuit.

• Branch-A branch represents a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor.
• Node-A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches (Elements)
• Junction-A point at which two or more elements have a
common connection.
• Loop- A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
• Mesh-Most elementary loop & cannot be subdivided into other
loops.

• Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or connected
sequentially and consequently carry the same current
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same
two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.

NODES, BRANCHES, AND LOOPS
6a. Determine the number of branches and nodes in the circuit
shown. Identify which elements are in series and which are in
parallel.
6b. How many branches and nodes does the circuit in have?
Identify the elements that are in series and in parallel.

Solution:
• (For fig.a) Since there are four elements in the circuit, the circuit has
four branches and the circuit has three nodes
for a for b
• (For fig.b)Five branches and three nodes are identified

Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws
Kirchhoff’s circuit laws were first described in 1845 by Gustav
Kirchhoff. They consist from two equalities for the lumped
element model of electrical circuits. They describe the current
and voltage behaviour in the circuit.
(i) Kirchhoff’s Current law (KCL)
(ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)

KIRCHOFFS
LAW
JUNCTION LOOP
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

FIRST LAW / POINT LAW SECOND LAW / MESH LAW
NODEL ANALYSIS MESH ANALYSIS

(i) Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
(OR)
The sum of currents entering into any node is equal to the sum of
the currents leaving that node
Mathematically, KCL implies that
By this law, currents entering a node may be regarded as positive, while

currents leaving the node may be taken as negative or vice versa.

(i) KCL (Cont.)
• Consider the node in Fig. Applying KCL
gives
• By rearranging the terms, we get

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path(or loop) is zero.
• In a closed circuit Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises
Expressed mathematically, KVL states that
• Sign determination: (by convection) not mandatory

1. Potential rise +ve (w.r.to Current direction)
2. Potential drop -ve (w.r.to Current direction)
KVL (Cont.)
3.In any element, current always flows from higher potential to lower
potential
4. When current passes through a resistor, there is a loss of energy &
therefore a fall in potential and the sign of voltage drop is –ve.
 Current direction in the loop Clockwise direction.

 Starts from higher potential(+ve) to lower potential (-ve)

KVL (Cont.)
• The sign on each voltage is the polarity of the terminal encountered first as
we travel around the loop.
• We can start with any branch and go around the loop either clockwise or
counterclockwise.
• Suppose we start with the voltage source and go clockwise around the loop
as shown; then voltages would be in that order.
• For example, as we leaving branch 3, from Negative terminal; hence, we
have
• For branch 4, we leave from the Positive terminal , hence

Elements in series and parallel
Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or
connected sequentially and consequently carry the same current.
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the

same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across
them.

Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Resistors connected end to end.
• Same current flows in all resistors
• Series resistors act as a voltage divider.
• The total resistance of the circuit increases as the no: of resistors
connected in series increases

Series in Resistors
• V = iR1 + iR2
• V = iReq
• Req Can be written as R1 + R2
• Req = R1 + R2
The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series
is the sum of the individual resistances.
Fan regulators, decoration lights variable
voltage required & therefore variable
resistance connected in series with the load
Disadvantage: Break in circuit, entire circuit

gets affected

VOLTAGE DIVISION
Principle of Voltage Division - source voltage ‘v’ is divided among the
resistors in direct proportion to their resistances; the larger the
resistance, the larger the voltage drop.
If the n resistors connected in series the voltage drop across the nth
resistor is

POWER IN SERIES CIRCUIT
• Total power supplied by the source in any series resistive circuit = sum
of power in each resistor in series
(ie) Ps = P1 + P2 + P3 + ….. + Pm
m  no: of resistors in series

Ps  Total power supplied by the source
Ps = Vs I  Vs2
Req

Problems on Resistors in series
1. Calculate the equivalent resistant and current through the circuit.
Req = 15 Ω +10 Ω + 6 Ω
Req = 31 Ω
By ohms law
I = V/Req
= 10 V/ 31 Ω
I = 0.32 A
Answers:
Equivalent Resistant, Req = 31 Ω
Current supplied by 10V battery, I = 0.32 A
2. Three resistors 50 ohms,60 ohms,75 ohms are connected in series
across the mains.
calculate 1.Total resistance of the circuit
2.current flowing through them
Solution:
R= R1 + R2 +R3 =185 Ω
I = V/R = 1.19 A

Problems on Resistors in series (Voltage Divider Rule)
3. Find voltages V1 and V2 for a circuit given below
Solution:
Draw the current in the loop

Problem (Cont.)
Method 1:
By KVL,
-20 + 2i + 3i = 0 (By considering entering terminal sign of each elements)
20 - 2i - 3i = 0 (By considering leaving terminal sign of each elements)
5 i = 20
i=4A
By ohms Law,
V = iR
V1 = 2xi = 2x 4 = 8 V
V2 = 3xi = 3x 4 = 12 V
Problem (Cont.)
Method 2:
By Voltage divider Rule
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟐Ω, 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟑Ω and V = 20 V
𝟐 𝟒𝟎
𝒗𝟏 = ∗ 𝟐𝟎 = = 𝟖𝑽
𝟐+𝟑 𝟓
𝟑 𝟔𝟎
𝒗𝟐 = ∗ 𝟐𝟎 = = 𝟏𝟐 𝑽
𝟐+𝟑 𝟓

4. A electric lamp has a rated voltage of 100v and resistance of 35
ohms. Find the value of series resistance which will operate the
lamp from a 120 V supply
Solution:
I=100/35= 2.86A
R= V/I = 20/2.86
R = 6.99 Ω

5. Calculate current in other resistors, value of x and equivalent
resistance across AB
Voltage across 6Ω resistance = I * R

= 5*6 = 30V
Solution: Current through other resistors
I2 = 30/30 = 1A and I3= 30/15 = 2A
IT = 5+I1+I2+I3
10 = 5+I1+1+2
I1 = 10-5-1-2
I1 = 2A

Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Resistors connected across each other.
• Same voltage applied to each resistors
• The total resistance of the circuit decreases as the no: of resistors
connected in parallel increases
KCL at node a

Parallel Resistors
• where Req is the equivalent resistance of the resistors in parallel:
• If the N resistors are connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance is
• Req is always smaller than the resistance of the smallest resistor in the
parallel combination. If R1 = R2 = … = RN = R, then
Equivalent conductance for N resistors in parallel
The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is the
sum of their individual conductance’s.
Equivalent conductance Geq of N resistors in series:

CURRENT DIVISION
Principle of Current Division - total current ‘i’ is shared by the resistors
in inverse proportion to their resistances.
The current in the branches are given by

Currents in parallel circuit in
terms of Conductance G
The current in the branches are given by
If we divide both the numerator and denominator by R1, R2 the equation becomes
Thus, in general, if a current divider has N conductors (G1, G2, G3,…GN) in

parallel with the source current i, the nth conductor (GN) will have current

Problems on Resistors in parallel
6. Calculate the equivalent resistance of a given circuit.
1/Req = 1/12 Ω +1/4 Ω + 1/6 Ω

= 1/12 Ω + 3/12 Ω + 2/12 Ω
1/Req = 6/12 Ω = ½ Ω
Req = 2 Ω

Problems on Resistors in parallel(Current divisor)
7. Determine the magnitude of the currents I1, I2, and I3 for the
network of Fig.

Problems on Resistors in parallel(Current divisor)
7. Determine the magnitude of the currents I1, I2, and I3 for
the network of Fig. Solution: (By Current divider Rule)
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟐Ω, 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟒Ω and I = 12 A
𝟒
𝑰𝟏 = ∗ 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟖 𝑨
𝟐+𝟒
𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = ∗ 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟒 𝑨
𝟐+𝟒
𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = 8 +4 = 12 A
Problems on Resistors in parallel
8. Two resistors in parallel and V=200V is applied to the terminals.
Total current taken is 25A and the power dissipated in one of the
resistors is 1500W. What is the value of resistance of each element?
Solution:
Power, PR2=1500W
R2 = V2/PR2= 2002/1500= 26.67Ω
I2 = V/ R2 = 200/26.67 = 7.5A
IT = I1 + I2
25=7.5+ I1
I1 =17.5A
R2 = V/ I1 = 200/17.5 = 11.43Ω

Problems on Resistors in Series & parallel
9. Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig.
Solution:
The Resistances 1 Ω and 5 Ω are in
series hence 1 + 5 = 6 Ω

The 6 Ω and 3 Ω resistors are in parallel,
so their equivalent resistance is
The Resistances 2 Ω and 2 Ω are in

series hence 2 + 2 = 4 Ω
This 4- resistor is now in parallel with
the 6- resistor
The three resistors are in series. Hence,

the equivalent resistance for the circuit is
Req =4 + 2.4 + 8 =14.4 Ω
(Home Work Problem)
Answer: Req = 10 Ω

Solution:


Solution:
10. Find RT & battery current The circuit can be redrawn as
All resistors are in parallel

RT = 8-1+ 12-1+16-1
RT = 3.692 Ω
Battery current = V/RT
I = 16/3.692 = 4.33A
11. Find Requ for a given Circuit.
 6K and 6K are connected in series

hence, 6k + 6K = 12KΩ
12 KΩ and 4 KΩ are in parallel, hence

Solution: the equivalent resistance is
12 KΩ and 12 KΩ are in parallel, 𝟏𝟐 𝑲 𝑿𝟒 𝑲 𝟒𝟖 𝑲
hence the equivalent resistance is 12 KΩ || 4 KΩ = 𝟏𝟐 𝑲+𝟒 𝑲 = 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟐 𝑲 𝑿𝟏𝟐 𝑲 = 𝟑 𝑲Ω
12 KΩ || 12 KΩ = 𝟏𝟐 𝑲+𝟏𝟐 𝑲
𝟏𝟐 𝑲 𝑿𝟏𝟐 𝑲 Requ = 𝟑𝑲Ω
= 𝟐𝟒 𝑲 = 𝟔𝑲
12. A 100 watts 230 V lamp is connected
in parallel with a resistance R. The total
power dissipated in the circuit is 500
watts. When the applied voltage is 230
Solution:
volts, find the value of unknown Current I1 in the lamp=P/V
resistance
I1 = 100/230 =0 .435A
Power dissipated in the resistor
= 500-100 = 400 W
I2 = 400/230 = 1.74 A
R = 230/1.74 = 132.18 Ω

13. The equivalent resistance of four Solution:
resistors joined in parallel is 30 ohms.
the current flowing through them are
0.5, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.1A.
Find the value of each resistor.
Total current, I =0.5+0.4+0.6+0.1

=1.6A
Total voltage, V = 30* 1.6 = 48 V
R1 =V/ I1 = 48/0.5= 96 Ω
R𝟐 = V/ I2 = 48/0.4 = 120 Ω
R3 = V/ I3 = 48/0.6 = 80 Ω
R4 = V/ I𝟒 = 48/0.1 = 480 Ω

14. The circuit is connected as shown in
fig. Find the value of R. Also find the
current through each element. Given that Voltage across 3Ω resistor, V = V = I R
3 6 1
the power dissipated in 3 ohm resistor is
5.33 Watts. V3 = V6 = 4V
Current through 6 ohm resistor I2 = V6 / R
I2 = 4 / 6 = 0.667A
Total Current I = I1 +I2 = 2 A
Resistance Value, R = VR / I = 4 / 2 = 2Ω
Solution:
Power dissipated in 3Ω resistor = 5.33 W
I12 R = 5.33
I12 *3 = 5.33
I1 = 1.33A
15. Find the 1.Total current drawn from
the battery, 2.Voltage across 2 ohm
Answers:
resistor and 3.current passing through 5
ohm resistor Rt = 5.92 ohms
It = 3.43 A
V2 = 6.86 V
I5 = 2A

16. Find current I in the loop and Voltage
across 30Ω
By KVL
40-8I-100-2I-30I=0
Solution: I= -60/40 = -1.5A
The circuit can be redrawing as -ve sign indicates that current direction
has to be reversed
Voltage drop across 30Ω = I*R =
1.5*30 = 45

CURRENT SOURCES IN PARALLEL
17. Reduce the parallel current sources given in the fig into a single current source.
Question: Question:
Solution:
Solution:
Is = 7 -3 + 4 = 8 A
Is = 10 – 6 = 4 A
Rs = 4 Ω
R1 || R2 = (6*3) / 9
= 2Ω

VOLTAGE SOURCES IN SERIES
18. Reduce the series Voltage sources given in the fig into a single Voltage source.
Question: Question:
Solution:
Solution:

Source Transformation
A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source VS in series
with a resistor R by a current source IS in parallel with a resistor R, or vice
versa.

MESH ANALYSIS
 Large number of voltage sources
 Analysis can be performed if the circuit contains only voltage source
 Applicable only for planar networks
A mesh is defined as a loop which does not contain any other loop within it
No: of linearly independent mesh eqns = Branches – (nodes -1)
m= B – (N-1) Note: include ref node
Eg:
N=4, B=5
m= 5-(4-1)
m= 2
Total no : of mesh eqn=2
Mesh 1 = abefa
Mesh 2 = bcdeb
Assume mesh currents I1, I2. (let the current be in clockwise direction)
Steps:
1) Identify the meshes.
2) Assign mesh currents.
3) Apply KVL around each mesh
4) Solve the equations.
Mesh 1 : abefa
Vs - R1 I1 - R2 ( I1- I2 ) = 0
I1(R1+R2) – R2I2 = Vs  (1)
Mesh 2 : bcdeb
- R3 I2 - R4 I2 - R2 ( I2- I1 ) = 0
-I1R2 + I2 (R4+R2+R3) = 0  (2)
Solving Eqn 1 & 2 gives solution for I1 and I2
I1(R1+R2) – R2I2 = Vs  (1)
Where
- I1R2 + I2 (R4+R2+R3) = 0  (2) R11 = sum of resistances in mesh 1 (+ve sign)
R22 = sum of resistances in mesh 2 (+ve sign)
In matrix Form R33 = sum of resistances in mesh 3 (+ve sign)
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐 −𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟏 R12 =R21 = mutual resistance between mesh 1 and mesh 2
=
−𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟒 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 𝑰 𝟐 𝟎 (sign depends on currents through R12)
R13 =R31 = mutual resistance between mesh 1 and mesh 3
In general for 2 mesh system (sign depends on currents through R13)
𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟏 R23 =R32 = mutual resistance between mesh 2 and mesh 3
= (sign depends on currents through R23)
𝑹𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟐
I1 = current in mesh 1
In general for 3 mesh system I2 = current in mesh 2
𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟏𝟑 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟏 I3 = current in mesh 3
𝑹𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐𝟑 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 V1 = sum of voltage sources in mesh1 (sign depends on I1)
𝑹𝟑𝟏 𝑹𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝟑𝟑 𝑰𝟑 𝑽𝟑 V2 = sum of voltage sources in mesh2 (sign depends on I2)
V3 = sum of voltage sources in mesh3 (sign depends on I3)
Problem 1 (Mesh Analysis)
Determine the mesh currents for a circuit given below
Solution:
KVL@ Mesh 1:
50-10I1- 5(I1+I2) - 3 (I1-I3)=0
18I1 + 5I2 - 3I3=50  (1)
KVL@ Mesh 2:
-2I2- 5(I2+I1)- 1(I2+I3) +10=0
5I1+ 8I2+ I3=10  (2)
KVL@ Mesh 3:
-1(I3+I2) – 5 – 3(I3-I1) = 0
3I1-I2-4I3= 5  (3)
18I1 + 5I2 - 3I3= 50  (1)
5I1 + 8I2 + I3= 10  (2) 18 5 −3
∆= 5 8 1 = 356
3I1 - I2 - 4I3= 5  (3)
3 −1 −4
In matrix Form
50 5 −3
18 5 −3 I1 50 ∆1 = 10 8 1 = 1175
5 8 1 I2 = 10
5 −1 −4
3 −1 −4 I3 5
According to Cramer’s rule 18 50 −3
∆𝟏 ∆2 = 5 10 1 = −355
𝐈𝟏 =
∆ 3 5 −4
∆𝟐
𝐈𝟐 = 18 5 50
∆
∆𝟑 ∆3 = 5 8 10 = 525
𝐈𝟑 = 3 −1 5
∆
Now, the mesh currents are
∆𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟓
𝐈𝟏 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑 𝑨
∆ 𝟑𝟓𝟔
∆𝟐 −𝟑𝟓𝟓
𝐈𝟐 = = = −𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝑨
∆ 𝟑𝟓𝟔
∆𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝟓
𝐈𝟑 = = = 1.47A
∆ 𝟑𝟓𝟔
Find the current in 12ohm resistor for a network given below
Solution:
KVL@ Mesh: 1
480 - 4(I1-I3) - 7(I1-I2)=0
480 -11I1 + 7I2+ 4I3 =0
11I1 - 7I2 - 4I3 = 480  (1)
KVL@ Mesh: 2
-7(I2-I1) - 4(I2-I3) - 600 =0
-7I1 + 11I2 - 4I3 = -600  (2)
KVL@ Mesh: 3
-12I3- 4(I3-I2) - 4(I3-I1) =0
-4I1 - 4I2+ 20I3 = 0  (3)
11I1 - 7I2 - 4I3 = 480  (1)
-7I1 + 11I2 - 4I3 = -600  (2)
-4I1 - 4I2+ 20I3 = 0  (3)
In matrix Form 11 −7 −4
∆= −7 11 −4 = 864
11 −7 −4 I1 480
−4 −4 20
−7 11 −4 I2 = −600
−4 −4 20 I3 0 11 −7 480
∆3 = −7 11 −600 = −8640
−4 −4 0
According to Cramer’s rule
∆𝟑 The current in 12ohm resistor
𝐈𝟑 =
∆
∆𝟑 −𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟎
𝐈𝟑 = = = -10A
∆ 𝟖𝟔𝟒

For the circuit in Fig, find the branch currents I1, I2 and I3
and using mesh analysis.
Solution:
KVL@ Mesh: 1
15 – 5i1– 10 (i1-i2) – 10 =0
-15i1 + 10i2+ 5 =0
15i1 – 10i2 = 5  (1)
KVL@ Mesh: 2
- 6i2 – 4i2 +10 - 10(i2-i1) =0
10i1 -20i2 = - 10
-10i1 +20i2 = 10  (2)

Problem 3 (Cont..)
15i1 – 10i2 = 5  (1)
-10i1 +20i2 = 10  (2)
In matrix form
𝟏𝟓 −𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝟏 𝟓 The mesh currents are
=
−𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝒊𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 −𝟐 𝒊𝟏 𝟏
=
−𝟐 𝟐 𝒊𝟐 𝟏
The branch currents are
According to Cramer’s rule

Write the mesh equations for the network given in Fig. and solve
the mesh current
Solution:
KVL@ Mesh: 1
2 - 1I1- 4 - 1(I1-I2)=0
-2 -2I1 + I2= 0
-2I1+ I2 = 2 (or)
2I1- I2 = - 2  (1)
KVL@ Mesh: 2
-2I2 - 3(I2-I3) - 1(I2-I1) + 4= 0
I1 - 6I2 + 3I3 = -4 (or) KVL@ Mesh: 3
-I1 + 6I2 - 3I3 = 4 (2) 2 -4I3- 3(I3-I2) =0
3I2 - 7I3 = -2 (or)
-3I2 + 7I3 = 2  (3)
2I1- I2 = - 2  (1)
-I1 + 6I2 - 3I3 = 4 (2) 2 −1 0
∆= −1 6 −3 = 59
-3I2 + 7I3 = 2  (3)
0 −3 7
In matrix Form
−2 −1 0
2 −1 0 I1 −2 ∆1 = 4 6 −3 = −32
−1 6 −3 I2 = 4
2 −3 7
0 −3 7 I3 2
According to Cramer’s rule 2 −2 0
∆𝟏 ∆2 = −1 4 −3 =54
𝐈𝟏 =
∆ 0 2 7
∆𝟐
𝐈𝟐 = 2 −1 −2
∆
∆𝟑 ∆3 = −1 6 4 = 40
𝐈𝟑 = 0 −3 2
∆
Now, the mesh currents are
∆𝟏 −𝟑𝟐
𝐈𝟏 = = = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝐀
∆ 𝟓𝟗
∆𝟐 𝟓𝟒
𝐈𝟐 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝐀
∆ 𝟓𝟗
∆𝟑 𝟒𝟎
𝐈𝟑 = = = 0.6779 A
∆ 𝟓𝟗
Inspection method
To write the equation in terms of self and mutual resistances
• The self resistance of a loop is the sum of the resistance encountered in a traverse of
that loop.
The self resistance of loop1 = R11 = R1 + R2
The self resistance of loop2= R22 = R2 + R3
The self resistance of loop3= R33 = R4 + R5
The resistance which is common to more than one loop is called mutual resistance.
R12 = R21= -R2
R13 = R31=0
R23 = R32=0
Finally general form of loop equation is
R11I1+R12I2+R13I3=V1
R21I1+R22I2+R23I3=0
R31I1+R23I2+R33I3=V2
Writing the eqn in matrix form, we get
𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟏𝟑 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑹𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐𝟑 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐
𝑹𝟑𝟏 𝑹𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝟑𝟑 𝑰𝟑 𝑽𝟑
V1= algebraic sum of the emf in the loop1 V1=V1
V2= algebraic sum of the emf in the loop 2  V2=0
V3= algebraic sum of the emf in thr loop 3V3=V2
Note:
1) The self resistances are always taken as positive
2) The mutual resistance is positive if the current through it is sum of the loop
currents.
3) The mutual resistance is negative if the current through it is the difference of
the loop currents
Problem 1 (Inspection Method)
Find the mesh currents using inspection method for a given circuit.
Solution:
𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑹𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟏𝟑 𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑹𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐𝟑 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐
𝑹𝟑𝟏 𝑹𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝟑𝟑 𝑰𝟑 𝑽𝟑
𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟔 𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟎
−𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟎 𝑰𝟐 = −𝟓
−𝟔 𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝑰𝟑 𝟐𝟓
Equations for above matrix
10I1-3I2-6I3=10
-3I1+10I2=-5 By solving equations
I1 = 4.2727 A
-6I1+10I3=25
I2 =0.7818 A
I3 =5.0636 A

Unit-1 - DC Circuit Analysis

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Unit-1 - DC Circuit Analysis

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B.

TECH - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The ability to perform “work” by moving electrons between atoms

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Potential difference (V)

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Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the

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• The power stored by an inductor:

• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0) and its current

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• Where ε is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates, A

Then current –voltage relationship of the capacitor is described by the

The power stored by an inductor:

A capacitor is an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0). And its voltage cannot

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Does not apply to all non linear devices

Ohm’s law is true for metal conductors at constant temperature.

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(C) The power is (calculate by various ways)

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2. A wire of length 1 m has a resistance of 2 ohms. What is the

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(ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

NODEL ANALYSIS MESH ANALYSIS

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By this law, currents entering a node may be regarded as positive, while

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• By rearranging the terms, we get

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• Sign determination: (by convection) not mandatory

 Current direction in the loop Clockwise direction.

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Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the

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Disadvantage: Break in circuit, entire circuit

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m  no: of resistors in series

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Voltage across 6Ω resistance = I * R

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