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Periodic motion – is any motion of system which
Lesson Title:
Simple Harmonic Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
―is a periodic motion where a restoring
force is applied that is proportional to
the displacement and in the opposite
direction of that displacement.
Restoring force – A force that will tend to
bring back the system back to the
equilibrium or natural position.
General equation of a SHM
repeats itself at regular, equal intervals of time.
Examples of periodic motion
1. motion of a planet around the sun
2. Motion of a boy sitting in a swing
3. Motion of a pendulum
Examples of SHM
1. Spring-mass 2. Pendulum
Displacement ( ) –the distance the particle has been
moved from its equilibrium position and is measured in
meters.
Amplitude ( ) - the maximum displacement of the
vibrating object from the equilibrium position and is
measured in meters.
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Time period ( ) - The time taken for an oscillating Frequency ( )- the number of cycles it completes
object to complete one full oscillation and it is in one second and is measured in hertz (Hz) and
measured in seconds.
also reciprocal to time period.
For spring mass: For Pendulum: • One cycle for a pendulum – a left swing and a right swing.
• One cycle for a spring mass – a bounce up and down.
=2 =2
1
=

– mass in kg – length of the string (m)

– spring constant in N/m – 9.8 m/s2

Angular frequency ( ) - a measure of the • Velocity of SHM:

frequency of an object varying sinusoidally equal
=± −
to 2π times the frequency in cycles per second =
and expressed in radian/second.

=2
• Acceleration of SHM:
=
Phase ( )- the initial angle of a sinusoidal function =
at its origin and is measured in radian.

Example Problem a. Amplitude = 5.00 cm = 0.05 m

Frequency: =
b. Maximum speed:
=
=2 / =2 = . = . /
2 =2
1. An object executes SHM whose displacement x varies with time 2 Maximum acceleration:
=
2 =
t according to the relation x = 5.00 sin 2πt − , where x is in = = . ( ) = . /

centimeters and t is in seconds. Determine Period: =

1
a. the amplitude, frequency, period and phase constant of the motion, =
1
b. the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the object. =

= =

Phase constant: =−

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Example Example
The length of a simple pendulum oscillating with a period T is doubled, what is A harmonic oscillator has a mass of 4 kg and a spring with a force constant 100
the new period of oscillations in terms of T? N/m. Find the period, frequency and angular frequency.
a. period b. frequency c. Angular frequency
=
=
= = =
= .
= = = .
= .
= . = /
= = .

Damping
• Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the
effect of reducing, restricting or preventing its oscillations. In any real
oscillating system, the amplitude of the oscillations decreases in time until
eventually stopping altogether
• Generally, due to air resistance or internal friction
• Energy dissipated to thermal energy over time

Types of Damping Types of Damping

1. Overdamped: the system returns to equilibrium without oscillating. 2. Critically damped: The system returns to equilibrium as quickly as
•Large damping, no oscillation and slowly goes back to equilibrium. possible without oscillating.
Ex. a door slowly closing with no swing Ex. a door shut quickly

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Types of Damping
3. Underdamped: The system oscillates with the amplitude gradually
decreasing to zero.
•small damping, several oscillations
Ex. a door swinging back and forth
with reduced amplitude until it stops swinging.