Group 4

Achmad Dzulfikri Almufti Asyhar

Calista Dhea Salsabila
Farah Fatimatuzzahro’
Maulina Nur Afifah
Biodiversity

A. Understanding of biodiversity
Biodiversity is the whole gene, species and ecosistent in an area (“totality of genes,
species and ecosystems in a region”). Biodiversity is the term "umbrella" for the degree of
natural diversity, which includes the number, frequency of ecosystems, species and genes that
exist in certain regions). Biodiversity is an ecological function or natural service, in the form of
services produced by one species and / or ecosystem (living space) which benefits other species
including human
In the discussion of world biodiversity, Indonesia is a country that cannot be
abandoned. Indonesia very rich in biodiversity, both on land and in the ocean. During this time,
discussions on biodiversity wealth generally based only on terrestrial species, however with
more and more maritime research, then biodiversity in the ocean also began to be revealed. This
has impacted Indonesia's ranking as a major biodiversity country, because this country is the
largest archipelagic country in the world.
B. Levels of biodiversity
Biodiversity is all of organisms on earth (plants, animals, and microorganisms)
including the genetic diversity they contain and the establishment of ecosystem diversity
Biodiversity consists of three levels (Purvis and Hector 2000), including :
1. Species
The diversity of all species of organisms on earth, including bacteria and protists and the species
of the multicellular kingdom (plants, fungi, multicellular animals).
2. Genetic
Genetic variation within a species, both among geographically separated populations, and
between individuals in a population.
3. Ecosystem
Different biological communities and their associations with the physical environment
(ecosystem) of each.
Biodiversity is the basis of various ecosystem services, both in the form of products
and environmental services that are needed by living things, especially humans.
C. Supporting factors and inhibitors of biodiversity
a. Factors that support biodiversity are gene factors
Genetic factors are relatively constant or have a stable influence on the morphology of the
organism (Masmitra, 2009)
 b. The main causes of biodiversity loss are:
Habitat damage, climate change (global warming), excessive exploitation, environmental
pollution, accident / accident and the arrival of foreign species (WWF 2012).
Other factors that inhibit biodiversity is Human activity factor among other :
a.) less concerned about nature
b.) Excessive use of natural resources
c.) Illegal collection and trade
d.) increasing population

In our presentation, we will present about one type of biodiversity, namely acacia from
observations by Sutomo, van Etten E, Wahab L. 2016 about Proof of Acacia nilotica stand expansion in
Bekol Savanna, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia through remote sensing and field
observations.

One of woody species that is known to inhabit certain savanna ecosystems is Acacia nilotica.
The Acacia nilotica tree is widespread in the northern savannah regions, and its range extends from Mali
to Sudan and Egypt. Acacia nilotica was first introduced to Java Island in 1850. It then spread to Bali, East
Nusa Tenggara, Timor and Papua. Found in grasslands, savanna is reported as important colonizer at
Baluran National Park in East Java and Wasur National Park Papua. We conducted Vegetation analysis in
three areas of the Baluran Savanna namely: Grazed, burned and unburnt. Our observation result analysis
showed that in terms of the three most important tree species in all of the sites that we sampled
(grazed, burnt and unburnt savannas) Acacia nilotica appeared in each of these sites. The values
however, vary between sites. Acacia nilotica Importance Value Index is highest in the unburnt savanna,
with IVI reaching almost 250.

Figure 1

Sketch of Acacia nilotica subsp. indica from Baluran

National Park (Illustrated by M. Sumerta, Bali Botanical Garden, Indonesia)

Table 1. Species diversity in three sampling sites

Index Shannon Index Simpson

Un-grazed 0.83080091 0,437944506
Grazed 0.845667704 0.447737829
Burnt 0.745068622 0.45753436
from the table above, it can be seen that acacia plants grow most in areas that are not burned.
Figure 2. Importance Value Index analysis for tree habits at the sampling sites in Bekol Savanna, Baluran
National Park, East Java, Indonesia.

Figure 3. Result from GIS analysis and ground check showing expansion of Acacia nilotica stand at Bekol
Savanna in 2014, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia.
Figure 4. A profile diagram of the boundary area between the A. nilotica stand and Bekol Savanna,
Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Notes: An = Acacia nilotica, Ai = Azadirachta indica, Zr =
Ziziphus rotundifolia, Pa = Polytrias amaura, Dc = Dichantium coricosum, Tl = Thespesia lampas

Figure 5. Result from NMDS ordination of sites in terms of their species composition at Baluran National
Park, East Java, Indonesia and Decrease in area. Savanna Bekol, Baluran National
Park, East Java, Indonesia from 2013-2014

Conclude

Analysis of their observations shows that in terms of the three most important tree species
(described in the Important Value Index / IVI) on all the sites we sampled (seaweed that was carded,
burned and not burned) A. nilotica appeared on each of these sites (Figure 2). But the value varies on
each site. A. nilotica IVI is highest in unburned savanna, with IVI reaching almost 250. Sites that are not
burned are actually burnt places but with moderate age or time since fire (about 6-7 years), while
burning sites are relatively savanna young age / time since fire (several months to 1 year). It is assumed
that A. nilotica pods are grazed by buffaloes and spread seeds to many savanna areas including burned
areas. After experiencing a fire, heat helps in the process of seed scarification and accelerates
germination. When there is no subsequent fire for a significant period of time, these seeds grow and
mature and dominate sites that are not burned. In terms of species diversity, all of these sites have low
species diversity (around 0.8) as measured by Shannon and Wiener and Simpson Index (Table 1).