ANNOTATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

SUBMITTED TO

Miss Fatima Saman

Prepared by

M.Tariq (08-0908)

M.Ali Pervaiz (08-0822)

M.Waheed (09-5488)

Rohail Nasir (09-5479)

Ahmad Fazal (09-5466)

National university of computer and emerging sciences

 ARTICLES

Title: Job stress

Author: C.S. Clarke, Ph.D

Year of publication: 1990

SUMMARY:

Workplace stress can lead to poor health and even injury. In this article author has explain several
reasons that have been identified as those causing the most stress for the most people on the job:

 Too much/too little independence in performance and decision-making.

 Responsibilities without adequate power to fulfil them.
 Lack of adequate knowledge to fulfil assignments or make plans for self within the
organizational structure.
 Lack of motivators for performance.
 Too much or too little responsibility.
 Too much or too little work.
 Interruptions and conflicting demands
 Role conflict
 Managing time on the job

The above points clearly explain the reasons for the stress in a workplace. In the companies which
are centralised most of the employees take stresses because of their less involvement in decision
making. In the article author has also make emphasis on the motivation level of the employees
because lack of motivation will affect the overall performance of the employee which will ultimately
lead to career dissatisfaction and also affect the company performance. One reason of stress in
workplace occurs when companies give many responsibilities to the employees but not provide
enough resources to fulfil them. In the end of the article author has explain that how can this stress
might reduce improve the employees overall performance.

Relevance to Project: The reason for which we have chosen this article is that it is very much
relevant to our final project which is “Job stress and career satisfaction”. It explains the first module
of our project which is job stress and reasons of stress in workplace. It also explains that how one
can overcome to these reasons.
Title: Positive and Negative Affective Outcomes of Occupational Stress

Article from: New Zealand Journal of Psychology 

Year of publication: July 1, 2006

 Author: McGowan, Jennifer; Gardner, Dianne; Fletcher, Richard

Summary:
Work stress is a significant problem in the industry. This article explains stress as demands of the job
and a person inability to meet those demands. Stress can be both positive and negative. This
research has examined the positive and negative effects of stress. For positive stress term “Eustress”
is used and for negative stress the term distress is used. This is a study of one hundred and forty four
employees from three New Zealand organizations about stressful work-related events, its effect on
performance and moral of the employees. Unlike other studies this research has also focused on
positive outcomes of the stress if stress is effectively coped. Cognitive appraisal scale (CAS) was used
for primary appraisal. The job related effective wellbeing scale (jaws) was used to measure the
relation of the employees with their job. Factors which were identified as coping strategies for stress
were systematic problem solving, social support, positive reappraisal, self-controlling, confronted
coping, escape-avoidance, accepting responsibility, and distancing. With respect to our research
from this article we can identify that stress can be both positive “eustress” and negative “distress”.
From this research we can identify some variables like Organizational and situational variables such
as managerial style and support, work control, organizational culture and employment stability are
likely to impact on employees stress. Individual difference variables such as anxiety personality type
and optimism/pessimism also affect how an employee takes stress.

Relevance to Project:

With relevance to our topic from this article we got to know that we need to look stress in both
positive and negative manner. From this research we can identify some variables like Organizational
and situational variables such as managerial style and support, work control, organizational culture
and employment stability are likely to impact on employees stress. Individual difference variables
such as anxiety personality type and optimism/pessimism also affect how an employee takes stress.
Then from this we were also able to understand how to operations stress using cognitive appraisal
scale and employees well being scale. It also helped us in understand the different strategies to cope
stress like social support and positive appraisal.
Title: A study of job stress on job satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia

Author: Nilufar Ahsan, Zaini Abdullah, David Yong Gun Fie & Syed Shah Alam

Year of Publication: 2009

Summary:

This article describes the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. If we do the analysis of
this article, every organization has its own culture and environment. Employees might get familiar to
the culture and adjust themselves. The variables of job stress that have been examined under this
study includes, management role, relationship with others, homework interface, role ambiguity,
workload pressure, and performance pressure. Another consequence of stress and lesser job
satisfaction is the workload on the employee and a feeling of constant pressure. The person might
be assigned a task which an employee is not able to understand. variables such as precision,
confidence, population size, time and cost were taken into account in selecting sample size . The
result also shows that there is a significant negative relationship between job stress and job
satisfaction.

Relevance to Project:

This article is about job stress on job satisfaction among university staff Malaysia. we were assigned
with a topic on job stress and career satisfaction in which firstly we identify the variables which
cause the job stress like demographics, family problems, work overload and relationship with others
which ultimately effect the job satisfaction, so this research article is directly related with our topic
job stress and career satisfaction.
Topic: Creating Job Satisfaction

Author: H Jackson Brown, JR

Year of Publication: January, 2009.

Summary:

This article is about how you can create job satisfaction .Work plays a significant role in our lives for
achieving our goals. In our journey to be happy we want job satisfaction which is only possible if are
able to meet the company objectives but there are certain variables which effect the career of an
employee some of those are work overload, family problems etc. When you are dissatisfied with
your job, which creates job stress and you might not be in a condition of career development.
In the first step you identify the variables and then you see how you can cop those variables. The
first methodology the organization can use is the compensation to counter the overload work on the
employee. Another variable which employees face is the boredom. You are rid of the daily routine
life know in that situation you can train the employees and teach them new skills you can assign
them different tasks.
When an employee is working under stress then an employee can see the options he has like, he can
work in different department he can also leave the job and find another organization in which he has
the option of career development.

Relevance to project:

This article is about how you can create job satisfaction. The article written by H. Jackson Brown, JR
in which he has identified the variables that how an employee can reduce the stress during job. This
article will help us during our research work in formulation of a solution in our topic job stress and
career satisfaction.
Title: Stress at Work

Author: Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Laura Horwitz, Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Melinda Smith, M.A., and Robert
Segal, M.A.

Year of Publication: November 2008.

Summary:

This article reviews and summarizes the ways of how to reduce and manage job and workplace
stress in current dynamic environment. Further its very hard to cope with job challenges because
stress on job excessive stress interferes with our productivity and reduces our physical and
emotional health, so it’s important to find ways to keep it under control. There are some ways to
discussed in this article to manage and reduce job stress in order to maintain produnctivity level
which will be good not only for the person’s health but also for organization’s well being. There are
some ways to manage job stress like Taking Responsibility, Avoiding pitfalls, Learning better
communication skills. When stress on the job is interfering with your ability to work, care for
yourself, or manage your personal life by paying attention to your physical and emotional health.
The article also explains the following components:

1. Components which are required for prioritizing and organizing: Time management and Task
management.
2. Emotional intelligence in the workplace has four major components: Self-awareness, Self-
management, Social awareness, Relationship management.

We can reduce job stress by eliminating self-defeating behaviors like Resist perfectionism, Clean up
your act, Flip your negative thinking

Relevance to project:

This article is directly related to our topic because the factors discussed in this article can be very
helpful to us in making of questionnarie and then analyzing these factors on some scale to measure
their effectiveness, validity and reliabilty according to our study objectives and goals. Secondly we
can also relate above management factors of job stress with career satisfaction and job
performance that how workplace stress affects a person’s ability to work and its effects on
organization’s performance.
 RESEARCH QUESTION

The topic of our project is about job stress and career satisfaction with relevance to our topic and
after consulting with our co ordinator we have developed a reseach question which is,

How job stress effect the job satisfaction of an employee ?