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dr.  Dwi  Indria  Anggraini,  MSc.,  SpKK.

Faculty of Medicine Lampung  University


Adrenal  Cortex
Homeostatic  organ,  regulating    reactions  to  stress

Release  
J Controlled    by  CNS  
J Stimuli  :                    Trauma,  chemicals,  diurnal  rhythms,  emotion  

Corticotropin-­‐releasing  factors  (CRF)

Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone  (ACTH)

Glucocorticoids
GLUCORTICOID MINERALOCORTICOID
Metabolic  effect Retension of  Na-­H2O
Antiinflamatorry/  Immunosupresive BP,  Edema
Emotional  stress
Trauma                                                                                      Diurnal  rhythms
Hypothalamus
CRF                                
Anterior  pituitary  glands

Negative                                                                        ACTH
inhibition
Adrenal  cortex
Adrenal  steroids

The  pathway  of  adrenocorticotropic hormone  (ACTH)  


and  adrenal  steroid  secretion.
Inflammation  ?
Causative  trauma  ,  MO,  Cold,  Organ  
transplants

Symptomatic                                      Cell
NSAID                                                                  
CS                                                                ↓
↓ Inflammation  :  color,  dolor,  flame
Masking  effect
1.  CS                      à hormone

That  effects  almost  every  organ/systems

SE  ↑↑…  (1)
2.  Therapeutic  Uses
-­‐ Endocrine  à substitution  therapy
-­‐ Non  endocrine

AI  &  Immunosuppresive

Obat dewa …(2)                                                                      Masking  effect

3.  (1)  &  (2)  à Pedang bermata dua


Adrenal  cortex  releases  a  number  of  endogenous  CS
§ GLUCOCORTICOID
▪ Zona fasciculata
▪ Affect  CH  &  Prot metabolism  and  resistance  to  stress
▪ Feedback  inhibitor  of  corticotropin and  CRF  secretion
▪ Endogenous  glucocorticoids:  
▪ Cortisol (hydrocortisone) à major  endog.glucocort,  
10-­‐25  mg/daily
▪ Cortisone
▪ Corticosterone à 0,5-­‐2  mg  /daily
▪ Diurnal  rhythm  :  
▪ 4  AM  &  8  AM,  4  PM
§ Mineralocorticoids

▪ Zona glomerulosa
▪ Affect  electrolyte  and  water  metabolism
▪ Sodium  &  water  retention  à edema,  BP
▪ Endogenous  mineralocorticoids :
▪ Aldosterone à 30-­‐150  µg/daily
▪ Desoxycorticosterone
SYNTHESIS  &  SECRETION:

Regulation  à FBM


CS  level  ↓ à FBM  (+)
CS  level  ↑ à FBM    (-­‐)

Chronically  consume  CS  exogenous  in  large  


dosage  ??
CS  level  ↑à FBM  (-­‐)
Adrenal  gland  suppression

ATROPHY
¡ Mechanism  of  action  
§ To  stimulate  specific  protein  receptor  sites  on  
the  adrenal  cortical  cell  membrane

§ ACTH  is  required  for  the  synthesis  of  


mineralocorticoids &  glucocorticoids
(stimulate    the  synthesis  of  gluco >  mineralo.)
¡ Diagnostic  tool  :
§ Primary  adrenal  insufficiency  (Addison’s  disease)
▪ The  adm.  of    ACTH  à no  effect
▪ Adrenal  cortex  dysfunction
§ Secondary  adrenal  insufficiency
▪ The  adm.  of  ACTH  à effect  (+)
▪ Anterior  pituitary  dysfunction
Administration  :
• Parenterally (IM)
• T  ½  :  15  minutes

Untoward  effects  :
• Rare
• Hypersensitivity  reactions  
• Toxicity  is  dose-­‐related    (corticosteroid  
excess)
§ Glucocorticoids
▪ Promote  normal  intermediary  metabolism
▪ Gluconeogenesis
­ Amino  acid  uptake  by  the  liver  and  kidney↑
­ Elevating  activities  of  gluconeogenic enzymes
▪ Stimulate  protein  catabolism  (except  in  the  the
liver)  and  lipolysis
▪ Glucocorticoid insuff.  à hypoglycemia
¡ Increase  resistance  to  stress
§ Plasma  glucose  levels  ↑
à energy  ><  stress  (trauma,  fright,  infection,  
bleeding,  debilitating  disease)
§ Blood  pressure  ↑(vasoconstrictor  action↑)

¡ Alter  blood  cell  levels  in  plasma


§ Eosinophils,  basophils,  monocytes,  lymphocytes  ↓
§ Hb,erythrocytes,  platelets  ,  polymorphonuclear
leukocytes  ↑
Anti-­‐inflammatory  action
-­‐ Reduce  the  inflammatory  response            
-­‐ Suppress  immunity

Inhibition  of  phospholipase A2

block  the  release  of  arachidonic acid  


(precursor  of    PG  &  leukotriens)
Affects  other  components  of  the  endocrine  system
-­‐ Feedback  inhibition  
-­‐ Growth  hormone  production  ↑
Effects  on  other  systems
-­‐ Stimulate  gastric  acid  &  pepsin  prod.  (high  doses)  à ulcers
-­‐ Severe  bone  loss  (chronic  glucocorticoid therapy)
-­‐ Myopathy àweakness
¡ Mineralocorticoids
§ Aldosterone
reabsorption  of  sodium,  bicarbonate  and  water
decreases  reabsorption  of  potassium

Alkalosis    &    hypokalemia


Blood  volume  &  Blood  Pressure    ↑

Hyperaldosteronism ><  spironolactone


Replacement  therapy  for   Replacement  therapy  for  
primary  adrenocortical secondary  or  tertiary   Diagnosis  of  Cushing’s  
insufficiency  (Addison’s   adrenocortical syndrome  :
disease)  : insufficiency

Hydrocortisone  ≈ Hypersecretion of  
natural  cortisol glucocorticoids
• Dosage  :  2/3   morning    +  1/3   Hydrocortisone • Excessive  release  of  
afternoon corticotropin
• Adrenal  tumor      

Fludrocortisone
(synthetic  
mineralocorticoid
with  some  glucocr.  
activity)    
Replacement  
therapy  for   • An  enzymes  defect  in  the  synthesis  of  one  or  more  
congenital  adrenal   adrenal  steroid  hormone

hyperplasia   (CAH)

Relief  of   • Inflammation  ↓ :  (redness,  swelling,heat,  tenderness)


• rheumatoid
inflammatory   • osteoarthritic inflammations
symptoms • inflammatory  skin  

• Treatment  of  the  symptoms  of  drug,  serum,  


transfusion  allergic  reactions,  bronchial  asthma,  
Treatment  of   allergic  rhinitis
allergies • Beclomethasone dipropionate,  triamcinolone ,  etc  à
topical/inhalation  (SE  ↓)
Hydrocortisone  (Cortisol)
• Pharmacokinetics  :
• Synthesized  from  cholesterol  
• Adrenal  corticosteroids  &  their  derivates  are  
readily  absorbed  from  GIT
• Secretion  in  adult  (≠ stress)  :  10-­‐25  mg/daily
• 90  %  bound  to  plasma  proteins  (CBG=  
corticosteroid-­‐binding  globulin),  5-­‐10  %  free  or  
bound  to  albumin.
¡ If  conc.  >  20-­‐30  µg/dL,  CBG  is  saturatedà free  
cortisol ↑
CBG  is  increased  in  :
Pregnancy
Administration  of  estrogen  ↑
Synthesis  by  the  liver  ↑
Hyperthyroidism
CBG  is  decreased  in  :
Hypothyroidism
Genetic  defects  in  synthesis
Protein  deficiency  states

¡ Synthetic  corticosteroid  (dexamethason)  bound  to    


albumin
F T1/2  :  60-­‐90  minutes

Increase    if  :  
-­‐ Large  amounts  adm.
-­‐ Stress
-­‐ Hypothyroidism
-­‐ Liver  disease

F Metabolized    by  the  liver  microsomal oxidizing  


enzymes
à conjugated  to  glucoronic acid  or  sulfate
à excreted  by  the  kidney
Classification   of  Glucocorticoids and  Mineralocorticoids
Group Drugs Anti-inflammatory Salt-retaining
effect effect

-Short-acting -Hydrocortisone 1 1
(8-12 hours) -Cortisone 0,8 0,8

-Intermediate- -Prednison 4 0,3


acting -Prednisolone 5 0,8
(18-36 hours) -Methylprednisolone 5 0,5
-Triamcinolone 5 0

-Long-acting -Betamethasone 35 0
(1-3 days) -Dexamethasone 30 0
-Paramethasone 10 0

-Mineralocorticoids -Fludrocortisone 10 125


-Deoxycorticosterone 0 20
• Glucocorticoids vs mineralocorticoids activity
• Duration  of  action
Consideration  : • Type  of  preparation  
• The  time  of  day  that  steroid  is  administered

Long  Time   • Suppresion of    HPA  axis  


• To  prevent  :  regimen  of  alternate-­‐day  
Period    &  large   administration
doses  (>  2  
weeks):
Adverse Effects of
Corticosteroids
Buffalo   Moon   EFFECT-­SIDE  
hump face
EFFECT  OF  
Truncal  
CORTICOSTEROID
obesity

Atrophi
Metyrapone

Aminoglutethim
Spironolactone
ide

Mifepristone Ketoconazole
Glucocorticoids:  principal  and  adverse  effect
KORTIKOSTEROID
TOPIKAL
Dianjurkan pemakaian salep 2-3 x/hari

Lama pemakaian kortikosteroid topikal sebaiknya


tidak lebih dari 4-6 minggu untuk steroid potensi
lemah dan tidak lebih dari 2 minggu untuk potensi
kuat
Dermal

Epidermal Vaskular

Efek
Samping
Pemilihan berdasarkan potensi

Frekuensi pemakaian

Berdasarkan tempat

PENCEGAHAN EFEK SAMPING


THANK
TERIMA  KASIH
T

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