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1 Materi PDF
1 Materi PDF
1:
Fundamental
concept
in
Biosta1s1cs
Descrip3ve
Inferen3al
sta3s3cs
sta3s3cs
Includes:
Includes:
Collec3ng
Making
inferences
Organising
Hypothesis
tes3ng
Summarising
Determining
rela3onships
Presen3ng
data
Making
predic3on
Biosta3s3cs
However:
• Where
these
data
come
from?
• How
they
are
being
gathered?
• How
do
we
ensure
all
the
data
is
accurate?
• Are
the
data
reliable?
• Is
the
data
are
good
enough
to
represent
the
popula3on
from
which
they
were
drawn?
RFRK
SBS3013
Biosta3s3cs
Samples
and
popula1ons
Source
of
biological
data
usually
from
individual
observa3on.
• Individual
observa1ons:
(items)
observa3ons
or
measurements
taken
on
the
smallest
sampling
units
which
are
frequently
individuals
• Sample
of
observa1ons:
a
collec3on
of
individual
observa3ons
selected
by
a
specific
procedure
e.g.
Measurement
of
weight
in
100
rats
The
weight
of
each
rat
is
an
individual
observa0on
The
hundred
rat
weight
together
represent
the
sample
of
observa0ons
RFRK
SBS3013
Biosta3s3cs
Samples
and
popula1ons
• E.g.
temperature
in
ant
colonies
in
a
temperate
region
each
colonies
:
a
sampling
unit
Temperature
for
all
considered
colonies
:
a
sample
of
observa0ons
• E.g.
DNA
content
of
mammalian
sperm
cells
an
es0mate
of
DNA
content
from
a
single
mammalian
sperm
cell
:
a
sampling
unit
Es0ma0ons
of
DNA
contents
from
all
mammalian
sperms
:
a
sample
of
observa0on
RFRK
SBS3013
Biosta3s3cs
Samples
and
popula1ons
Data
from
a
sample
of
observa3on
is
collected
to
allow
us
to
make
some
inference
about
a
characteris3c
of
a
popula3on.
Why?
-‐
Prac3cality
and
cost
effec3ve
A
sample
is
a
collec3on
of
individual
observa3ons
which
is
a
subset
of
a
popula3on.
A
popula1on
consists
all
the
individuals
of
a
given
species
found
in
circumscribed
are
at
a
given
3me.
In
general,
popula3on
means:
the
totality
of
individual
observa3ons
about
which
inference
to
be
made,
exis3ng
everywhere
in
the
world
or
at
least
within
a
specified
sampling
area
RFRK
limited
in
space
and
3me.
SBS3013
Biosta3s3cs
Samples
and
popula1ons
• Leucocyte
counts
of
all
humankinds
drawn
from
5
humans;
• Leucocyte
counts
of
men
in
the
world,
age
20
• The
tail
lengths
of
all
white
mice
in
the
world
Popula1on
A
census
is
a
sample
Sample
of
the
en3re
popula3on
RFRK
SBS3013
Biosta3s3cs
Variables
in
biology
• Each
biological
discipline
has
its
own
set
of
variables,
e.g.
rates
of
certain
biological
process,
concentra3on
of
body
fluids,
frequency
of
certain
events
(as
in
gene3cs
and
radia3on
biology),
etc.
• Enumera3ng
all
possible
kinds
of
variables
to
be
studied
in
biological
research
would
be
a
hopeless
task.
Con3nuous
Quan3ta3ve
variable
(Measurement
Discrete
Variables
variable)
variable
Qualita3ve
(Abribute)