Profession - a specialized field of practice (nursing
is a profession pero meron pang sub-specialty),
which is founded upon the theoretical structure of
the science (what you will be needing in your
profession) or knowledge of that discipline and the
accompanying practice abilities (includes the soft
skills - servant leaders)
Criteria for a profession
1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and
well-organized body of specialized
knowledge that is on the intellectual level of
higher learning. (crafted for a certain
profession. need microbiology and
pathology foundation for community health
nursing)
2. Constantly enlarge the body of knowledge it
uses and improves its techniques of
education and service by the use of the
scientific method. (improvement base on the
needs of generation - online learning and
gives continuing chena)
3. Entrust the education of its practitioners to
institution of higher education. -university
4. Applies its body of knowledge in practical
service that are vital to human and social
welfare.(immersion, medical mission) -
esteem, prestige, power, altruism,
education.
5. Functions autonomously in the formulation
of professional policy and in the control of
profession activity thereby. (PRC - boards of
nurses, physicisian -x they regulate our
profession, create policy, they do the board
exam questions) -self regulating, licensure,
membership
6. Attracts individuals of intellectual and
personal qualities who exalt service above
personal gain and who recognize their
chosen occupation as a life work. (ustet and
interview)
7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by
providing freedom of action, opportunity for
continous professional growth, and
economic security.
2012 National Nursing Core Competency
Standards
1. The beginning nurse’s role in client care
● Responsibility 1 - practices in
accordance with legal principles and
the code of ethics in making
personal and professional
judgement. (code of ethics,
knowledge, skill, and attitude)
● R 2 - utilizes nursing process in the
interdisciplinary care of clients that
empowers the clients and promotes
safe quality care.
Assessment - IPPA
Diagnosis - febrile (above 36.5 - 37.5
celcius) excessive perspiration, chills.
afebrile - less that 36
Planning - the necessary intervention, lower
down to normal
Intervention - keep the patient warm and
dry, proper ventilation, hydrate, bring
blanket
Evaluation - try to investigate if the
intervention addressed the problem.
● R 3 - maintains complete and up to
date recording and reporting system.
Nurse’s Notes is needed. what is not
written is not done. give first
intervention before reporting to
physicisian. (edema - the
nephrologist, kidney problem)
● R4 - establishes collaborative
relationship with colleagues and
other members of the team enhance
nursing and other health care
services. (salient information)
● R5 - promotes professional and
personal growth and development.
responsibility of nurse to the case of
the patient.
2. Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management
and Leadership
● Responsibility 1 - Demonstrates
management and leadership skills to
provide safe and quality care.
(properly addressed and
accomodate the patients, divide time
to each patient, 5 of them are
critically ill , so dedicate a lot of our
time on them but also attend to
ambigatory patients)
● R2 - Demonstrates accountability for
safe nursing practice. (forgot to
elevate the patient while giving
nasogastric tube, accountable)
● R3 - management and leadership
skills to deliver health programs and
services effectively to specific client
groups in the community setting.
(EPI - vaccination)
● R4 - Manages a community or
village based health facility
component of a health program or a
nursing service. (properly do it in a
thomasian way, for example a
pregnant woman needs a proper
ventilation)
● R5 - Demonstrates ability to lead
and supervise nursing support staff.
( collaborate with one another,
execute the plan,
● R6 - Utilizes appropriate
mechanisms for networking, linkage
building, and referrals. ( if an
individual has diabetis mellitus, you
need to refer diabetic nursing and
nutritionist. 70-100 - sugar level.
hypoglycemic - lower. if a patient
has no money refer to community
chena)
3. Beginning Nurse’s Role in Research
● Responsibility 1 - Engages in
nursing or health related research
with or under the supervision of an
experienced researcher. (to
improved the current knowledge,
proper attitude. e.g algorithm in IV or
electrolytes and body fluids.
● R2 - Evaluates research study/report
utilizing guidelines in the conduct of
a written research critique (read a
book and critique it)
● R3 - Applies the research process in
improving client care in partnership
with a quality improvement/ quality
assurance/ nursing audit team. ( is
the current procedure on how to
breast feed the newborn
contradicting to international
cheverlu)
Personal Qualities of the
Professional Nurse
● Justice - the quality of being
correct, righteous, fair, and impartial.
(we prioritize the patient according to
their needs not our preferences).
Must exhibit Honesty - (honestly po i
dont know if there is a
contraindication of the food and
medication, let me do my research
and get back to you), Tolerance -
you have to be professional even if
umaattude yung patient, Loyalty -
● Prudence - the basis for the
exercise of sound judgement in
practical matters. (family reunion vs
duty, 1 ampule of antirabies and the
patient .2 ampule so divide into 5 to
utilize everything). Must exhibit
Reability - 2 patients only one
medication. sino uunahin mo
● Fortitude - courage; the control of
responses made to difficulties and
dangers. (you should not bring your
 personal matters in your patient and
work). Must have Motivation - train
to your mind that you are in your
duty and that you have to be correct
and embracing. Resourcefulness - if
there is no way to elevate the bed
just put pillows on the back, if the
patient has hypotension then put
Modified Trendelenburg or put
pillows under his/her foot.
● Temperance - rational control of
life’s essential functions and basic
emotional drives. (if a patient has
neurologic infection and is irritable, if
a patient dies control your emotion,
Post-mortem care - care for a dead
person). Moderation - of emotion.
Core Values of Thomasian
Respect - we treat everyone with utmost dignity
inthe light of Catholic faith.
Excellence - we uphold the culture of excellence
and continuously commit to achieve higher levels of
quality. no room for mistakes - LIFE!!!
Leadership - We empower our learners to become
productive, efficient, and be of service to others.
Innovation - encourage creative and critical
thinking, new ideas, and research.
Compassion - we are sensitive to the needs of
others. (Spirituality)
St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207-1231: Patrones
of Nursing
St. Elizabeth was born in Hungary in 1207, the
daughter of Alexander II, King of Hungary. At the
age of 4, she was sent for education to the court of
the Landgraves of Germany, betrothed to its infant
son. She began to lead a simple life, practiced
penance(fortitude, penance), devoted to works of
charity. She built a hospital (leadership, innovation)
at Wartburg, where she herself served the sick,
dressing their ulcers and wounds. Elizabeth moved
to Marburg, made for arrangements for her children
to help other. She became a follower of tertiary of
St. Francis (works of charity). St Elizabeth died at
age of 24 on Nov. 17, 1231. Her popularity resulted
in her canonization.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Patron of
Catholic Universities, College, Schools
St Tomas was Italian Catholic Philosopher and
theologian known as Doctor Angelicus and
Doctor Universalis. Greatest theologian and thirty
three doctors of the Church.
He was sent at the age of 5 for his education at
Montgomery and be with his bro. He determined to
be with the Dominican order. His family was against
his choice so his brother seized him. When Pope
Innocent IV intervened, his family yielded. “We call
this young man a dumb ox, but his bellowing in
doctrine will one day resound throughout the world”
- Albertus Magnus, most renowned professor,
defending him because he’s shy and lowkey AF.
Praying, preaching, teaching, writing,
journeying - all day everyday. St Thomas lived
less than fifty years, he composed more than sixty
works, some of the, brief, lengthy, and one most
important of which is Summa Theologica.
January 28 - His feast day, the publication of
summa theologica.
St. Martin de Porres (1579-1639): Patron of
Public Health & Social Justice
Born in Lima Peru. At fifteen he become a lay
brother at the Dominican Friary at Lima and spent
his whole life there, as a barber, farm laborer,
almoner and infirmarian among things. Had a
desired to go off to some foreign mission and earn
palm of martyrdom. God endowed him many
graces and wondrous gifts, such as, aerial flight
and bilocation. He maintained cats and dogs. He
possessed spiritual wisdom, demonstrated in
solving his sister’s marriage problems, raising a
dowry for his niece in three days. He died on Nov 3
- Feast Day of San Martin De Porres.
 Definitions
Knowledge
• an understanding acquired through
learning or investigation of what is known
about a discipline’s subject matter
• Knowledge may be based on fact or it may
be theoretical.
Learning both classroom and clinical”
“one’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never
regains its original dimensions”
Science
• A unified body of knowledge about a
phenomenon that is supported by agreed-
on evidence. (chem lab). It includes
disciplinary questions.
• Provides answers to questions that pertain
to the subject matter
• Different designs and methodological
approachers can be met or encountered
- Meleis, afaf ibrahim
Phenomenon
• an aspect of reality that can be consciously
sense or experienced
• subject matter of discipline
• an idea about an event, a situation, a
process, a group of events, or a group of
situations.
Concept
• an idea or complex mental image of a
phenomenon (object, property, or event)
• term for a phenomenon or a group of a
phenomena
• building blocks of a theory
• empirical or abstract
Theory
• a supposition or system of ideas that is
proposed to explain a given phenomenon.
Florence’s environment,
• used to describe, predict, and control
phenomena
Nursing Theory
• A group of related nursing concepts derived
from nursing models.
• Useful in describing, explaining, or
predicting a phenomenon
• Cause and effect of the phenomenon
• Both will lead to proper nursing care
• Tool in nursing practice. (blood transfusion)
Examples of phenomena and relationships in
nursing theories
• A nurse’s patient is a bio-psyco-social and
cultural being. (pain tolerance is subjective,
muslim patient)
• Communication is a tool for recognizing the
patient’s needs and idenfying appropriate
nursing actions. (chinese dead cant be
transferred to morgue but policy to transfer,
meet halfway, verbal and non-verbal use)
• Nursing care includes the patient’s self-care
needs only if the patient or the significant
other is not capable of providing self-care.
(partial care from us)
Assumption
• A statement or view that is widely
accepted as true.
• Something that you think is true
although you have no definite proof
Paradigm
• Patten of shared understanding and
assumptions about reality & the world
• Also known as conceptual framework
• A model or example that shows how
something works or produced.
• Emotional intelligence ng isang male sa
isang caring behavior and resiliency.
• Efficacy of time-pressured game in nursing
anxiety level.

Metaparadigm
• Most abstract level of knowledge
• The core content of a discipline stated in the
most global and or abstract of terms
• The global propositions that define and
relate the concepts.
• Nursing, Health, Environment, Person
Nursing Metaparadigm
Person – the recipient of nursing care, includes
patient and family
Environment – the internal and external
surroundings that affect the person
Health – the degree of wellness or well-being that
the person experiences.
Nursing – the attributes, characteristics, and
actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of, or
in conjunction with the person
Examples of Nursing Propositions in the Nursing
Paradigm
• Person-environment interactions are the
focus of nursing care.
• Health and illness behavior is a product of
person-environment interactions.
• The focus of intervention is the patient’s
environment.
• Environment is a composite of energy fields.
Principle
- A fundamental truth, doctrine, or law
- A scientific law that explains the method of
a natural action
Nursing care plan – cues and clues (subjective and
objective data of the patient) next is nursing
diagnosis, next scientific rationale
Summary
Patterns of Knowing Nursing
1. Empirics – the science of nursing
• Objective, abstract, generally quantifiable (
temperature, respiration)
• Can be verified through observation and
proved by hypothesis testing
• Tends to be most emphasized way of
knowing in nursing
2. Esthetics – the art of nursing
• Expressive, creative, subjective, unique,
and experiential.
• Includes sensing the meaning of a moment.
(soft skills – the way you talk, the tone of
your voice, gesture), you can know but must
verify, bed making – properly prepare a bed
• Not usually expressed in language
• Evident through actions, conducts, attitude,
and interactions of the nurse in response to
another.
3. Personal knowledge in nursing
• Incorporates experiences, knowing, and
actualizing the self within practice. (if the
patient has bone cancer, must be cautious)
• Largely expressed in personality
• Personal maturity and freedom are
components
4. Ethics – moral knowledge in nursing
• Moral code for nursing
• Based on obligation to service and respect
for human life. ( rights of patient vs
responsibility to ensure that the patient must
be administered)
Ethical knowledge – include prudence
• Used when moral dilemma arise and
when consequences are difficult to
predict (extra dose morphine for a bone
ca patient will decrease bodily function
so think twice)(patient refuses to eat, but
konting weightso watudu)
• Requires rational and deliberate
examination and evaluation of what is
good, valuable, and desirable as goals,
motives or characteristics.
• Integration of all patterns of knowing is
essential for professional nursing
practice; no one pattern should be used
in isolation from others. – fawcett
• Nurses should view nursing practice
from a broadened perspective that
places value on ways of knowing
beyond empirical

Purpose of Theory
- The purpose of the theory depends on the
purpose of the profession or discipline
- E.g. purpose of nursing: promotion and
maintenance of health. (promotive,
preventive, curative a & b, rehabilitation)
How important?
- Education, practice, research to guide the
quest for knowledge
- Theory generates new ideas
- Theory -> research testing -> practical
knowledge
Purposes in Education
- Nursing theory used in establishing the
position of the profession in the university ->
more firmly established in academia than in
practice.
- In the 1970’s and 1980’s many nursing
educational curricula were developed
around a particular conceptual framework
- Nursing theory differentiates the focus of
nursing from other profession
In research
- It provides a framework for research
- Stimulates thinking
- Nursing theory to nursing research to
nursing practice repeat
In clinical practice
- Framework for practice: facilitates reflecting,
questioning, and thinking about what nurses
do
- Within the nursing process to guide and
structure each of the phases of the process.
- Evidence-based practice
Components of Theory
1 Concepts – interrelated concepts m abstract
Oo ideas e.g. stress, therapeutic communication,
environment
2 Definitions – general meaning of the concepts
in. a manner that fits the theory. Operational
definition – how did u utilize, def from lexical
inaadapt for the utilization to ur study, elderly – 60
to 65 lang.
Lexical definition – authority like WHO, def from
books, elderly – 60 above
e.g. Neuman System Model
Definition of client – people who are anticipating
stress or dealing with stress.
3 Assumptions – statements that describe or
connects concepts that are factual
- Determines the nature of the concept
definition, purpose, relationships, and
structure of the theory
- E.g. neuman’s: client’s dynamic, nurse’s
actions are focused on primary(promotive
and curative), secondary(curative) and
tertiary care(improvement or rehabilitative)
4 Phenomenon
- An aspect of reality that can be consciously
sensed or experienced the subject matter of
a discipline
- E.g. norman’s: all client’s responses
environmental factors nursing actions.
Characteristics of Theories
- Evaluation Criteria
1. Clarity
- The theory must have consistency and
structural clarity. Manipulation of
environment and the concept must be
consized, transcultural
- It is assessed by identifying the theory’s
major concepts, subconcepts, and their
definition. -> words must be defined
carefully and specifically.
- Concepts and relationships between
concepts within a theory must be clearly
identified and valid.
- Diagrams and examples may facilitate
clarity.
2. Simplicity
- nurses need simple theories to guide
practice
- a theory should be sufficiently
comprehensive at a level of abstraction to
provide guidance, but it should have as few
 concepts as possible with simplistic
relations.
- “the most useful theory provides the
greatest sense of understanding”
- Parsimony: elegant in its simplicity, even
though it may be broad in context (“Less is
better”) Simplicity is the ultimate
sophistication.

3. Generality
- To determine the generality of a theory,
examine the concepts and goals of the
theory.
- The situations the theory applies to should
not be limited.
- The broader the scope, the greater the
significance of the theory.

4. Empirical Precision
- Empirical precision refers to the extent that
the defined concepts are grounded in
observable reality.
- This is linked to the testability and the
ultimate use if the theory = how well the
evidence supports the theory (match
between theoretical claims and the
empirical evidence).
- Other scientist should be able to evaluate
and verify the results themselves.
- Theories are tentative and subject to
change. They could challenge it.

5. Derivable consequences
- How important? Nursing theory -> research
testing -> practical knowledge.
- Nursing theory guides research and
practice. Nursing theory to research to
practice.
- Nursing theory generates new ideas.
- Differentiates the focus of nursing from
other professions.