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Mixing Characteristics of Industrial Flotation Columns 1984 PDF
Mixing Characteristics of Industrial Flotation Columns 1984 PDF
Oo
Printed in Great Britain. Pcrgamon Press Ltd.
Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University, 3450 University Street,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7
Abstract-Flotation columns are counter-current bubble columns that have recentlybeen applied to froth
flotation separation of minerals. A unique feature of a flotation column is the water stream applied at
the top of the column for the purpose of washing entrained nonfloatable particles from the floatable
bubble-particle aggregate, consequently permitting high upgrading in a single separation stage. The
objective of our work is the development of a scale-up methodology for flotation columns, and as a
first step toward this objective we have measured the dispersion parameters of large industrial columns.
Pulsed tracer tests were performed with both liquid and solid tracers on 0.46 and 0.91 m square columns,
each 13 m high. The liquid axial dispersion coefficient appears to be linearly dependent upon column radial
dimension. As well, it is confirmed that the axial dispersion coefficient of mineral particles is the same as that
of the liquid, and that the residence time of solid particles is unaffected by a bubble swarm.
1061
1062 G. S. DOBBY and J. A. FINCH
a% ac ac
E,----u---=0 (1)
ax2 ax at Solid9
In column flotation it is the dispersion parameters
where EI is the liquid axial dispersion coefficient and of the solids, not the liquid, that is of prime impor-
u, is the interstitial liquid velocity. Radial dispersion tance. Several investigators[6, 14, 151 have suggested
is assumed to be zero, so the mixing conditions can that the axial dispersion coefficient of fine solids in a
be quantified by two parameters: the mean liquid bubble column is the same as that of the liquid, i.e.
residence time, 7,. and the vessel dispersion number, Em = E,, where E,.,+,is the solids axial dispersion
N, = E,/u,L. For a system where end effects are coefficient in a slurry having a volume fraction solids
absent the Laplace transform of eqn (1) is given 4. No upper particle size, or mass, for which this is
valid has been suggested. The other solids dispersion
WL’I:
II (2)
parameter, the particle mean residence time, rPpo,
I
should be a function of the terminal settling velocity of
F(s) = exp $ 1 - (1 + ~N,T,S))‘I* the particle in the hindered settling up+. For the case of
( [ a descending slurry which is not contacted with gas
where s is the Laplace operator. The corresponding bubbles, a measure of T,,+is:
time domain solution is a unique function of r, and
NM:
l/3
and a minerals system is excessive dye adsorption by the
solids. Prior to the RTD experiments, laboratory
p= 2
[ 4 (Pp -
w2
P/)&g 1 adsorption tests were performed with Ruorescein in
slurries of molybdenum and zinc sulfide concentrates.
A reasonably small fraction (~20%) of the fluorescein
Then, u, can be corrected to account for the effect of was adsorbed. (In contrast, tests with two other dyes,
volume fraction solids, #I, using the empirical relation- Rhodamine WT and methylene blue, showed ~90%
ship developed by Richardson and Zaki[ 171: dye adsorption). As well, fluorescein was not adsorbed
by air bubbles in separate tests in which water and
2 = (1 - #)” (6) fluorescein were sparged with air in a laboratory
flotation machine. Fluorescein is light sensitive[20], so
where m = 4.65 for Re c 0.2, m = 4.35 ReV0.03 for collected samples were stored in the dark.
0.2r.Re<l.O, m=4.45Re-O.’ for l.O<Re<500 RTD’s of solid particles were determined with
and m = 2.39 for Re > 500. Since the volume fraction manganese dioxide as measured by atomic absorp-
solids will decrease with increasing x, due to capture tion of manganese. Manganese dioxide was selected
onto bubbles of many of the floatable particles, u,+ because it satisfied the following requirements of a
will generally increase during the particle descent. An solid tracer: (1) a low background concentration of
average value of u,+ is obtained by using the average the tracer in the tailings material; (2) a low flotation
of +(feed), at x = 0, and 4(tailings), at x = L, in eqn rate (i.e., it is hydrophilic); (3) a specific gravity in the
(6). Finally, us+ is modified to account for non- range of most sulfides (the MnO, was measured by
sphericity of the mineral particles. The shape adjust- pycnometer to be 5.19 g/cm3); (4) ease of analysis; and
ment factor used in this work is the sphericity, $J, as (5) reasonable cost. Laboratory grade MnO, was
given by Govier and Aziz[ IS], where + is the ratio of ground and classified to an upper particle size of 150
the surface area of a volume-equivalent sphere to the pm prior to the RTD experiments. From microscope
surface area of the particle. examination the sphericity, #, was estimated to be
PARAMETER DETERMINATION 0.8.
Residence time distribution (RTD) was measured
using the unsteady state method of tracer impulse
injection to the top of the particle recovery zone of Column operation
the flotation column, followed by discrete sampling The tracer experiments were performed on two
of the tailings discharge and subsequent sample anal- flotation columns operating at Mines Noranda Lim-
ysis for tracer content. The parameter estimation itee, Division Gaspi, Quebec in a MO& concentrate
method was similar to that employed by Rice et upgrading circuit. Operation and performance of the
a1.[5, 61 which consisted of equating experimentally
columns have been previously described[2,3]. The
determined weighted moments to the theoretically two columns were 0.46 m (18 in.) square and 0.91 m
derived moments, which are functions of t and N. (36 in.) square. They shall be referred to hereon as I8
The weighting factor, exp(-st), gives less importance and 36 inch columns.
to the tail of the data. An optimum value of s was Operating conditions for the two columns at the
selected by a search routine which minimized the root time of the RTD tests are listed in Table 1. Air
mean square (RMS) error between the experimental holdup was estimated from direct measurement of
and theoretical curves, where RMS error = voidage on the 18 in. column when there was only
water and frotber in the column with no feed flow.
‘P
1/c ktcmi - cfi)2fi 9
[ i-l
1 Test procedure
and c,,,~ is the measured normalized concentration at For each of the two tests, fluorescein and man-
time 1, and cfi is the fitted concentration, equation 3. ganese dioxide were mixed with water and added to
Hopkins et al. [ 191 show that a suitable range for the the column at a point close to the interface of zones
value rs is roughly 1.2-5.5; the values obtained in our 1 and 2 by pouring them, from the top of the column,
work all lie between 1.5 and 2.0. down a funnel and tube arrangement. Total injection
Using this technique, r and N were estimated from time was approximately 30 sec. for the 18 in. column
the experimental data. t could be compared with the and 60 set for the 36 in. column. Samples of tailings,
measured quantity L/u, and E was determined from concentrate and feed were taken over the next 60 min
E = JVL2/60r m’/s, where L is given in meters and T at the sampling points indicated in Fig. 1.
in minutes. To obtain liquid for fluorescein analysis the sam-
ples were settled and decanted. Manganese mea-
EXPERIMENTAL surements were performed on the tailings form the
Tracer selection 18 in. column test only. In preparation for manganese
Liquid RTD was determined using the dye fluores- analysis, each sample was filtered, dried, and screened
cein measured with a portable spectrophotometer. A into four size classes: +400-270 mesh, +270-200
problem that is often encountered when using a dye in mesh, +200-150 mesh and + 150-100 mesh.
1064 G. S. DOBBY and J. A. FINCH
0-04-
DYE n TAILS
CONC l CONC
(Ppm) * FEED
t l DATA
3
oI)2-
,I
TIME (mid
TIME (min)
Fig. 2. Dye concentration vs time for the tailings, concen-
trate and feed stream of the 18 in. and 36 in. square Fig. 3. Normalized liquid RTD obtained from the tailings
columns. stream of the 18 in. and 36 in. columns.
Mixing characteristics of industrial flotation columns 1065
18 Inch 36 Inch
1
have been averaged over gas velocities from 0.01 to
0.09 -
0.033 m/s.
o18'&36'Flotation
Cciumm
If the data at low superficial gas velocities are
- .Magmhsen datP considered, it appears that k = 1 for large columns,
0
. l Rice dataC5)
neglecting the effect of ug- It is proposed here that for
0.07- - Rice data(=) flotation columns with D > 0.2 m and operating at gas
E / velocities between 0.01 and 0.03 m/s (as is typical) the
(m*/s> following relationship holds:
Soli& RTD
The measured and fitted normalized data for Mn02
in the 18 in. column are given in Fig. 5. The error bars
OOI- +
. +* represent 2 two standards deviations, which accounts
b for both analytical and sampling error. Analytical
02 0* Q6 ae la relative standard deviation was 2% and background
Mn content was approximately 10% of the average Mn
D (ml
assay. Sampling error was estimated by the method of
Fig. 4. Liquid axial dispersion coefficient vs column di- Gy[21]. Table 3 summarizes the fitted parameters.
ameter for 18 in. and 36 in. flotation columns, and bubble Note that E,, does not vary with particie size. The
columns of Magnussen and Schumacher [lo] and Rice er
al. [5, 61.
average of the solids axial dispersion coefficients was
0.035 m’/s, compared with E, = 0.033 m’/s. It is
evident from this data that the axial dispersion coeffi-
and 36 in. flotation columns were 0.0 14 and 0.018 m/s cient of mineral particles in a flotation column is the
respectively, so it would be expected that the disper- same as that of the liquid.
sion coefficients of the flotation columns would fall at The predicted mean residence times of the four size
the lower end of the Magnussen data range. This is the classes are calculated in Table 4. The predicted and
case. Included in Fig. 4 is the data of Rice er a1.[5, 61 measured rPc vs d are plotted in Fig. 6. Agreement
for column diameters from 0.1 to 0.3 m. Their data between measured and predicted values is good.
- Predicted
- Measured
8- \ *
6- \.
0.
d, (urn)
Fig. 6. Mean particle(Mn03 residencetime vs particlesize,
predicted and measured. pp= 5.19, p = 0.013, JI = 0.8 and
do= 0.006.
Flow split
0200 -150 mesh A material balance of the fluorescein split and
L
hence water split between the tailings stream and the
concentrate stream can be obtained with the use of
the flowrates (Table 1) and RTD curves (Fig. 2). In
the 18 in. column, 99.8% of the measured fluorescein
reported to the tailings stream and in the 36 in.
column, 99.2% reported to the tailings. (In both
cases, approximately 18% of the dye was un-
accounted for and is assumed to have been adsorbed
by solids.) From a flow balance it was determined
that the concentrate water from the 18 in. column
was composed of 5% original feed water and 95%
wash water, while concentrate water from the 36 in.
column was 8% original feed water and 92% wash
water. The washwater is evidently very effective in
preventing feed water, and thus gangue particles,
from reaching the concentrate.
DISSCUSSION
Mixing parameters of large flotation columns have
been determined under industrial operating condi-
tions. Results on these large columns show that the
liquid axial dispersion coefficient follows the de-
pendance upon column diameter as suggested by
Magnussen and Schumacher, El a D. The square
TIME (min) cross-sectioned flotation columns (using the equiv-
Fig. 5. Normalized MnO, RTD of the 18 in. column. (Not alent diameter) gave the same dispersion coefficients
all of the tailings samples taken were analyzed for man- as those determined by Magnussen and Schumacher
ganese.) for similar diameter cylindrical columns. This simi-
Table 4. Predictionof rpr for 18 in. column. Conditions: pMn0, = 5.19 g/cm’; $ - 0.8; or = 0.013 pp
(9’T f 2O); & = 0.006 (-2.5 wt% solids); pr = 0.0127 m/s; T, = 12.6 min
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