Mathematics - Ii (Ma6251) : Analytic Functions Analytic Functions Unit Iv - P.Veeraiah Department of Applied Mathematics

MATHEMATICS –II(MA6251)
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
UNIT IV
-P.VEERAIAH
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

1 SVCE, SRIPERUMBUDUR 12/23/2014
Unit Syllabus:
 UNIT IV: ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

 Functions of a complex variable –
 Analytic functions:
 Necessary conditions
 Cauchy-Riemann equations and sufficient conditions (excluding proofs) –
 Harmonic and orthogonal properties of analytic function –
 Harmonic conjugate –
 Construction of analytic functions –
 Conformal mapping: w = z + k, kz, 1/z, z2, ez
 bilinear transformation.
 OBJECTIVE:
 To understand analytic functions and their interesting properties.
 To know conformal mappings with a few standard examples that have
direct application
Function of a complex variable
 A complex number is any number of the form z = a + ib
where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary
unit.
 z = x + iy, the real number x is called the real part and
y is called the imaginary part
Re(z) = x, Im(z) = y

Complex numbers z1  x1  iy1 and z2  x2  iy2 are
 equal, only if x  x and y  y
1 2 1 2

Suppose z  x  iy , z  x  iy , and
z1  z 2  z1  z 2
z1  z 2  z1  z 2
z1 z 2  z1 z 2
 z 1  z1
 
 z2  z2

Suppose z1  x1  iy1 , z 2  x 2  iy 2
z1  z 2  ( x1  x 2 )  i ( y1  y 2 )
z1  z 2  ( x1  x 2 )  i ( y1  y 2 )
z1  z 2  ( x1 x 2  y1 y 2 )  i ( y1 x 2  x1 y 2 )
z1 x1 x 2  y1 y 2 y1 x 2  x1 y 2
 2 2
i 2 2
z2 x2  y 2 x2  y 2

FIGURES

z  z  ( x  iy )  ( x  iy )  2 x
2 2 2 2 2
zz  ( x  iy )( x  iy )  x  i y  x  y
z  z  ( x  iy )  ( x  iy )  2iy
zz zz
Re( z )  , Im( z ) 
2 2i

2 2
| z |  x  y  zz
Trigonometric Functions
From Euler’s Formula, we have eiz  cos z  i sin z
Since eiz and e-iz are entire functions, then sin z and cos z are entire functions.
Besides, sin z = 0 only for the real numbers z = n and
cos z = 0 only for the real numbers z = (2n+1)/2. Thus tan z and sec z are
analytic except z = (2n+1)/2, and cot z and
csc z are analytic except z = n.

d d eiz  e iz eiz  e iz
sin z    cos z
dz dz 2i 2
d d
sin z  cos z cos z   sin z
dz dz
d 2 d 2
tan z  sec z cot z   csc z
dz dz
d d
sec z  sec z tan z csc z   csc z cot z
dz dz

sin(  z )   sin z cos( z )  cos z
cos 2 z  sin 2 z  1
sin( z1  z2 )  sin z1 cos z2  cos z1 sin z2
cos( z1  z2 )  cos z1 cos z2  sin z1 sin z2
sin 2 z  2 sin z cos z cos 2 z  cos 2 z  sin 2 z

y
e y  e y
y
e e
sinh y  and cosh y 
2 2
ei ( x iy )  e i ( xiy )
sin z 
2i
e y  e y e y  e y
 sin x( )  i cos x( )
2 2

sin z  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y
cos z  cos x cosh y  i sin x sinh y
2 2 2
| sin z |  sin x  sinh y
2 2 2
| cos z |  cos x  sinh y

Complex Complex
numbers numbers
f
z
w
S’
S
The domain of definition of f The range of f
 Let S be a set of complex numbers.

 A function f defined on S is a rule that assigns to each z in
S a complex number w.

UNIT IV: ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Suppose that w= u+ iv is the value of a function f at

z=x + iy, so that
u  iv  f(x  iy)
Thus each of real number u and v depends on the

real variables x and y, meaning that
f ( z )  u ( x , y )  iv ( x , y )
Similarly if the polar coordinates r and θ, instead of

x and y, are used, we get
f (z)  u(r,) iv(r,)

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 A real-valued function is used to illustrate some important concepts
later in this chapter .
2
f (z)  z  x 2  y 2  i0
 Polynomial function
2 3 n
P ( z )  a 0  a 1 z  a 2 z  a 3 z  ...  a n z
where n is zero or a positive integer and a0, a1, …an are complex
constants, a0 is not 0; The domain of definition is the entire z plane
 Rational function
the quotient P(z)/Q(z) of polynomials
The domain of definition is Q(z)≠0

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 Multiple-valued function
A generalization of the concept of a function is a rule that
assigns more than one value to a point z in the domain of
definition.

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 Let z denote any nonzero complex number, then z1/2 has
the two values
Multiple-valued function
If we just choose only the positive value of
Single-valued function

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 Complex-valued functions
Note that here x, y, u(x,y) and v(x,y) are all

real values.

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Translation Mapping
Reflection Mapping
w(x,-y)

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 Analytic at a point z0
A function f of the complex variable z is analytic at a point
z0 if it has a derivative at each point in some neighborhood
of z0.
Note that if f is analytic at a point z0, it must be
analytic at each point in some neighborhood of z0

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 Singular point (singularity)
If function f fails to be analytic at a point z0 but is
analytic at some point in every neighborhood of z0,
then z0 is called a singular point.
For instance, the function f(z) =1/z is analytic at every point
in the finite plane except for the point of (0,0). Thus (0,0) is
the singular point of function 1/z.
 Entire Function
An entire function is a function that is analytic at each
point in the entire finite plane.
For instance, the polynomial is entire function.

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 Property 1
If two functions are analytic in a domain D, then their sum
and product are both analytic in D
 their quotient is analytic in D provided the function in the
denominator does not vanish at any point in D
 Property 2
From the chain rule for the derivative of a composite
function, a composition of two analytic functions is analytic.
d
( g ( f ( z ))  g ' ( f ( z )) f ' ( z )
dz

ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
 A Harmonic Function
A real-valued function H of two real variables x and y
is said to be harmonic in a given domain of the xy
plane if, throughout that domain, it has continuous
partial derivatives of the first and second order and
satisfies the partial differential equation
H xx ( x, y)  H yy ( x, y)  0
Known as Laplace’s equation.

PROPERTIES OF ANALYTIC
FUNCTIONS
 1. The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function
w = u+iv satisfy the Laplace equation in two
dimensions i.e.  u  0 and  v  0
2 2
2. Thereal and imaginary parts of an

analytic function w = u (r,θ)+iv(r, θ )satisfy
the Laplace equation in polar coordinates
3. If w = u+iv is an analytic function , the
curves u(x,y) =a and the curves of the
family v(x,y) =b cut orthogonally , where
a and b are varying constants.
FUNCTIONS
 4.If w = u(r,θ) +iv(r, θ) is an analytic function , the
curves of the family u(r,θ) = a cut orthogonally the
curves of the family v(r, θ) = b where a and b are
arbitrary constants.
 CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS(C-R
EQUATIONS in cartesian coordinates)
 If the function f(z) = u(x,y) +iv(x,y) is analytic in a
region R of the z-plane, then ux , uy , vx ,vy exist and
 ux =vy and uy =-vx at every point in that region

FUNCTIONS
 CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS(C-R
EQUATIONS in polar coordinates)
 If the function f(z) = u(r,θ) +iv(r,θ) is analytic in a
region R of the z-plane, then ur , uθ , vr ,vθ exist and
they satisfy the C-R equations
 ur = vθ and vr = - uθ at every point in that region.
1 1
 Sufficient conditions for analyticity:

r r
 The single valued function w=f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is

analytic in a region R of the z-plane , if the four partial
derivatives ux , uy , vx ,vy exist and are continuous
and they satisfy the C-R equations at every point of R.

MILNE-THOMSON’S METHOD
 Let f(z) = u+iv
 If u is given , to find f(z)
 Find ux, uy and use C-R equations ux = vy and uy = -vx
 Use the formula f ’(z) = ux + i vx = ux -i uy –(1)
 Put x = z and y =0 in (1) and integrate to get f(z)
 Add the arbitrary constant of integration

MILNE-THOMSON’S METHOD
 Let f(z) = u+iv
 If v is given , to find f(z)
 Find vx, vy and use C-R equations ux = vy and uy = -vx
 Use the formula f ’(z) = ux + i vx = vy + i vx ---(1)
 Put x = z and y =0 in (1) and integrate to get f(z)
 Add the arbitrary constant of integration

CONFORMAL MAPPING
 Result: If f(z) is analytic and f ’(z) ≠ 0 in a region R
of the z-plane , then the mapping performed by
 w = f(z) is conformal at all points of R.
 Critical points: The critical points of a
transformation are the points at which the mapping
w=f(z) is not conformal.
 The critical points of a transformation w=f(z) are given
by dw dz
 0 and  0
dz dw

CONFORMAL MAPPING
 1. Translation: The transformation w = z + c, where
c is a complex constant ,represents a translation.
 Let z = x+ iy, w = u + iv and c = a +ib
 Then the transformation equations
 u = x +a and v = y + b
 Hence the image of any point (x,y) in the z-plane is
the point (x+a ,y+b) in the w-plane.
 Under this mapping, a circle will be transformed into
an equal circle.

CONFORMAL MAPPING
 2.Magnification: The transformation w = cz , where
c is a real constant, represents magnification.
 The transformation equations are given by
 u+iv = c(x+iy)
 i.e. u = cx and v = cy
 The image of the point (x,y) is the point(cx,cy)
 Any figure in the z-plane will be magnified c times
,but there will be no change in the shape and
orientation.
a circle.
CONFORMAL MAPPING
 3. Magnification and Rotation: The transformation
 w = cz , where c is a complex constant, represents
magnification and rotation.
 Let z = re iθ , w =Re iϕ , c = ρe iα
 Then Re iϕ = (ρeiα )(reiθ) = (ρr) e i(θ +α)
 The transformation equations are
 R = ρr and ϕ = (θ +α) .
 The point (r, θ ) in the z-plane is mapped onto the point
 (ρr , θ +α ).The mapping consists of a magnification and
rotation.
 Under this mapping, a circle will be transformed into a
circle

CONFORMAL MAPPING
 4. Magnification, Rotation and Translation
 The linear transformation w = az + b where a and b
are complex constants represents magnification,
rotation and translation.
 The transformation may be considered as the
combination of two simple transformations
 w1 = az and w2 = w1 +b
 The map w1 = az represents magnification
 and w2 = w1 +b represents translation.
a circle
CONFORMAL MAPPING
1
w 
5. The mapping z
Represents inversion with respect to the unit circle z  1
Followed by reflection in the real axis
The transformation equations

1
are R = r
Is mapped onto the
and ϕ = -θ
exterior of the unit circle w 1
The interior of the unit circle z  1

CONFORMAL MAPPING
 The transformation w =z 2

 u = x2- y2 and v = 2xy
 The image of y = b will be v2 = 4b2( u+b2) which
represents a parabola with focus at origin and vertex at
(-b2,0) and axis lies along the u-axis which is open to
the right.
 The image of x = a will be v2 = -4a2( u-a2) which
represents a parabola with focus at origin and vertex at
(a2,0) and axis lies along the u-axis which is open to
the left.

CONFORMAL MAPPING
 The transformation w =z 2
( Contd.)
 The image of y =0 is given by u = x2 and v=0
 The map of the entire x-axis is the positive part or the
right half plane of the u-axis.
 The image of x =0 is given by u = -y2 and v=0
 The map of the entire y-axis is the negative part or the
left half plane of the u-axis
 The image of u = c is x2 -y2 = c2 that represents a
family of rectangular hyperbolas.
 The image of v =d is given by xy = d/2 that
represents a a family of rectangular hyperbolas.
CONFORMAL MAPPING
 The transformation w = e z

 R = ex and ϕ =y
 The image of x = a is given by R = ea that represents
a family of concentric circles in the w-plane.
 The image of y = b is given by ϕ =b that represents a
family of concurrent lines through the origin in the w-
plane.
 The image of the y-axis is the unit circle w  1

CONFORMAL MAPPING
 The transformation w = e z ( Contd.)

 The image of the entire x –axis is given by ϕ =0
 The image of the line y = π is given by ϕ =π
 The image of the rectangular region in the z-plane is a
annulus in the w-plane

BILINEAR(LINEAR FRACTIONAL
OR MOBIUS) TRANSFORMATION
az  b
 The transformation w = cz  d
The cross-ratio
formula is given
by
(w 1 - w 2 )(w 3 - w 4 ) (z - z 2 )(z 3 - z 4 )
 1
(w 1 - w 4 )(w 3 - w 2 ) (z 1 - z 4 )(z 3 - z 2 )
Fixed
(Invariant)points
Under this transformation circles are are given by
mapped onto circles and straight lines f(z) = z
onto straight lines

PROBLEMS -PARTA
 PROBLEMS ON C-R EQUATIONS
 1. Show that the function f ( z)  ez
is analytic everywhere in the complex plane.
 Solution: Given f(z) =
ez = e x+iy = ex eiy =
= ex (cosy + isiny)= u+iv
u= ex cosy and v= exsiny
ux = excosy, uy = - ex sin y but
vx= exsiny, vy = excosy
The C-R equations are satisfied and all the four partial
derivatives are continuous for all x,y and hence the
function is analytic everywhere in the complex plane.

PROBLEMS -PARTA
 2.Write the polar form of C-R equations and verify f(z)
= zn is analytic or not.
Solution: The polar form of C-R equations are
1 v  1 u
 ur = and vr =
r  r 
 Here f(z) = zn = (reiθ)n
 Therefore u =rncos nθ and v= rn sin nθ
 ur = nrn-1cos nθ and vr = nrn-1sin nθ
 uθ = -nrn sin nθ and vθ = nrn cos nθ
 The C-R equations are satisfied everywhere and also
the four partial derivatives are continuous for finite
values of r and hence f(z) is analytic everywhere.
PROBLEMS -PARTA
 3.Check whether f ( z)  z
is analytic everywhere.
Solution: z = x- iy = u + iv
 u = x, v= -y
 ux = 1, uy =0 but
 vx=0, vy = -1
 Therefore C-R equations are not satisfied and hence
the function is not analytic anywhere.

PROBLEMS -PARTA
 4.Find a, b, c if the function f ( z )  x  ay  i (bx  cy )
 is analytic.
 Solution: Let x+ay+i(bx+cy) = u +iv
 u= x+ay, v = bx+cy
 ux = 1, uy =a but
 vx=b, vy = c
 By C-R equations ux = vy and uy = - vx
 i.e. c=1 and a = -b

PROBLEMS –PARTA(Problems on
harmonic functions)
1.If f(z) = u+iv is an analytic function, prove that u satisfies
the Laplace equation.
Solution: C-R equations are satisfied by u and v.
i.e ux = vy --(1) and
uy = -vx --(2). The Laplace equation is uxx + uyy = 0
 Differentiating(1) partially w.r.to x we get uxx = vxy ---(3)
 Differentiating(2) partially w.r.to y we get
 uyy = -vyx ----(4)
 The second order mixed derivatives are equal when they
are continuous. Assuming the continuity of vxy and vyx
and adding (3) and (4) , we get uxx + uyy = 0. i.e u satisfies
Laplace’s equation.

harmonic functions)
2.Show that the function v = x  3xy  3x  3 y  1
3 2 2 2
is harmonic.
Solution:
vy = - 6xy - 6y ;
vx = 3x2-3y2+6x
vxx = 6x + 6 ;
vyy = - 6x- 6
Adding we get vxx + vyy =0.
Therefore v is harmonic.(i.e. v satisfies Laplace’s
equation)

properties of analytic functions)
1. If u + iv is analytic, then prove that v – iu is also
analytic.
Solution: Given f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function.
Then C-R equations will be satisfied
i.e. ux = vy --(1) and
uy = -vx --(2)
Now let g(z) = v-iu
If g is analytic C-R equations should be satisfied i.e
vx = -uy and vy = -ux which are same as equations (1)
and (2). Hence v-iu is analytic.
2.Show that an analytic function with (i) constant real
part is constant, (ii) constant modulus is constant.
Solution :
Let f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function
u = constant=c, say then ux =0 and uy =0
By C-R equations ux = vy --(1) and
uy = -vx --(2).
Since the partial derivatives of v w.r.to both x and y are
zero v is a constant =c’ , say
 f(z) = c + i c’ = constant

 (ii)Given f (z ) is a constant
 u2 + v2 = c2 --(1)
 Differentiating partially w.r.to x and y we get 2uux + 2vvx =0 and
 2uuy + 2vvy =0
 i.e. uux + vvx =0 ---(2)
 and –uvx +vux =0 ---(3)( by C-R equations) Now (2) and (3) form a
system of homogeneous equations in the unknowns ux and vx . The
system possesses only a trivial solution since u v
 = -(u2 +v2) ≠ 0 v u
 Therefore solution of equations (2) and (3) is ux =0 and vx =0
 Now f ’(z) = ux +i vx =0
 Therefore f(z) is a constant.

conformal mapping)
 1 Define conformal mapping.
 Solution: A transformation that preserves angles
between every pair of curves through a point both in
magnitude and sense is said to be conformal at that
point.

conformal mapping)
2. Find the image of 2x + y- 3=0
under the transformation w = z+2i .
 Solution: Let w = x+ iy +2i = u+iv
 Therefore u = x and v =y+2
 Hence the image of 2x+y-3=0 will be
 2u + v- 2- 3 =0
 i.e 2u +v=5

conformal mapping)
 3.Find the image of the region y >1 under the
transformation w =(1-i)z .
 Solution: Given w = (1-i)(x+iy) = u+iv
 Therefore u = x + y, v = -x +y
 Now u+v = 2y or
 y = u  v hence the image of the region
2
 y >1 is given by
u  v >1
2

conformal mapping)
 4.Find the image of the circle |z| = λ
under the transformation w = 5z.
Solution:
Given w = 5z = 5(x+iy) = u+iv
u= 5x, v=5y
|z| = λ means x2 +y2 = λ2
i.e 2 2
u v
   2
25 25
u2 +v2 = 25λ2 is the image of the given circle .

conformal mapping)
 5. Find the image of |z - 2i| = 2 under the mapping w  1 .
z
 Solution: 1 x 2
u
y 2
v
x  iy  u  v 2
u  v 2
u  ivu  iv

x  iy  2
u  v2 x  iy  2i  2
 and 2 2
u v
 and  2
 Now |z - 2i| = 2 means ( u 2
 v 2 2
) ( u  v 2 2
)
 i.e x2 + (y-2)2 =4 Substituting we get 4v
4 2 4
u v 2
 Simplifying we get 1+ 4v =0 which is the required image

of the circle.

conformal mapping)
 6.Find the fixed points of the transformation
w= 3z4
z1
Solution: : For invariant points f(z) = z
3z  4
z
z 1
 i.e. we get (z2 - z = 3z – 4)

 Cross multiplying and solving for z ,we get
 z = 2,2

conformal mapping)
 7. Find the invariant points of the transformation
z 1
w
z 1
 Solution:
 For invariant points f(z) = z
z 1
z
 i.e. z 1
 we get (z2 + z = z – 1)
 Cross multiplying and solving for z ,we get
 z = i,-i

conformal mapping)
 8. Define bilinear transformation, under what condition
this is conformal.
 Solution: The transformation w = az  b ,
cz  d
where a, b, c , d are complex constants such that

ad-bc ≠0 is called a bilinear transformation. The
condition under which it is conformal is
dw
0
dz

PROBLEMS –PARTB(Problems on
C-R equations)
 1. Show that f(z) = log z is analytic every where except at
the origin and find its derivative.
 Solution:
Given f(z) = log z
u +iv = log(x+iy) = 1 log(x2 +y2) + iTan-1 y
2 x
 Equating the real and imaginary parts ,

2 2 -1 y
 u= log(x +y ) and v = Tan
x

C-R equations)
u 2x x u 2y y
   
x 2( x 2  y 2 ) ( x 2  y 2 ) y 2( x 2  y 2 ) ( x 2  y 2 )
v y
 2 v x
x x  y2  2
y x  y 2
d 1
(Tan ( x )) 
1
dx 1  x2
d u vdu  udv u v
( )  and
dx v v2 x y
u  v

y x

C-R equations)
 Hence C-R equations are satisfied .
 Hence f(z) = log z is analytic.
1
 Now f ′(z) =
z
 At the origin f ′(z) is not defined .
 Therefore the function is not analytic at the origin.
 Hence f(z) = log z is analytic everywhere except at the
origin.

PROBLEMS –PARTB(Problems on C-R equations)
 2. Prove that every analytic function can be expressed as a function of z alone, not as a function of
 Solution : z
zz
 Let z = x+iy and z = x-iy and x =
2
 and y = zz
2i
w u iv
 
z z z
 u and v may be considered as a function of z and z
 Consider  u x u y   v x v y 
    i  
 x  z y  z   x  z y  z 
1 1 i 1
( ux  u y )  ( vx  v y )
2 2i 2 2
C-R equations)
 = 0 (By C-R equations as w is analytic).
 This means that w is independent of z
 i.e w is a function of z alone.
 This means that if w = u(x,y) +iv(x,y) is analytic , it
can be rewritten as a function of (x+iy).
 Equivalently a function of z cannot be an analytic
function of z.

harmonic functions)
 1. Show that the function u( x, y )  3 x y  2 x  y  2 y
2 2 3
is harmonic. Find the conjugate harmonic and also find the

analytic function.
Solution: Given u ( x , y )  3 x 2
y  2 x 2
 y 3
 2y
Then ux = 6xy + 4x ;
uxx = 6y + 4
uy = 3x2 - 3y2 - 4y ;
uyy = -6y – 4
Hence uxx + uyy = 0 and so u is a harmonic function.
Since v is the harmonic conjugate of u , u+iv is analytic.
By C-R equations ux = vy and uy = -vx
Now dv =  u u
dx  dy
y x
harmonic functions)
 = (3x2 - 3y2 - 4y)dx+(6xy + 4x)dy
 Therefore 2 2
 (3x - 3y - 4y)dx + (6xy + 4x)dy
 v =  Mdx  N dy
+ c , say
 To evaluate the integral in the RHS , we integrate all the terms in
M partially with respect to x , also integrate only those terms in
N not containing x and add them.
 Thus v =x3 - 3xy2 - 4xy +c
Let
(3 x 2 y  2 x 2  y 3  2 y 2 )
w = u+iv =
+ i(x3 - 3xy2 - 4xy +c)
Therefore w =2z2+iz3 +ic, by Milne-Thomson’s rule.

harmonic functions)
 Find the analytic function w = u+iv if u  e 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )
 and hence find v.
 Solution: Given u  e 2 xy
sin( x 2  y 2 )    (1)
u x  2 ye 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )  2 xe 2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )
u y  2 ye 2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )  2 xe 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )
Since v is the harmonic conjugate of u, u+iv is

analytic. By C-R equations
ux  v y
N and u y  v x
v v
dv  dx  dy
x y
u u
  dx  dy
y x
harmonic functions)
 2 ye 2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )  2 xe 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )
 [ ( 2 ye 2 xy
cos( x 2
 y 2
)  2 xe 2 xy
sin( x 2
 y 2
))dx
 ( 2 xe  2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )  2 ye  2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )dy ]
 Mdx  Ndy  c
w  u  iv  e 2 xy sin( x 2  y 2 )  ie 2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )
iz 2
 ie  ic by Mi ln e  T hom son' s rule
v  e 2 xy cos( x 2  y 2 )

harmonic functions)
Sinx sinh y
 If v
Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x
Find the analytic function , given

f(0) =1
Sinx sinh y
Solution : Given v 
Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x
(cos 2 x  cosh 2 y ) cos x  2 sin x sin 2 x
v x  sinh y[ ]
(Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x ) 2
(cos 2 x  cosh 2 y ) cosh y  2(sinh y 

  2 sin 2 x ) 
vy    sin x
(Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x ) 2

harmonic functions)
 Now
 f ′(z) = ux + ivx = vy + ivx by C-R equations
sinz 1
2
= sec z tan z
2 cos z 2
(sinz (1 + cos2z)
= 2
+ i 0 , by Milne - Thomson' s rule
(1 + cos 2z)
1
 Therefore f(z) =  sec z tan zdz
2
 = sec z + c
 Given f(0) =1
 We get c = 1-1/2 = ½
 Therefore f(z) =1/2(secz +1)
harmonic functions)
 Find the analytic function ,whose real part is
sin2x
sin2x
(cosh2y - cos2x) u 
(cosh2y - cos2x)
f’(z) = ux + ivx =
(sin2x) (-2 sinh2y) (cosh2y - cos2x) 2 cos2x - sin2x (2 sin2x))

(cosh2y - cos2x) 2 (cosh2y - cos2x) 2
(2 cos2x cosh2y - 2) (sin2x (2 sinh2y))

+i
(cosh2y - cos2x) 2
(cosh2y - cos2x) 2 By Milne-Thomson’s
method,we express
f’(z) in terms of z

harmonic functions)
' (2 cos2z - 2)
Therefore f (z) = 2
+ i(0)
(1 - cos2z)
2 2
 2   cos ec 2 z
(1  cos 2 z ) sin z
Integrating w.r.to z, we get f(z) = cotz + ic , taking

the constant of integration as imaginary since u does
not contain any constant

harmonic functions)
Sin 2 x
uv
Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x
Find the analytic function f(z)
Solution :
Let f(z) = u+iv ----(1)

iu-v = if(z)------(2)
Now from (1) and (2) we get

(u-v) + i(u+v) = (1+i)f(z)----(3)
Let u-v = U----(4)
u+ v = V----(5)
F(z) = (1+i)f(z)----(6)
harmonic functions)
(cosh 2 y  cos 2 x )2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 xSin 2 x
Sin 2 x vx 
v (Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x ) 2
Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x ( 2 cos 2 x cosh 2 y  (2 cos2 2 x  2 sin 2 2 x )

(2 cosh 2 y cos 2 x  2 (Cosh 2 y  Cos2 x ) 2

(Cosh 2 y  Cos2 x ) 2
(cosh 2 y  cos 2 x )2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 xSin 2 x ( 2 sinh 2 y sin 2 x )
vx  
(Cosh 2 y  Cos 2 x ) 2 (Cosh2 y  Cos 2 x ) 2
( 2)
By Milne-Thomson’s i
(Cos 2 z  1)
method we get
F′(z) = Vx- iVy 2i
(1 - cos2z )
i i We get F(z) = i  cosec 2 z dz = - i cotz
= = icosec 2
z
1 - cos2z sin 2 z (1 + i) f(z) = - icotz
2 (-icot z)
f(z) = +c
(1 + i)

harmonic functions)
u  x2  y2 prove that both u and v satisfy the
Laplace equation, but that (u + iv)
y
v
x2  y2
is not a regular function of z.
Then ux = 2x, uxx = 2, uy = -2y,
u  x2  y2 uyy = -2
Therefore uxx + uyy =0
y
v
x2  y2
i.e u satisfies Laplace equation.
 2 xy 2 y ( 3 x 2  y 2 )
vx  2 v xx   x2  y2  2 y2
( x  y 2 )2 ( x 2  y 2 )3 vy 
x 2  y 2 2
 2 y ( x  y )  8 x y (( x  y )
2 2 2 2 2 ( x 2  y 2 ) 2 2 y  ( y 2  x 2 ) 2( x 2  y 2 ) 2 y
vx  v yy 
( x 2  y 2 )4 ( x 2  y 2 )4

harmonic functions)
2 y (3x 2  y 2 )
v yy 
( x 2  y 2 )3
Now vxx +vyy =0

v satisfies Laplace equation
Now ux ≠ vy and uy ≠ -vx
C-R equations are not satisfied by u and v.
Hence u+iv is not a regular (analytic)function of z.

PROBLEMS –PART B(Problems on
conformal
Show that the transformation
mapping)
(z - i)
w=
(1 - (1 - iz)
Maps the interior of the circle | z |= 1
onto the lower half of the w-plane and (ii) the upper half of the z-
plane onto the interior of the circle | w |= 1
From (2), the image of | z | < 1 is given by

(z - i) (w + i)
Solution : = w - - - -(1) | ) | <1
(1 - iz) (1 + iw
w - iwz = z - i
i.e | w + i |<| 1 + iw |
z(1 + iw) = w + i
(w + i) i.e
z= - - - -(2)
(1 + iw) | u + i(v + 1) |<| (1 - v) + iu |
(2) is the inverse transform ation of (1) . The interior of the circle | z |= 1 is given by | z | < 1.

conformal mapping)
i.e. u2 + (v+1)2 < (1-v) 2 + u2

i.e. 2v < -2v
or 4v < 0
or v<0
i.e the lower half of the w-plane.

conformal mapping)
(u + i(v + 1))
Now (2) can be written as = x + iy
(1 - v) + iu)
([u + i(v + 1) ][(1 - v) - iu])
=
((1 - v)2 + u 2 )
[u[1 - v + v + 1] + i(1 - v 2 - u 2 )) ]
=
((1 - v) 2 +u 2 )
[2u]
x= - - - -(3)
(1 - v) 2 + u 2 )
[(1 - v 2 - u 2 )) ]
and y = ) - - - -(4)
((1 - v) 2 + u 2
The upper half of the z - plane is given by y > 0. Its image is given by
[(1 - v 2 - u 2 )) ]
(> 0 ( from (4))
(1 - v)2 + u 2 )
i.e u 2 + v 2 < 1 or | w |2 < 1
i.e. | w | < 1
The interior of the circle | w | = 1

conformal mapping)
. Find the image of the left half of the strip
0  y   under the transformation
w =e z .
Solution:The transformation equations of the mapping w =e z are given by
Rei  = e x+iy =e x .eiy
i.e R = e x ---( 1 )
and  = y---( 2 )
The image of the line y=0 is  =0 and that of the line y= is  =  .
Therefore the image of the region 0  y  
is the region defined by
0  i.e the upper half of the w - plane.
The image is shown in Figure

conformal mapping)

conformal mapping)
1 3
Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points - 2,0,2 on to  , ,
2 4
Solution : (w1 , w 2 , w 3 , w 4 ) = (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 )
We have the formula
((w1 - w 2 )(w 3 - w 4 )) ((z1 - z 2 )(z 3 - z 4 ))
= - - - -(1)
((w1 - w 4 )(w 3 - w 2 )) ((z1 - z 4 )(z 3 - z 2 ))
1
To avoid the substitution of w1 =  in (1) directly, we put w1 = simplify and then put w1 ' = 0 . Thus (1) becomes
w1 '
((1 - w 2 w1 )(w 3 - w 4 )) ((z - z )(z - z ))
/ = 1 2 3 4 / - - - - - (2)
((1 - w 4 w1 ' )(w 3 - w 2 )) (z1 - z 4 )(z 3 - z 2 ))
Using the given values
1 3
w1 =  , w 2 = , w 3 = , w 4 = w, z1 = - 2, z 2 = 0, z 3 = 2, z 4 = z
2 4
3
((1 - 0)( - w))
4 ((-2 - 0)(z 3 - z))
we get =
3 1
(((1 - 0)( - )) ((-2 - z)(2 - 0))
4 2
3
( - w)
((-2)(2 - z))
i.e . 4 =
3 1
( - ) ((-2 - z)(2))
4 2
cross multiplying and simplifying we get
conformal mapping)
z  1
w 
z  2

conformal mapping w = z2
 1. Find the image in the w-plane of the region of the z-
plane bounded by the straight lines x=1, y=1, x+y=1
under the transformation w = z2 .
 Ans: v2 = -4(u-1) ; v2 = 4(u+1) ; u2 = -2(v-1/2)]
 2. Determine the region of the w-plane into which the
region 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 1/2 ≤ y ≤ 1 is mapped
under the transformation w = z2
 Ans: v2 = -4(u-1/4); v2 = -4(u-1) ;and
 v2 =(u+1/4);v2 =4(u+1)


Mathematics - Ii (Ma6251) : Analytic Functions Analytic Functions Unit Iv - P.Veeraiah Department of Applied Mathematics

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Mathematics - Ii (Ma6251) : Analytic Functions Analytic Functions Unit Iv - P.Veeraiah Department of Applied Mathematics

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MATHEMATICS –II(MA6251)

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

 UNIT IV: ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

 Let S be a set of complex numbers.

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

Suppose that w= u+ iv is the value of a function f at

Thus each of real number u and v depends on the

Similarly if the polar coordinates r and θ, instead of

f (z)  u(r,) iv(r,)

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

If we just choose only the positive value of

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

Note that here x, y, u(x,y) and v(x,y) are all

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

Known as Laplace’s equation.

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

2. Thereal and imaginary parts of an

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

 Sufficient conditions for analyticity:

 The single valued function w=f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

Represents inversion with respect to the unit circle z  1

Followed by reflection in the real axis

The transformation equations

The interior of the unit circle z  1

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

 The transformation equations are given by

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

 The transformation equations are given by

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

 The transformation w = e z ( Contd.)

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS,