Chapter 13

Complex Numbers and Functions

Lecture No. 5
 Analytic Function

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Cauchy-Riemann Equation
A complex function w  f (z) can be written as
w  f (z)  u(x, y)  i v(x, y)
We may regard w, u, v as function of real variables x and y. Let us
denotes the partial derivatives of function u and v with respect to
x and y by
u u v v
ux  , uy  , vx  , vy  ,
x y x y
Then u x  v y , and u y   v x are called Cauchy- Riemann condition.
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Now consider complex function
z2
w  f (z) 
2
(x  iy ) 2 x 2  y 2  2ixy x2  y2
w  f (x  i y)     ixy
2 2 2
Therefore
x2  y2
u (x, y)  ,
2
v (x, y)  xy

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
And
  x2  y2
ux  u(x, y) 
x x 2
2x
 
2
x
  x2  y2
uy  u(x, y) 
y y 2
2 y

2
 y
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
And  
vx  v(x, y)  ( xy )
x x
 y .1
y
 
vy  v(x, y)  ( xy )
y y
 x.1
x

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
So, u x  x  v y
u y   y  (y)  vx
Therefore , Cauchy- Riemann conditions are satisfied.

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Analytic Function
A function f (z) is said to be analytic in a domain D if f (z) is defined
and differentiable at all points of D.
The function f (z) is said to be analytic at a point z  z0 in D if
f (z) is analytic in a neighborhood of z0 .
By an analytic function we mean a function that is analytic in some
domain.

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function

Theorem
A necessary condition for a function f (z)defined by
f (z)  u(x, y)  i v(x, y)
To be analytic in domain D is that the four partial derivatives
u x , u y , v x , and v y exists and satisfy u x  v y , and u y   v x
at every point of D.

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
For example Consider complex function 1
f (z)  _
z
1 1 x  iy
w  f (x  i y)   
_________
( x  iy ) x  iy x  iy
x  iy x  iy x  iy x y
     i
( x ) 2  (iy ) 2 ( x 2 )  ( y 2 ) x2  y2 x2  y2 x2  y2
 u (x, y)  v (x, y)
x y
 u (x, y)  , and v(x, y) 
x y
2 2
x2  y2

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
x y
u (x, y)  , and v(x, y) 
x y
2 2
x2  y2
u ( x 2  y 2 ).1  x (2 x) x2  y2  2 x2  x2  y2
  ux   
x (x  y )
2 2 2
(x  y )
2 2 2
( x2  y2 )2
u ( x 2  y 2 ).0  x (2 y ) 0  2 xy 2 xy
 uy   
y ( x 2  y2 )2 ( x 2  y2 )2 ( x2  y2 )2
v ( x 2  y 2 ).0  y (2 x) 0  2 xy 2 xy
 vx   
x ( x 2  y2 )2 ( x2  y2 )2 ( x 2  y2 )2
v ( x 2  y 2 ).1  y (2 y ) x2  y2  2 y 2 x2  y2
 vy   
y (x  y )
2 2 2
(x  y )
2 2 2
( x2  y2 )2
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Since u  x2  y2 v
  ,
x (x  y )
2 2 2
y
u 2 xy v
 
y ( x 2  y2 )2 x

Cauchy- Riemann condition not satisfy . Therefore given function is not

analytic.

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Entire Function
A function f (z) that is analytic for all z is called an entire function.
The complex function
f ( z )  z , n  0,1, 2, 3...
n

is entire function

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Problem Set 13.4
1-12 Are the following functions analytic
1. f (z)  z 4

2. f (z)  Imz 2

3. f (z)  e (cosy i siny)

2x

1
4. f (z)  1  z 4

5. f (z)  e (cosy  i siny)

x

Solution Here f (z)  e (cosy  i siny)  e

2x 2x
cosy  ie 2 x siny
 u(x, y)  i v(x, y)
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Therefore
u(x, y)  e 2 x cosy
v(x, y)  e 2 x siny
And
u  2x
ux   e cosy  cosy.2e 2 x  2e 2 x cos y
x x
u  2x
uy   e cosy  e 2 x siny and
y y
v  2x v  2x
vx   e siny  2e siny, v y 
2x
 e siny  e 2 x cosy
x x y y
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Since u x  2e 2 x cos y  v y
f (z)  e 2 x (cosy  i siny)  e 2 x cosy  ie 2 x siny

Not satisfies Cauchy- Riemann equations therefore it is not analytic

function.

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Conditions of Analyticity of Complex Function in Polar coordinates
In polar coordinates any complex quantity is expressed in the
form z  rei and the complex function is given by
w  f (z)  u (r,  )  iv (r,  )
Where r, and  are polar coordinates.
We have already seen that for the analytic function the conditions
ux  v y , and uy   vx
Hold in Cartesian reference frame.

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
If we change the reference frame to the polar coordinate system the
relations x  r cos  and y  r sin  are to be substituted. Now
x x y y
 cos  ,   r sin  ,  sin  , and  r cos 
r  r 
Thus
u u r u 
ux   
x r x  x
1 u 1 u
  (1)
cos  r r sin  
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Analytic Function
And
u u r u 
uy   
y r y  y
1 u 1 u
  (2)
sin  r r cos  

Also v  v  v r  v 
x r x  x
x

1 v 1 v
  (3)
cos  r r sin  
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
And
v u r v 
vy   
y r y  y
1 v 1 v
  (4)
sin  r r cos  

Substitution of equation(1) to equation(4) into Cauchy- Riemann

differential equations yields
u v 1 u 1 u 1 v 1 v
     (6)
x y cos  r r sin   sin  r r cos  
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
And
u v 1 u 1 u 1 v 1 v
     (7)
y x sin  r r cos   cos  r r sin  
Multiplying both sides of equation(6) and equation(7) by sin  cos 
we obtain
u cos  u v sin  v
sin    cos   (8)
r r  r r 
u sin  u v cos  v
cos     sin   (9)
r r  r r sin  
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Multiplying equation(8) by sin  and equation (9) by cos  and
adding we get
u 1 v
 (10)
r r 
Similarly the multiplication of equation(8) by cos  and equation (9) by
sin  and their subtraction yields
1 u v
 (11)
r  r
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Equations
u 1 v
 (10)
r r 
1 u v
 (11)
r  r
Are the new form of the Cauchy- Riemann differential equations in
polar coordinates and these are the conditions for the analyticity of the
complex functions expressed in polar coordinates.

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Example
Test for analyticity of the function

a) f (z)  z z
b) f (z)  1
(z  4)10
Solution (b) we have
1 1 1
f (z)   
(z  4)10
[(x  i y)  4]10
[(x  4)  i y]10

Putting x  4  r cos  , y  r sin 

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Therefore
( x  4) 2  y 2  r 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )  r 2 ,
y y
tan      tan 1
x4 x4

Thus
1 1
f (z)  
[(x  4)  i y]10 [rcos   ir sin  ]10

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
Or
1
f (z) 
r10 [cos10  i sin10 ]
 r 10 e  i10
 r 10 [cos( 10 )  i sin( 10 )]  r 10 [cos10  i sin10 ]
 u(r,  )  iv (r,  )
 u(r,  )  r 10 cos10 ,
v (r,  )   r 10 sin10 ]

Now u u
 10r cos10 ,
11
 10r 10 sin10
r of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
And v v
 10r 11 sin10 ,  10r 10 cos10
r 

Hence,
u 1 v
 10r 11
cos10  , and
r r r
v 1 u
 10r 11
sin10  ( 10r 11
sin10 )  
r r 

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Analytic Function
1
Hence, the function f (z)  is analytic .
(z  4)10
But at z  4 the function does not exist. Therefore function is
analytic everywhere except at the point z  4 .

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