Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3D Coordinate Space
Examples
The graph of y =f(x) is a curve in the xy plane. There are two variables: x is independent and
free, y is dependent on x. Above x on the base line is the point (x, y) on the curve. The curve can
be displayed on a two-dimensional printed page.
The graph of z =f(x, y) is a surface in xyz space. There are three variables: x and y are
independent, z is dependent. Above (x, y) in the base plane is the point (x, y, z) on the surface.
point P( x0 , y0 , z0 ) .
point P( x0 , y0 , z0 ) .
Examples:
Evaluate f x ( x, y ) and f y ( x, y ) .
a. f ( x, y ) 3x3 2 x 2 y xy 5 y 2 4
b. f ( x, y ) sin 3 xy
c. f ( x, y ) x 2 y 3 y 2
Solution:
a. f ( x, y ) 3x3 2 x 2 y xy 5 y 2 4
f x x, y 3 3 x 2 22 xy y
9 x 2 4 xy y
f y x, y 2 x 2 x 10 y
b. f ( x, y ) sin 3 xy
d
f x x, y cos 3 xy 3 xy
dx
3 y cos 3xy
d
f y x, y cos 3 xy 3xy
dy
3 x cos 3xy
c. f ( x, y ) x 2 y 3 y 2
1
d 2 2
f x x, y x y 3 y
2
2 2
x y 3y
dx
2 xy
x2 y 3y2
1
d 2
f y x, y x 2 y 3 y 2
2 x y 3 y 2
dy
x2 6y
x2 y 3y2
f ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
f x ( x, y ) f x' ( x, y ) ; f y ( x, y ) f y' ( x, y ) ;
x y
'' 2 f ( x, y ) '' 2 f ( x, y )
f xx ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
xx ; f xy ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
xy .
x 2 xy
Example:
2z 2z 2z
Given z f x, y , find , and
x 2 y 2 xy
a. z 2x 2 7 y
b. z 9 3 y 3 7 xy
c. z e 5 xy
Definition
A function z f ( x, y ) is said to have a relative maximum at a point ( x0 , y0 ) if it is defined at
f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) .
f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) .
Similar to the functions of one variable, if function of two or more variables has local extremum
at point ( x0 , y0 ) , all first order partial derivatives, if exist, equal 0.
The reverse is not true. First order partial derivatives may equal zero at some point, but function
may have not a local extremum at this point.
Definition
A point ( x0 , y0 ) is a stationary point for the function z f ( x, y ) if partial derivatives at this
Suppose that point ( x0 , y0 ) is a stationary point for the function z f ( x, y ) and function
2 f xo , yo 2 f xo , yo 2 f xo , yo
A B C D AB C 2
x 2 y 2 xy
4. If D 0 , then the test is inconclusive and more advanced methods are needed to solve
the problem.
Example:
Find the relative extrema of the function f x, y 3x 2 4xy 4y 2 4x 8y 4 .
Solution:
To find stationary points of the function we solve system of equations
f ( x, y )
6x 4 y 4 0
x
Solve by using simultaneous equation
f ( x, y )
4 x 8 y 8 0
y
2 f ( x, y ) 2 f ( x, y ) 2 f ( x, y )
Further A 6 B 8 С 4 .
x 2 y 2 xy
Since A > 0, the function has a relative minimum at the point (0, 1) .
Example:
Test function u x 3 3 xy 2 39 x 36 y 26 for relative extrema.
Solution:
We evaluate first order partial derivatives
u u
3 x 2 3 y 2 39; 6 xy 36 .
x y
2u 2u 2u
1. Point (3; 2). At this point A 18; B 18; C 12
x 2 y 2 xy
2u 2u 2u
2. Point (3; 2) . At this point A 18; B 18; C 12 and
x 2 y 2 xy
2u 2u 2u
3. Point (2; 3). At this point A 2 12; B 2 12; C 18 and
x y xy
ASSIGNMENT
d. z 5y3 x4
e. z yx 2
g. z x 2e y
h. z x2 e y
i. z 3 x 2 cos y
j. z 3 x 2 cos y
k. z 3 x 2 4 x sin y
b. f x, y 2 x 2 3 xy y 2 2 x
c. f x, y x 2 y 3 3 y
d. f x, y 4 xy 2 x 2 y
e. f x, y x y 3
x3 2 y2
f. f x, y 3 x xy 6y
3 2
g. f x, y x 2 xy 7 y
3. Determine the position and the nature of the stationary points of the following functions:
a. f x, y 3xy x y
b. f x, y x 2 y 2 3 y
c. f x, y x 2 y 2 3 xy
1 1 3
d. f x, y
x y xy
e. f x, y e xy
f. f x, y xy x y 2
g. f x, y x 2 y 2 3 y
h. f x, y 7 x 2 y 2 xy
1 1 1
i. f x, y
x y xy
j. f x, y e x y 1
b. z ( x 2) 2 2 y 2
c. z x 4 4 xy 2 y 2
d. z x 4 y 4 2 x 2 4 xy 2 y 2
e. z x 2 y 2 xy 12 x 3 y
f. z 4 x 2 y 2 4 xy 4 x 2 y 1
g. z 3x3 y 3 3 y 2 x 1