Calculus

20SCIB01C
 Gradient
f f
If f function in x and y  grad f  f  i j
x
y
f f
If f f function in x, y and z  grad f  f  i j
 k
x
f (x, y)  x 2  xy 2 y
solution: z
f f
Example 2:f
findgradi f if

j  2x 
2
i
x y 2xyj
 Directional Derivatives of f(x,y)
f  f
gradf
  f  i 
j 
x   a
the unit vecto r u in the direction vector a
a
is y
f  f 
D u

 
u
D u f  f .u   i 

  f  f j   1u i  uj
  2
 x 
 
f 1 yf 2
 x u  y u
 Example 2

Let f (x, y)  x3 y 2 .
Find the directiona l derivative of f at

P(1,2) in the direction of the vector a 
 
4i  3 j .
 Solution
f (x, y)  x3 y 2
  2 2 3

f  f x i f y j  3x y i  2x y j

 1  1 
u  a 5 ( 4i
a

 3 fj) y)  f  
(x, u  3x2 y 2 ( 4 )  2x3 y( 3 )
Du 5

2 2 4
f (1,2)  3(1) (2) ( ) 5 2(1) (2)( ) 
3 3
Du 12

5
Directional Derivatives of f(x,y,z)

f  f  f
gradf  f  i  j 
k
x y z
u  u i  u j 
u
k
1 2
3
 f 1 2 f
Du f  f  u x u y  z u3

f
 u
 Tangent Planes
F(x,y,z) = 0 surface S
How many tangent lines to S at P(x0 , y0 , z0)?
The vector Fis  to every tangent line at P
 plane of tangent lines (tangent plane)
with normal vector F 
Equation of the tangent F0  (r r0 ) 
plane? 0
 f   f   f 
(x  x ) (y  y0 )   ( z  z0 )  0
0
 x  p  y  p  z  p
 Normal Lines
F(x,y,z) = 0 surface S
One normal line to S at P(x0 , y0 , z0).

normal line // F0

x  x0 y  y0 z  z0
 f  f
f y z
x
 Example 3
Find an equation for the tangent plane to the
3 2
ellipsoid x  3y 2  z 2  12 at P(2,1,
6 ).
4
 Solution
3
f (x, y, z) 2  3 y 2
 z 2
 12  0
 4x
f f
f 3 6y  2z
 x y z
x 2
P(2,1, 6)
f f 6
x y  6 z  2
f
3
equation of the tangent plane is
3(x  2)  6( y 1)  2 6(z  6) 
 Example 4
Find an equation for the normal line to
the 3 2 2 2
ellipsoid x  3y  z  12 at P(2,1,
6 ).
4
 Solution

Normal line through P(2,1,

6)
equation of the normal line is

x2 y 1 z
 

6 3 6 2 6