Chapter 13

Complex Numbers and Functions

Lecture No. 3
 Complex Function

Atta Ur Rehman Department of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 1
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Complex Function
Many engineering problems can be modeled, investigated, and
solved by functions of a complex variable. Most important, the real and
imaginary parts of an analytic function satisfy Laplace’s equation in two
variables. Hence two dimensional problems can be solved by methods
for analytic functions, and this is often simpler than working in real.
Many complicated real and complex integrals in applications can be
evaluated by the elegant methods of complex integration.

Atta Ur Rehman Department of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 2
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Complex Function
Let S is a set of complex numbers. A complex function f defined on S is
a rule that assigns to every z in S a complex number w , called the
value of f at z

We write w  f ( z)

z varies is S and is called a complex variable. The set S is called the

domain of definition of f . A complex function w  f ( z ) may also be
written in the form w  f ( z )  u(z)  iv(z)
Atta Ur Rehman Department of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 3
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Where u(z) and v(z) are real valued functions of complex variable z .
Let z  x  iy , we write w  f ( z )  u(x, y)  iv(x, y)
And
Re f (z)  u(x, y)
Imf(z)  v(x, y)

Where u(x, y), and v(x, y) are real functions, each depending on the
two variables x and y.

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 4
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Problem Set 13.3
12-15 Find Re f and Im f . Also find their values at the indicated point .
12. f  3 z 2  6 z  3i, z  2  i
z
13. f  , z  4  5i
z 1

1 1 1
14. f  , z  i
1 z 2 4
1
15. f  2, z  1 i
z
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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 5
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
1 z  x  iy
Solution (15) Let w  f (z)  2 , let
z
1 1 ( x 2  y 2 )  (2 xyi )
 w  f (x  i y)    2
(x  iy ) 2
( x  y )  (2 xyi ) ( x  y 2 )  (2 xyi )
2 2

( x 2  y 2 )  (2 xyi )

( x 2  y 2 ) 2  (2 xyi ) 2
( x 2  y 2 )  (2 xyi )
 4
x  y4  2x2 y 2  4x2 y 2
x2  y 2 2 xy
 4  i
x  y  2x y
4 2 2
x  y  2x y
4 4 2 2

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 6
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Therefore x2  y 2
Re f  u ( x, y )  4 , and
x  y  2x y
4 2 2

2 xy
Im f  v ( x, y )   4
x  y 4  2x2 y 2
And
11
u (1,1)   0, and
11 2
2 2 1
v (1,1)    
11 2 4 2

So, 1 1 1 2i 2i 1

w  f (1  i )  0       i
2i 2i 2i 2i 4 2
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Or 1
w  f (1  i ) 
(1  i ) 2
1 1
 
1  1  2i 2i
1 2i 2i
  
2i 2i 4
1
  i.
2

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 8
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Limit of Complex Function
A function f (z) is said to have the limit l as z approaches a point z 0 ,
written
lim f (z)  l
z  z0

If f is defined in a neighborhood of z 0 (except perhaps at z 0 itself)

and if the value of f are “close” to l for all z “close” to z 0 .
Whereas in real case, x can approach an x 0 only along the real line ,
here z may approach z 0 from any direction in the complex plane.

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 9
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Problem Set 13.3
Determine the value of the given limit
1. lim(3 iz 2
 4 z  i)
z i

z3  z3  4z  4
2. lim
z 2i z2  4
Solution Let
z3  z3  4z  4
f (z)  , and z0  2i
z 4
2

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 10
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
So,
z3  z3  4z  4 z 2 ( z  1)  4(z  1)
lim  lim
z 2i z 4
2 z 2i z2  4
( z 2  4)( z  1)
 lim
z 2i z2  4
 lim ( z  1)
z 2i

 2i  1

Hence, the limit of the given function is

l  2i  1.

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 11
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Theorem
Let w  f (z)  u (z)  iv(z) be defined in a domain D except possibly at
point z 0 in D then
lim f (z)  w0  u0  iv0
z  z0

If and only if
lim u (z)  u0 and
z  z0

lim v (z)  v0
z  z0

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 12
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Theorem
For constant  ,  then
lim ( z   )   z0  
z  z0

In particular
lim    '
z  z0

lim z  z0
z  z0

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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Theorem
1) If zlim f (z)  w0 and lim g(z)  v0
z 0 z  z0

2) lim[ f (z)  g (z)]  w0  v0

z  z0

lim[ f (z) g (z)]  w0 v0

3) z  z0

4) lim k f (z)  kw0 where k is cons tan t

z  z0

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 14
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
4) 1 1
lim  , v0  0
z  z0 g (z) v0
f (z) w0
5) lim  , v0  0
z  z0 g (z) v0

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 15
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Problem Set 13.3
30. Prove that 
z
lim
z 0 z

does not exist.

Solution
_ Let z  0 along the x- axis . Then y  0 and z  x  iy  x
and z  x , so that the required limit is

z x
lim  lim  lim1  1
z 0 z z 0 x z 0
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Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
_

Let z  0 along y-axis. Then x  0 and z  x  iy  iy , z   iy

Therefore,

z iy
lim  lim  lim( 1)  1
z 0 z z  0 iy z 0

Since the approaches do not give the same answer


z
 lim does not exist.
z 0 z

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 17
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Continuous Function
A function f (z) is said to be continuous at z  z 0 if f (z 0 ) is defined
and zlim f (z)  f ( z0 )
z0

f (z) is said to be continuous in a domain if it is continuous at each

point of this domain.

Atta Ur Rehman Department of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 18
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Theorem
1) If the functions f (z) and g(z) are defined in D are continuous at
the point z0 in D then
2) f (z)  g (z)
3) kf (z)
4) f (z) g (z)
f (z)
5) g (z) , where g (z)  0
are also continuous at point z0 .

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 19
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Example
Discuss the continuity of
a) f (z)  z
2
at z  z0

1
b) f (z)  e z
2
at z0

z2  4
c) f (z)  , z  2i
z  2i
 5i, z  2i

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 20
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Solution (a) The value of f (z)  z
2
at is
f (z 0 ) 
2
z0 , which is finite. z  z0

And
lim f (z)  z0
2

z  z0

Limit and value of given function do agree, therefore given function is

continuous at z  z0 .

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 21
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
1
Solution (b) Given f (z)  e z
2

As
1
z  0, 
z
1

e z  
2

Therefore given function is discontinuous.

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University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 22
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362
Complex Function
Solution (c) In the problem we have
f ( 2i )  5i
And
z2  4 ( z  2i )(z  2i )
lim  lim
z 2 i z  2i z 2 i z  2i
 lim (z  2i )  4i
z 2 i

lim f (z)  f ( 2i )

z 2 i

Given function is discontinuous.

Atta Ur Rehman Department of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 23
Complex Variables and Transforms BSI-362