DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COMPLEX ANALYSIS & APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (U19MET31)
PART A
UNIT I
1. Write the necessary and sufficient condition for f(z) to be analytic
The single valued continuous function f ( z)  u( x, y)  iv ( x, y) is analytic in a region of
u u v v
the z plane, if the four partial derivatives , , and have the following features:
x y x y
(i)They exist, (ii) they are continuous and (iii) They satisfy the C.R equations
u v v u
 and   at every point of R. i.e) ux  vy ; vx  u y
x y x y

2. Show that u  x 3  3xy 2  3x 2  3 y 2  1 is Harmonic

3. Find the constants a, b, c if f ( z)  x  ay  i(bx  cy) is analytic

4. Write down the CR equations in polar form.
The Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates satisfied by an analytic function
w  f ( z)  u(r, )  iv (r, ) is u  1 v and v   1 u
r r  r r 

5. Show that the function f ( z )  z is nowhere differentiable

f ( z)  z
u  iv  x  iy, where z  x  iy
Equating real and imaginary parts we get,
u  x; v  y
ux  1; vx  0
u y  0; vy  1
ux  vy and vx  u y
One of the C-R equations is not satisfied anywhere in the complex plane. So f ( z )  z is
not analytic anywhere.

6. Show that the analytic function with constant real part is constant
Let f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function
Given u is constant
(i.e) u = c
ux  0 & u y  0
Since f(z) is analytic
ux  vy  0 & vx   u y  0
 vx & v y  0
  v is independent of x and y
 v is constant.
 f(z) = f(u + iv) = constant.

UNIT II
1. Expand f ( z )  cos z as a Taylor’s series about z=0.
f ( z)  cos z , a  0
f '( z )   sin z , f '(0)  0
f ''( z )   cos z , f ''(0)  1
f '''( z )  sin z ,... f '''(0)  0,......
i.Putting z = 0 in all these values , f (0)  cos 0  1
( z  a) 2
f ( z )  f (a)  f '(a)( z  a)  f ''(a)  ...
ii. Taylor’s series is 2!
( z  0)2
cos z  1  0( z  0)  (1)  ...
2!
z2 z4
 cos z  1    ...
2! 4!
ii)

2. Find the image of the circle z  2 under the transformation w=3z

The equation of the circle z  2 in Cartesian form is x 2  y 2  4 -------(1)
w  3z
u  iv  3( x  iy)
u  3x      (2)
v  3 y      (3)
Substitute x and y value in (1)
2 2
u v
     4
 3 3
u 2  v 2  36

1
3. Find the fixed point of the transformation w  .
z  2i
1
Put w  z in w 
z  2i
1
z  z ( z  2i)  1
z  2i
z 2  2 zi  1  0
2i  4i 2  4(1)(1) 2i  4  4
z  i
2 2
 The invariant point is z  i.

4. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z1  , z2  i and z3  0 into
the points w1  0, w2  i and w3  
 ( w  w1 )( w2  w3 ) ( z  z1 )( z2  z3 )
=
( w1  w2 )( w3  w) ( z1  z2 )( z3  z )
w  z 
( w  w1 ) w3  2  1 z1   1  z2  z3 
 w3  =  z1 
 w  z 
( w1  w2 ) w3 1   z1 1  2   z3  z 
 w 3   z1 
 w  0  0  1  1 i  0 
 0  i 1 1 0  z 
w i i2 1
= w  w
i z  z  z

5. Find the image of | z | 2 under the transformation w  z  3  2i

The equation of the given circle z  2 in the Cartesian form is
x 2  y 2  4      (1)
w  z  3 2i
u  iv  x  iy  3  2i
u  x  3, v  y  2
 x  u  3, y  v  2        (2)
Substitute (2) in(1)
(u  3) 2  (v  2) 2  4 This is the required image
6. Define conformal mapping
A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of curves through a point both in
magnitude and sense (direction/angle) is said to be conformal at that point.

UNIT III
1. State Cauchy‘s fundamental theorem and Cauchy’s residue theorem

If ( ) is analytic and its derivative f ( ) is continuous at all points on and inside a simple
closed curve C, then  f  z dz  0 .
c

If f (z ) is analytic within and on the closed curve C except at a finite number of singular
points within C, then  f ( z) dz  2i(r
c
1  r2  ...  rn )

where r1 , r2 , r3 ,...rn are the residues of the function f (z ) at the singular points.

1 z2  5
2i c z  3
2. Evaluate dz where C is the circle z  1 using Cauchy integral formula.

3. Evaluate  log z dz where c is the unit circle z  1 .

c
i
Let z  e , log z  i
i
dz  ie d
 2

 log z dz   (i ) ie d
i

c 0
2
    ei d
0
2
  ei   ei    e
i 2
 i 2 
 
      1 2    2    e   0  e 
0

  i  i 0  
  i  
 
   e  i 2 
i 2
 0  2  
   2    e   e       1  1 e2i  1
  i 
  
   i  
2
c log zdz   i  2 i .
e z
4. Evaluate C z  1dz ,where C is the circle |z|=2.
f ( z)
Cauchy’s integral formula is  dz  2 if ( z0 )
C
z  z 0

Here f ( z )  e z , z  z0  z  1  z0  1
Clearly z0  1 lies within the circle |z|=2.
e z
 dz  2if (1)  2ie ( 1)  2i
c
z 1
z
5. Evaluate,
 z  2
C
dz where C is the circle |z| = 1.

f ( z)
By Cauchy’s Integral formula,  dz  2if (a) --------(1)
c
za
Comparing the L.H.S. of (1) with the given integral, we get f (z) = z,and z0=2

[Since zo  2 , lies outside the circle |z|=1, f(2)=0]

f z z
 z  z dz  
c 0 z 1
z2
dz  2 if (2) =0

ez
6. Find the residue of at z=2
z2
ez
Here has a simple pole at z=2.
z2

 ez 
Re s   at z=2
 z2

ez
lim  z  2   lim e z  e2
z 2 z  2 z 2
 UNIT IV
1. Classify the partial differential equation u xx  xu yy  0
Here A = 1 , B = 0 , C = x
 B 2  4 AC  4 x
If x=0 Þit is Parabolic
If x<0 Þit is Hyperbolic
If x>0 Þit is Elliptic

2. State any four empirical laws when deriving the wave equation.
(i) The tension T caused by stretching the string before fixing it at the end points is
constant.
(ii) T is so large that other external forces such as weight of the string and friction may be
considered negligible.
(iii) The string is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
dy
(iv) Displacement y and the slope at every point of a string are small.
dx

3. Classify the partial differential equation 4uxx  4uxy  u yy  2ux  u y  0

4. Explain the method of separation of variables
Let Z be the dependent variable and (x,y) be the independent variable. Assume the
solution to be the product of two functions, one of them a function of x alone and the
other function of y alone. Then the solution of P.D.E is converted into the solution of
O.D.E.

5. Explain the initial value problems

In O.D.E, first we get the general solutionswhich contains the arbitrary constants and then
we determine these constants from the given initial values. This type of problems is
called initial value problems.

6. State the assumptions made in the derivation of one dimensional wave equation.
1. The motion takes place entirely in one plane.
2. The effect of the friction is negligible
3. The string is perfectly flexible
4. TensionT in the stringto be so large that gravity may be negelected in comparison with it.
 UNIT V
1. Define steady state temperature distribution
If the temperature will not change when time varies is called steady state temperature
distribution.
2. Explain the term thermally insulated ends?
If an end of a heat conducting body is thermally insulated, it means that no heat passes through
u
that section. Mathematically the temperature gradient is zero at that point (i.e.) 0
x

3. Distinguish between steady and unsteady states in heat conduction problems

Steady State Unsteady state

The temperature at any point The temperature at any point of the

depends only on the position body depends on the position and time
of the point and is ‘t’
independent of the time ‘t’

4. Write down the equation of heat flow in two dimensions in polar co-ordinates.
 2u u  2u
r2  r  0
r 2 r  2
5. Give three possible solutions of one dimensional heat flow equation
u  2u
The one dimensional heat flow equation is given by 2 2
t x
The three possible solutions are

u( x, t )  e ( A1e px  A2e px )
2 2
p t
(i)

u( x, t )  e ( A3 cos px  A4 sin px)

2 2
p t
(ii)

(iii) u( x, t )  A5 x  A6

 
6. A rod 10cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20 C and 70 C respectively until
steady state condition prevails. Find the steady state temperature in the rod
  2  1 
In steady state condition, the heat flow is given by u  x, 0     x  1 …(1)
 

 70  20 
Given that, u  x     x  20
 10 
 50 
u  x     x  20
 10 
u  x   5x  20