Lectures

In

Mathematic (III)
Complex analysis
Complex Variable
Example (1):

Show that the function f (x)  z 3 satisfy Cauchy Riemann Equations hence deduce
f (z )

Solution:
We note that

f ( z )  z 3  ( x  iy )3  ( x 3  3 xy 2 )  i (3 x 2 y  y 3 )

 u( x , y )  x 3  3 xy 2 , v( x, y )  3 x 2 y  y 3
 ux  3 x 2  3 y 2 , v x  6 xy
u y  6 xy , vy  3 x 2  3 y 2
 ux  v y , u y  v x

Then Cauchy Riemann equations are satisfied and

f ( z )  ux  iv x  3 x 2  3 y 2  i (6 xy )
 3[( x 2  y 2 )  i (2 xy )]  3( x  iy )2  3 z 2
Example (2):

Show that the function u  e x sin y is harmonic function and find the function v such
that f  u  iv satisfy Cauchy-Riemann equations.
Solution:
u  2u
u  e sin y
x
 e sin y ,
x
 e x
sin y
x x 2
u  2u
 e cos y ,
x
  e x sin y
y y 2
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 2u  2u
  e x sin y  e x sin y  0
x 2
y 2

so that u is harmonic now we obtain the function v such that u and v satisfies the
equations
u v u v
(i )  ( ii ) 
x y y x
integrate (i) with respect to y we have
u
v dy  f ( x )   e x sin y dy  f ( x )  e x cos y  f ( x )
x
where f ( x ) is the integration constant
to determine f ( x ) we use (ii) as follows

v u
  e x cos y  f ( x )     e x cos y
x y
 f   0  f ( x )  C (pure arbitraryconstant)

Hence v   e x cos y  C and

f ( z )  u  iv  e x sin y  ie x cos y  C   ie x (cos y  i sin y )  C   ie z  C

where C is an arbitrary constant.
Example (3):
Show that sin z  sin z .

Solution:
sin z  sin( x  iy )
 sin x cos( iy )  cos x sin( iy )  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y
 sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y  sin x cos( iy )  cos x sin( iy )
 sin( x  iy )  sin z then sin z  sin z
Example (4):
2
Evaluate  z dz in the following cases
C

(i) C is the circle z  1 . (ii) C is the circle z  1  1 .

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Solution:
(i) the parametric equation is

 
2
z  e  it  e 2it
2
z  e it  dz  ie it dt 0  t  2 and

2
2 it
2
 it
 e  it 
2
2 i
    e  1  0
2
  z dz   e .ie dt  i  e dt  i 
it
  i  0 
C 0 0

(ii) by using the parametric equation of the circle z  1  1 we find

z  1  e it  z  1  e it  dz  ie it dt , 0  t  2
z  1  e it  1  e it  1  e  it

 
2
z  1  e  it  1  2e  it  e 2it
2

2 2
  z dz   (1  2e  it  e 2it ).( ie it dt )  i  (e it  2  e  it )dt
2

C 0 0
2
 e it e  it   e 2 i  1 e 2 i  1 
 i  2t    i  4    4 i
 i  i  
 i  i 
0

Example (5):
ez
Evaluate  z2
dz for any closed contour contains the point z0  2 .
C

Solution:

f (z) ez
 then f ( z )  e z , z0  2 and f ( z0 )  e 2
z  z0 z  2
f (z)
apply Cauchy’s integral Formula  zz dz  2 i f ( z0 )
C 0

ez
then  dz  2 i f (2)  2 i e 2
C z2

Example (6):
z3  6
Evaluate  2z  i
dz where C is the circle z  2
C

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Solution:

z3  6 1 z3  6
 2 z  i dz  2  z  1 i dz
C C 2

i
Since inside the circle z  2
2
f (z) z3  6 i
 then z  1
i , f ( z )  z 3
 6, f ( z )  ( 1 3
i )  6  6 by using
z  z0 z  12 i 0 2 0 2
8

Cauchy’s integral Formula

f (z) z3  6 1 z3  6 1 
 dz  2 i f ( z0 ) then  dz   dz  (2 i ) f ( 1
i )   6 i
C z  z0 C 2z  i 2 C z  12 i 2
2 8

Example (7):

z2  1
integrate the function g ( z )  2 on the curve C in the following cases
z 1
1
(i)where is the circle z - 1  1 (ii) C : z  1
2
1
(iii) C : z  i  1 (iv) C : z  i  1
2
Solution:
f (z)
Note that the integrant in Cauchy’s integral Formula is nonanalytic at z  z0 .
z  z0

z2  1
In this example g ( z )  2 is non-analytic at z  1 in this case we apply
z 1
Cauchy’s
integral Formula where the integral curve is a circle contains the points z  1 .

z2  1
In the cases (iii) and (iv) g ( z ) is analytic inside C then  z2  1
dz  0
C

z2  1 z2  1
(i)  z2  1
dz  
( z  1)( z  1)
dz where C is the circle z  1  1 which contains
C C

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z 1
2
the point z0  1 then f ( z )  is analytic within and on C and
( z  1)
11
f ( z0 )  f (1)   1 hence
(1  1)

z2  1 ( z 2  1) /( z  1)
 dz   dz  2 if (1)  2 i
C z2  1 C ( z  1)

1
(ii) where C is the circle C : z   1 which contains the point z0  1 then
2

z2  1
f (z)  , is analytic inside C and
( z  1)

z2  1 ( z 2  1) /( z  1)
 dz   dz  2 if ( 1)  2 i
C z2  1 C ( z  1)

Example (8):
cos z
Evaluate  ( z   i )2 dz on any contour C contains z   i .
C

Solution:
Compare the given integral by (32) we find
z0   i ,
f ( z )  cos z ,
n  1  2, then n  1
f ( z )   sin z  f ( z0 )   sin  i   i sinh 
cos z
 ( z   i )2 dz   2 i (cos z )z  i  2 i (sin  i )  2 sinh 
C

Example (9):
z4  3z 2  6
Evaluate  ( z  i )3
dz where C is the circle z  2 .
C

Solution:
Since z   i inside the integral curve C then
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z4  3z 2  6
 dz   i ( z 4  3 z 2  6)    i 12 z 2  6   18 i
(z  i) 3 z  i z  i
C

Example (10):

ez 3
Evaluate  dz where C is the circle z  .
C ( z  1) 2 2
( z  4) 2
Solution:

ez
Since z  1 inside the integral curve C and z  2i outside C then 2 is
( z  4)
analytic inside C and we have

ez  e z   e z ( z 4  4)  e z .2 z  6e
 ( z  1)2 ( z 2  4) dz  2 i  2   2 i  
  i
C  z  4  z 1  ( z 2
 4) 2
 z 1 25

Example (11):
z2 
Show that I   2 dz  where C is the circle x 2  y 2  4 y .
C ( z  4)
2
4

Solution:
C is the circle with center at (0, 2i ) and radius equal 2 ,since f ( z ) is analytic
on and
inside C then we have

z2

z2

z 2 /( z  2i )2
f (z) 
( z 2  4)2 ( z  2i )2 ( z  2i )2 ( z  2i ) 2 ( z  2i ) 2

z 2dz f (z)
I 2   dz from Cauchy formula we have
C ( z  4) 2
C ( z  2 i ) 2

1 f (z) I
f (2i )   dz 
2 i c ( z  2i )2 2 i

 z  z    z   z  2i  z  4iz
f ( z )      2   
 z  2i  z  2i   z  2i   ( z  2i )2  ( z  2i )3

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8 1 1 
f (2i )    I  2 if (2i )  2 i   
64i 8i  8i  4

Solved Examples (Complex Analysis)

(1) Find the real part and imaginary part for w  e iz
Answer
(1) e iz  e i ( x iy )  e ix e  y  e  y (cos x  i sin x )

The real part is u ( x , y )  e  y cos x

The Imaginary part is v ( x , y )  e  y sin x

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(2) Find the real part and imaginary part for w  ie iz
Answer
(1) ie iz  ie i ( x iy )  ie ix e  y  ie  y (cos x  i sin x )  ie  y cos x  e  y sin x )

The real part is u (x , y )  e  y sin x

The Imaginary part is v ( x , y )  e  y cos x

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(3) Find the real part and imaginary part for w  cos iz
Answer

(1) w  cos iz  cos i (x  iy )  cos(ix  y )  cos ix cos y  sin ix sin y

 cosh x cos y  i sinh x sin y
The real part is u  cosh x cos y
The imaginary part is v  sinh x sin y
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(4) Show that w  sin z satisfy Cauchy Remman's Equation
Answer
w  sin z  sin(x  iy )  sin x cos iy  cos x sin iy  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y
u  sin x cosh y v  cos x sinh y
u v
 cos x cosh y   sin x sinh y
x x
u v
 sin x sinh y  cos x cosh y
y y
u v u v
  cos x cosh y and   sin x sinh y
x y y x
Then w  sin z satisfy Cauchy Remman's Equation
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(5) Find the real part and imaginary part for w  sin iz
Answer
(1) w  sin iz  sin i (x  iy )  sin(ix  y )  sin ix cos y  cos ix sin y
 i sinh x cos y  cosh x sin y
The real part is u   cosh x sin y
The imaginary part is v  sinh x cos y

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(6) Find the real part and imaginary part for w  e i z
Answer
e i z  e i (x iy )  e ix e y  e y (cos x  i sin x )  e y (cos x  i sin x )

The real part is u (x , y )  e y cos x

The Imaginary part is v (x , y )  e y sin x

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(7) Find the real part and imaginary part for w  ie z .
Answer
ie iz  ie i ( x iy )  ie ix e  y  ie  y (cos x  i sin x )  e  y (i cos x  sin x )

The real part is u ( x , y )  e  y sin x

The Imaginary part is v ( x , y )  e  y cos x

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(8) Show that w  cos z satisfy Cauchy Remman's Equation.
Answer
w  cos z  cos(x  iy )  cos x cos iy  sin x sin iy  cos x cosh y  i sin x sinh y
u  cos x cosh y v   sin x sinh y
u v
  sin x cosh y   cos x sinh y
x x
u v
 cos x sinh y   sin x cosh y
y y
u v u v
   sin x cosh y and   cos x sinh y
x y y x
Then w  cos z satisfy Cauchy Remman's Equation.
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(2,4)
(9) Evaluate  (z  2)dz on the path y  x 2
(0,0)
Answer
Put z  x  iy on the path y  x 2 the complex variable z becomes
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z  x  ix 2 then dz  (1  2ix ) dx and

(2,4) 2
 (x  ix  2)(1  2ix )dx   (x  2  3ix 2  2x 3  4ix )dx
2
(0,0) 0
2
x 2 2x 4 4ix 2 
  2x  ix 3     2  4  8i  8  8i  2  16i
 2 4 2  0
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(2,4)
(10) Evaluate  (z  2)dz on the path y  2x
(0,0)
Answer
Put z  x  iy on the path y  2x the complex variable z becomes
z  x  2ix then dz  (1  2i ) dx and
(2,4) 2
 (x  2ix  2)(1  2i )dx  (1  2i )  ( x  2ix  2)dx
(0,0) 0
2
 x 2 2ix 2 
 (1  2i )    2x   (1  2i )(6  4i )  2  16i
 2 2  0
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(3z  2)
(11) Evaluate  dz on the upper half of the circle z  5 .
z
Answer Put z  5e i  then dz  5ie i  d 
  
(3z  2) (15e i   2) i  i
15e i  
 dz   5ie d   i  (15e  2)d   i   2 
z 0 5e i  0  i  0

 15e i   2i    15e i   15e 0  2 i    15  15  2 i 
 0  
 30  2 i
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( 5,0)
(3z  2)
(12) Evaluate  dz on the circle z  5 .
(5,0)
z
Answer
Put z  5e i  then dz  5ie i  d 

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( 5,0)  
(3z  2) (15e i   2) i 
 dz   5ie d   i  (15e i   2)d 
z 5e i 
(5,0) 0 0

15e i   
i   2   15e i   2i    15e i   15e 0  2 i 
 i  0  0  

  15  15  2 i   30  2 i
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( 3,0)
(2z  3)
(13) Evaluate  dz on the circle z  3 .
(3,0)
z
Answer
Put z  3e i  then dz  3ie i  d 
( 3,0)   
(2z  3) (6e i   3) i  i
 6e i  
 dz   i
3ie d   i  (6e  3)d   i   3 
(3,0)
z 0 3e 0  i  0

 6e i   3i    6e i   6e 0  3i  
 0  
  6  6  3i    12  3 i
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(2,4)
(14) Evaluate  (z 2  2)dz on the path y  x 2 .
(0,0)
Answer
Put z  x  iy on the path y  x 2 the complex variable z becomes
z  x  ix 2 then dz  (1  2ix ) dx and
(2,4) (2,4)
 (z  2)dz  
2 (x  ix 2 ) 2  2  (1  2ix )dx
 
(0,0) (0,0)
2
  (x 2  x 4  2ix 3  2)(1  2ix )dx
0
2
  (x 2  5x 4  4ix 3  2  2ix 5  4ix )dx
0
2
 x 3 5x 5 4ix 4 2ix 6 4ix 2 
    2x   
 3 5 4 6 2 
0
8 64i 
   32  16i  4   8i 
3 3 
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(2,4)
(15) Evaluate  (z  2)dz on the path y  x 2 .
(0,0)
Answer
Put z  x  iy on the path y  x 2 the complex variable z becomes
z  x  ix 2 then dz  (1  2ix ) dx and
(2,4) (2,4) 2
 (z  2)dz   (x  ix 2  2)(1  2ix )dx   (x  2  3ix 2  2x 3  4ix )dx
(0,0) (0,0) 0
2
x 2 3 2x
4
4ix 2 
  2x  ix     2  4  8i  8  8i  2  16i
 2 4 2 
0
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z 3  2z
(16) Find  dz where C is the circle z  3
C ( z  i )
Answer
z 3  2z
Analytic except at z  i inside z  3 use Cauchy integral theorem
(z  i )
Then a  i and f (z )  z 3  2z which analytic inside and on z  3
f (a )  (i )3  2i  i  2i  3i
z 3  2z
 dz  2 i f (a )  2 i (3i )  6
C ( z  i )
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z 2  3z
(17) Find  dz where C is the circle z  3
C ( z  i )
Answer
z 2  3z
is analytic except at z  i inside z  3 use Cauchy integral theorem
(z  i )
Then a  i and f (z )  z 2  3z which analytic inside and on z  3
f (a )  (i )2  3(i )  1  3i
z 2  3z
 dz  2 i f (a )  2 i (1  3i )
C ( z  i )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
z 3  5z
(18) Find  dz where C is the circle z  5
3
C (z  2i )

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Answer
z 3  5z
is analytic except at z  2i inside z  5 use Cauchy integral theorem
3
( z  2i )
Then a  2i and f (z )  z 3  5z Which analytic inside and on z  3
f (z )  3z 2  5, f (z )  6z and f (a )  6(2i )  12i
z 3  2z 2 i f (a ) 2 i (12i )
 dz    12
C ( z  i ) 2! 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2z 2  1)
(19) Evaluate  dz on the upper half of the circle z  3 .
z
Answer
Put z  3e i  then dz  3ie i  d 
  
(2z 2  1) (18e 2i   1) i  2i 
18e 2i  
 dz   3ie d   i  (18e  1)d   i   
i
z 0 3 e 0 
 2 i  0

 9e 2i   i    9e 2i   9e 0  i    9  9  i     i
 0  

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z 3  5z
(20) Find  dz where C is the circle z  5
C ( z  2i )
Answer
3
z  5z
is analytic except at z  2i inside z  3 use Cauchy integral theorem
(z  2i )
Then a  2i and f (z )  z 3  5z which analytic inside and on z  3
f (a )  (2i )3  5(2i )  8i  10i  18i
z 3  2z
 dz  2 i f (a )  2 i (18i )  36
C ( z  i )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
z 3  5z
(21) Find  dz where C is the circle z  5
3
C ( z  2)
Answer
z 3  5z
is analytic except at z  2 inside z  5 use Cauchy integral theorem
(z  2)3
Then a  2 and
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Mathematics III
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f (z )  z 3  5z which analytic inside and on z  3

f (z )  3z 2  5, f (z )  6z
z 3  2z 2 i f (a ) 2 i (12)
f (a)  6(2)  12 and  dz    12 i
C ( z  i ) 2! 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
z 3  2z
(22) Find  dz where C is the circle z  3 .
C ( z  2i )
Answer
z 3  2z
is analytic except at z  2i inside z  3 use Cauchy integral theorem
(z  2i )
Then a  2i and f (z )  z 3  2z which analytic inside and on z  3
f (a )  (2i )3  2(2i )  8i  4i  12i
z 3  2z
 dz  2 i f (a )  2 i (12i )  24
C ( z  i )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
z 3  2z
(23) Find  dz where C is the circle z  3 .
C ( z  i )

Answer
z 3  2z
Analytic except at z  i inside z  3 use cushy integral theorem
(z  i )
Then a  i and f (z )  z 3  2z which analytic inside and on z  3
f (a )  (i )3  2i  i  2i  3i then
z 3  2z
 dz  2 i f (a )  2 i (3i )  6
C ( z  i )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
z 3  5z
(24) Find  dz where C is the circle z  3
C ( z  2)
Answer
3
z  5z
Analytic except at z  2 inside z  3 use Cauchy integral theorem
(z  2)
Then a  2 and f (z )  z 3  5z which analytic inside and on z  3
f (a )  (2)3  5(2)  8  10  2

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z 3  2z
 dz  2 i f (a )  2 i (2)  4 i
C ( z  i )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(25) Find the real part for w  sin iz  e z , for any complex number z.
Answer
w  sin iz  e z  sin( x  iy )  e ( x  iy )  sin x cos iy  cos x sin iy  e x (cos y  i sin y )
 sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y  e x cos y  ie x sin y ) 
 u ( x , y )  sin x cosh y  e x cos y and v ( x , y )  cos x sinh y  e x sin y
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(0,3)
(26) Evaluate  ( z 2  z )dz , on the circle z  3 .
(3,0)

Answer put z  3e i dz  3ie i d andz  3e  i

 /2  /2
 (3e  3ie  9e i   3e 2i  d 
(0,3)
i  2 i i
 ( z  z )dz  
2
)  3e d   3i 
(3,0) 0 0
 /2  /2
 9e  i  3e 2i    3i 
 3i     3i  9ie  i   e 2i  
 i 2i  2 0
 0
 3i 3i   3i 3i 
 3i  9ie  i  / 2  9i  e i     3i  9i (  i )  9i  ( 1)   .
 2 2   2 2 
 3i 3i 
  3i  9  9 i     3i (9  12i )  27i  36
 2 2 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(0,2)
( z 2  5)
(27) Evaluate  dz , on the circle z  2 .
(2,0) z
Answer
Put z  2e i dz  2ie i d
 /2  (2e i )2  5 2ie i d  i / 2
( z 2  5)
 4e 2i  5 d
(0,2)
 dz   i
(2,0) z 0 2e 0
 /2
 4e 2 i 
 0
 /2
 i  5   i 2ie 2i  5
 2i 
 0
 5   5  5
 i  2ie i  2i    i  2i ( 1)  2i    4i 
 2   2  2
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( z 2  3z )
(28) Evaluate  dz , on the circle z  3 .
C ( z  2)
Answer
Since z  2 inside the contour of integration and f ( z )  ( z 2  3 z ) analytic inside
and on the curve then the integration according Cauchy integral theorem equal
2 if (2)  2 i (22  3  2)  20 i
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z4
(29) Evaluate  dz , on the circle z  2 .
C ( z  i )
Answer
Since z  i inside the contour of integration and f ( z )  z 4 analytic inside and on
the curve then the integration according Cauchy integral theorem equal
2 if (2)  2 i ( i )4  2 i
-----------------------------------------------------------------------By Dr. Fathi Abdessalam

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