R20,MATHEMATICS-III, 2021-22 I SEMESTER

Unit-4: Partial differential equations of First order

I) Formation of partial differential equations
By elimination of arbitrary constants:
Working rule: 1. Let the given relation is of the form f ( x, y, z, a, b)  0 -------(1)
2. Differentiate (1) partially with respect to ‘x’ and ‘y’
f f z
We get x  z x  0 ---------(2)
f f z
  0 -----------(3)
y z y
3. Using the three equations we eliminate the arbitrary constants a, b so that
We get an equation of the form f ( x, y, z, p, q)  0 which is the required partial
differential equation.
By elimination of arbitrary functions:
Working rule:
I) If the given relation contains one arbitrary function .To eliminate the arbitrary function and to
form partial differential equation we calculate first order partial derivatives with respect to ‘x’
and ‘y’. Using the resultant equations we eliminate the arbitrary function which gives required
partial differential equation.
II) If the given relation contains two arbitrary functions. To eliminate the arbitrary functions and to
form partial differential equation we calculate second order partial derivatives. Using the
corresponding equations we eliminate the two arbitrary functions which gives required partial
differential equation.
III) If the equation is of the form  (u, v)  0 ----(1) where u,v are functions of x,y,z.
Differentiate given relation with respect to x partially,
  u u z    v v z 
    0 -----(2)
u  x z x  v  x z x 
Differentiate (1) partially with respect to y
  u u z    v v z 
    0 ------(3)
u  y z y  v  y z y 
u u z v v z
 
 
Eliminating , 
from (2) and (3) using u uz xz
x x z x  0
v v z
u v  
y z y y z y
We get required partial differential equations.

Lagrange’s Linear equation:

An equation of the form pP  qQ  R is called Lagrange’s Linear equation.
Working rule:
dx dy dz
1. Write the auxiliary equations   . Here P, Q, Rare functions of x, y, z.
P Q R
2. Find two independent solutions u( x, y, z)  C1 , v( x, y, z)  C2 using the auxiliary equations.
3. The general solution can be written as f (u, v)  0 or u  f (v) or v  f (u) .

To find the independent solutions we use two methods.

Method I: Method of Grouping
Here we compare two fractions from
dx dy dy dz dx dz
 or  or 
P Q Q R P R
G Raghavendra Ganesh Mathematics-III
(ECE-C,CSE-A, IT)
On equating one pair of fractions, cancelling the common terms and integrating we get one solution
u( x, y, z)  C1
Similarly by comparing another set of fractions we get another independent solution v( x, y, z)  C2

Method II: Method of Multipliers.

dx dy dz ldx  mdy  ndz

We choose a set of multipliers l, m, n then   
P Q R lP  mQ  nR
If we choose the multipliers l, m, n such that lP  mQ  nR  0 we get one solution u( x, y, z)  C1 .
similarly by choosing another set of multipliers we get another independent solution.

Note: 1.We may get two solutions from method of grouping or method of multipliers or one solution using
multipliers and second solution using method of grouping.
2. After obtaining two solutions we write the complete solution of the form f (u, v)  0 or u  f (v)
or v  f (u) .
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , 2, 2
3.Different sets of multipliers we can use are l , m, n ; x, y, z ; x y z ; x y z ; 1,1,1 ; 1,1,0
2

0,1,1 ; x, y,0 ; x, y, z .

G Raghavendra Ganesh Mathematics-III

(ECE-C,CSE-A, IT)
Problems:
1. Form the partial differential equations
a)𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 b)(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑐 2
c) Form the differential equation of all spheres of fixed radius having their centers in the xy plane.
2. Form the partial differential equations
𝑏(𝑦−1)
a)(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑧 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝛼 b) 𝑧 = 𝑎 log ( 1−𝑥 )
c) Find the differential equation of all spheres whose centers lie on the z-axis.
3. Form the differential equations by eliminating arbitrary function(s) from
a)𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) b )𝑧 = 𝑦𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑥𝑔(𝑦) c)𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑔(𝑥) d)𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝜙(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
e)𝐹(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)

G Raghavendra Ganesh Mathematics-III

(ECE-C,CSE-A, IT)
4. 7. Form the differential equations by eliminating arbitrary function(s) from
a)𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥 + 𝑦 b)𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑦) + 𝑦 2 𝑔(𝑥)
c)𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑓2 (𝑦) d)𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝜙(𝑥 − 𝑦)
1
e)𝑧 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑓 (𝑥 + log 𝑦) f)𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 2𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥)
1
g)𝑣 = 𝑟 [𝑓(𝑟 − 𝑎𝑡) + 𝐹(𝑟 + 𝑎𝑡)] h)𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓1 (𝑥 + 𝑡) + 𝑓2 (𝑥 + 𝑡)
i) 𝐹(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
5. Solve the following equations
a)𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 3𝑧 b)(𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑝 + (𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑞 = 𝑦 − 𝑥
c)𝑝𝑦𝑧 + 𝑞𝑧𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 d)𝑝 − 𝑞 = log(𝑥 + 𝑦)
(𝑧
e)(𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑝 − + 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 f)𝑥(𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
g)(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑝 − 𝑥𝑦𝑞 + 𝑧𝑥 = 0
6. Obtain the complete solution of the following equations
a)𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 0 b)𝑧 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2
c)𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0 d)𝑝 + 𝑞 = sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦
e)𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) f)𝑝2 𝑧 2 + 𝑞 2 = 1
7. Obtain the complete solution of the following equations
a)𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 1 b)𝑝(1 − 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑞(1 − 𝑧)
c)𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 d)√𝑝 + √𝑞 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2 2 2
e)𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 f) √𝑝 + √𝑞 = 2𝑥
g)𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 − 2√𝑝𝑞 h)𝑝(1 + 𝑞) = 𝑞𝑧
i)𝑝𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑞𝑒 𝑥 j)𝑦 2 𝑞 2 − 𝑥𝑝 + 1 = 0
2 (𝑥𝑞
k)𝑝𝑞𝑧 = 𝑝 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 (𝑦𝑝 + 𝑞 2 )
2) 2

8. Obtain the complete solution of the following equations

a)𝑥 2 𝑝2 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 2 = 𝑧 2 b)𝑧 2 (𝑝2 𝑥 2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 1 c)𝑞 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥) d)𝑧 2 (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
9. Solve the following equations
a)𝑝√𝑥 + 𝑞 √𝑦 = √𝑧 b) 𝑝 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑞 sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑧
c)𝑝 tan 𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧 d)𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
e)𝑥(𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑝 + 𝑦(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑧(𝑥 − 𝑦) f)𝑦 2 𝑝 − 𝑥𝑦𝑞 = 𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦)
g)(𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑥)𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥 h)𝑝𝑥(𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 ) = (𝑧 − 𝑞𝑦)(𝑧 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 )
10. Obtain the complete solution of the following equations
a)𝑧(𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑞) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 b)𝑧(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) = 𝑥 − 𝑦

G Raghavendra Ganesh Mathematics-III

(ECE-C,CSE-A, IT)