Reinforced Concrete Building Structures

Lessons from Earthquake Damage

LB3 Civil Engineering ITS

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Last Edited Sep-2016

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Introduction

Field evidence from past earthquakes shows that although reinforced

concrete on average performs significantly better than unreinforced
masonry, it can still be very vulnerable. Moreover, the high weight of
concrete buildings means that collapse often proves lethal to its
occupants.
The main points of vulnerability are the following.
Beam-column joints
Bursting failures in columns
Shear failures in columns
Anchorage failure of main reinforcing bars in beams and columns.
Many of these defects are found in the ubiquitous "soft storey" failures
that are by far the most common cause of collapse of concrete frame
structures. Most usually, it is the ground floor that fails.

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Beam-Column Joint Failure

Note:
failure of the concrete in the joint, and bursting out of column steel

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Column Burst Failure

Inadequate horizontal steel has caused the heavy main bars to buckle,
and allowed the concrete in the column to shatter

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Short-Column Effect

The masonry wall stopping short of the top of the column creates a
’short column’ liable to fail in shear before bending

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Column Shear Failure

Inadequate horizontal steel has caused concrete fail in shear before

bending.
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Stress-strain properties of confined concrete

Plain Concrete Confined Concrete

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Confinement of Column

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Prevention of Premature Bucling

To prevent premature bucling of compress

reinforcement bars requires lateral tie
forces from transverse reinforcement of
adequate strength and at close spacing.

Reinforcement Bucling.

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