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3.0 The Ecosystems: Science, Environment and Society
3.0 The Ecosystems: Science, Environment and Society
0 The Ecosystems
Science, Environment and Society
Outline
3.1 Introduction to Biodiversity
3.2 The Ecosystems
3.3 Types of Organism Living in a Ecosystem
3.4 Principles of Ecosystem
3.5 Components of Ecosystem
3.6 Types of Ecosystem
What is biodiversity?
Bio =
Biodiversity
What does “Diversity” mean?
Diversity = Variety
biodiversity Is a degree of variation of life form at all
levels of biological systems and is used to
measure the health of ecosystem.
Richness
How to measure diversity? Evenness
1. Diversity of genes
Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same
species —but they're not the same because there is variety in
their genes.
3. Variety of ecosystems
So what’s an ECOSYSTEM???
WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEMS?
WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEMS?
Energy flow
TROPHIC LEVEL
- is the position it
occupies in a
food chain
Energy flow
- PRODUCERS
(autotrophs)
- Manufacture their
own food using
photosynthesis
Energy flow
- CONSUMERS
(heterotrophs)
- cannot
manufacture their
own food
- consume other
organism
Energy flow
Energy flow
- DECOMPOSERS
(detritivores)
- Break down dead
plants and animals
and their waste
Energy flow
Components of
an ecosystem
Abiotic components
• They form the environment and determine the type /
structure of ecosystem.
– Sunlight (temperature)
– Nutrients
• Rainfall, minerals, carbon, nitrogen,…..
• Type of ecosystems:
– Tropical rainforest, Desert, Tundra, Grassland,…..
Biotic components
• Producers (Autotrophs):
– All green plants. They use solar energy, chlorophyll, inorganic
nutrients and water to produce their own food. (Photosynthesis)
• Consumers:
– They consume the organic compounds in plant and animal
tissues by eating.
• Herbivores (plant feeders) Primary consumers
• Carnivores (meat eaters) Secondary consumers
• Omnivores (general feeders)
Biotic components
• Decomposers
– They are tiny organisms includes bacteria and fungi, which turn
organic compounds in dead plants and animals into inorganic
materials.
– They cause the continual recirculation of chemicals within
ecosystem (nutrient cycle)
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS?
MARINE ECOSYSTEM
- refers to the oceans and
seas and other salt water
environments
- also called salt water
ecosystem.
- Oceans cover about 3/4 of
Earth’s surface, so there are
more saltwater ecosystems
than any other.
MARINE ECOSYSTEM
TYPES:
1) Salt marshes
2) Estuaries
4) Inter-tidal zones
5) Coral reefs
6) Lagoons
7) Mangrooves
8) Deep sea and sea floor
OCEAN ECOSYSTEM
community of interacting organisms and their physical
environment at coastlines.
Coastline - the area where land meets the sea
they contribute economic benefits like tourism and
commercial fisheries
they include mangroves, rocky shores, sandy beaches,
seagrass meadows and tidal creeks
LOWLAND ECOSYSTEM
lowlands are usually ecosystem with less than 200m
elevation
warm with slow-flowing rivers found in relatively flat
lowland areas, with water that is frequently colored by
sediment and orgranic matter
they include, deserts which are very dry ecosystem,
grasslands that are often in flat areas of land
UPLAND ECOSYSTEM
cold, clear and rocky
whose rivers are fast
flowing in mountainous
areas
higher than 200m
elevation asl
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
high rainfall
large number of organism and flora
highly diverse population
stability of ecosystem is very sensetive
Tropical - occur near equator;
distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and
There are three major types only two seasons are present (rainy and
of forests, classed accodring dry).