A

Project report
On
Environmental pollution
(Water pollution & Industry pollution in Nashik)

Submitted by
Gupta Nitesh
SY.B.com Div: C Roll no.: 234

Under the guidance of

(Bhawana Gangurde maam)

Submitted to Savitribai Phule Pune University

B.Y.K. College of Commerce

For the Assessment Year 2022-2023

 INDEX

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Meaning and Definition of Environment

1.2 Meaning, definition of Pollution and Types of Pollution

1.3 Causes and Effects of Pollution

Chapter 2. Visit Report

2.1 Background of the place you have visited.

2.2 Type of Pollution observed in selected area.

2.3 Causes of Pollution in selected area.

2.4 Effects of Pollution observed in visited area.

Chapter 3. Findings and Suggestions

3.1 Findings

3.2 Suggestions

3.3 Conclusion

Annexure
 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Meaning and Definition of Environment

Definition:
Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living
elements and their effects that influence human life. While all living or biotic
elements are animals, plants, forests, fisheries, and birds, non-living or abiotic
elements include water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air.

Meaning of Environment:
The term environment has been derived from a French word “Environia” means
to surround. It refers to both Abiotic (physical or non-living) and Biotic (living)
environment. The word environment means surroundings, in which organisms
live. Environment and the organisms are two organised and complex component
of nature. Environment controls the life of the organisms including human
beings. Human beings interact with the environment more vigorously than other
living beings. Ordinarily environment refers to the materials and forces that
surround the living organism.
Environment can be defined as the surroundings or conditions in which a
person, animal, or plant lives or operates. The term “environment” refers to all
elements of the physical and biological world, as well as the interactions
between them. Environment plays pre-eminent role in the life cycle of human
being as human life is highly dependent on environment. Environment has
Productive value, Aesthetic/Recreational value; which has been explained later
on under the paragraph of “What Environment does for us”.
Environment is the grand total of conditions that surrounds us at a given point
of time and space. It is comprised of the interacting systems of physical,
biological and cultural elements which are interlinked both individually and
collectively. Environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism
has to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth and
development of living organism.
In other words environment refers to those surroundings that surrounds living
beings from all sides and affect their lives in toto. It consists of atmosphere,
hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It’s chief components are soil, water,
air, organisms and solar energy. It has provided us all the resources for leading a
comfortable life.
Thus, environment refers to anything that is immediately surrounding an object
and exerting a direct influence on it. Our environment refers to those things or
agencies which though distinct from us, affect our daily life or activity. The
environment by which man is surrounded and affected by factors which may be
natural, artificial, social, biological and psychological.
Components of Environment:
Environment mainly consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and
biosphere. But it can be roughly divided into two types such as (a) Micro
environment and (b) Macro environment. It can also be divided into two other
types such as (c) Physical and (d) Biotic environment.
Micro environment means the immediate local surrounding of the organism.

(b) Macro environment means all the physical and biotic conditions that
surround the organism externally.
(c) Physical environment refers to all abiotic factors or conditions like
temperature, light, rainfall, soil, minerals etc. It comprises of atmosphere,
lithosphere and hydrosphere.
(d) Biotic environment includes all biotic factors or living forms like plants,
animals, Micro-organisms.
What Environment does for us?
• Productive value of nature: Raw materials that are used for
I. developing new medicines
II. industrial products and
III. Are storehouses from which to develop thousands of new products in the
future?
Aesthetic/Recreational value of nature: The aesthetic and recreational
values that nature possesses enliven our existence on earth. A true wilderness
experience has
I. Recreational value
II. Incredible learning experience.
III. It brings about an understanding of the oneness of nature and the fact that
we are entirely dependent upon the intricate functioning of ecosystems.
• The option values of nature: If we use up all our resources, kill off and let
species of plants and animals become extinct on earth, pollute our air and water,
degrade land, and create enormous quantities of waste, we as a generation will
leave nothing for future generations. Our present generation has developed its
economies and lifestyles on unsustainable patterns of life. However, nature
provides us with various options on how we utilize its goods and services. This
is its option value. The option value allows us to use its resources sustainably
and preserve its goods and services for the future.
Types of Environments
The environment differs from one perspective to another. Let’s take a look at
the following ways to group or classify environments.
Internal and external
In physiology, the environment may be internal or external. An internal
environment would be the internal milieu of a multicellular organism.
Maintaining the internal environment of an organism through homeostasis is
crucial to the organism’s survival. An external environment refers to the
environment outside of the organism. The next sections focus on the external
environment.
Natural and Built
Environments may be natural or built. A natural environment is a type of
environment found in nature. It includes all naturally occurring things, both
living and nonliving. It, therefore, involves the complex relationships of
weather, climate, living species, and natural resources.
Built environments, unlike natural environments, are made by humans, such as
agricultural conversions or urban settings. With the current breadth of human
interventions and conversions, many natural environments have acquired some
degree or level of being “built”.
It is clear that man is a part of the environment; however, the intervention of a
man produces a built environment. Humans have developed advanced tools to
change components of the environment to meet their needs. Some animal
species are also capable of using tools such as raw material to build nests,
mounds, dams, and dwellings. However, their tools are relatively primitive and
often the impact is not as extensive as that of human tools and technology.
Human technology became widely distributed all over the world affecting all
aspects of the environment either directly or indirectly.
Aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric
Based on the components, the environment may also be classified into
(1) aquatic environment (marine, such as oceans and seas, and freshwaters, such
as lakes and rivers), (2) terrestrial environment (land), and (3) atmospheric
environment (air).
Marine environments are the largest known environments, they are
characterized by the presence of water with great salt content. On the other
hand, freshwater environments have less salt content. Marine environments
represent about 97% of the water on Earth. Organisms within marine
environments communicate with each other and with their physical surrounding.
These environments are of great importance to humans because it is an
important source of nutrition and resources. Marine pollution, acidification, and
warming are threats to the marine environment as a result of human activities.
Terrestrial environments are environments found on land only. It represents the
land of islands and continents and organisms living on them. Unlike aquatic or
marine environments, terrestrial environments are not abundant in water;
therefore, the presence of water in terrestrial environments is important. Due to
the relatively lower availability of water, the temperature of terrestrial
environments fluctuates daily and seasonally. There are six terrestrial
ecosystems: taiga, rainforests, temperate forests, tundra, deserts, and grassland.
The atmospheric environment refers to the atmospheric component of an
environment. The atmosphere (air) is a part of the Earth that has a huge impact
on the thriving and survival of many organisms. Solar radiation, air
components, climate, and air pollution are just some of the physicochemical
attributes that can define an environment.
Living organisms have adapted to living in a particular environment with its
specific conditions, such as humidity, temperature, light, and so on. All these
factors affect the species in the environment. Therefore, living organisms have
to adapt and modify through time to survive and tolerate different
environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the environment itself also ‘evolves’.
For example, oxygen eventually became incorporated into the Earth’s
atmosphere after being released by photosynthetic organisms (such as algae)
when producing sugar as food. Oxygen, eventually, became indispensable to the
thriving of aerobic organisms, such as animals, including humans.
1.2 Meaning, definition of Pollution and Types of Pollution

Meaning-

Pollution refers to the presence or introduction of harmful substances or

contaminants into the natural environment, such as air, water, or soil, that can

cause negative impacts on living organisms and the ecosystem. The sources of

pollution can be both natural and human-made, including industrial activities,

transportation, agriculture, and waste disposal. Pollution can have severe

consequences on the health of living beings, the quality of the environment, and

the climate.

These harmful substances can include pollutants such as chemicals, toxins,

waste products, or other materials that can have a detrimental impact on the

health and well-being of the environment and its inhabitants. Pollution can

occur naturally, but it is mainly caused by human activities, such as industrial

and agricultural practices, transportation, and improper disposal of waste.

Pollution can take many forms, including air pollution, water pollution, soil

pollution, noise pollution, and light pollution. Pollution can be caused by

various human activities such as industrial production, transportation,

agriculture, and waste disposal, as well as natural phenomena such as volcanic

eruptions and wildfires. Pollution can have serious negative impacts on the

environment, including damage to ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and climate

change. It can also have adverse effects on human health, leading to respiratory
and other health problems, and can cause economic and social harm, respiratory

and other health problem.

Types of pollution-

There are various types of pollution, including:

Air pollution: The presence of harmful substances or particles in the air, such

as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and particulate

matter.

Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances or particles in the air

that can harm human health, animal life, and the environment. Air pollution can

be caused by natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and wildfires, as well

as human activities such as industrial production, transportation, and energy

generation.

The most common air pollutants include:

Particulate matter (PM): Tiny particles of dust, dirt, and other materials in the

air that can be inhaled into the lungs and cause respiratory problems.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, which

can react with other compounds to form smog and acid rain.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2): A gas produced by the burning of fossil fuels that can

cause respiratory problems and contribute to acid rain.

Carbon monoxide (CO): A gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil

fuels that can be toxic and cause headaches, nausea, and dizziness.
Ozone (O3): A gas formed by the reaction of NOx and volatile organic

compounds in sunlight, which can cause respiratory problems and contribute to

smog.

Air pollution can have serious negative impacts on human health, including

respiratory problems, heart disease, stroke, and cancer. It can also harm crops,

forests, and other vegetation, and contribute to climate change. To reduce air

pollution, it is essential to reduce emissions from industrial activities and

transportation, promote the use of renewable energy, and encourage sustainable

urban planning.

Water pollution: The introduction of harmful substances into bodies of water,

such as rivers, lakes, and oceans, which can harm aquatic life and contaminate

drinking water

Water pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances or pollutants in

bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater, which can harm

aquatic life, contaminate drinking water, and affect human health. Water

pollution can be caused by human activities such as industrial production,

agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater discharge, and oil spills, as well as

natural phenomena such as erosion and sedimentation.

The most common types of water pollutants include:

Chemical pollutants: Chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial

chemicals can leach into bodies of water and contaminate them.

Nutrient pollutants: Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can be released

from agricultural runoff and sewage and wastewater discharge, leading to

eutrophication and harmful algal blooms.

Biological pollutants: Pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and

parasites can contaminate water sources and cause waterborne diseases.

Physical pollutants: Physical pollutants such as sediment, debris, and plastic

waste can degrade water quality and harm aquatic life.

Water pollution can have serious negative impacts on the environment and

human health. It can lead to the degradation of ecosystems, loss of biodiversity,

and the emergence of harmful algal blooms. Water pollution can also cause

health problems such as diarrhea, cholera, and other waterborne diseases. To

reduce water pollution, it is essential to reduce industrial and agricultural runoff,

properly treat sewage and wastewater, prevent oil spills, and reduce the use of

plastic and other non-biodegradable materials.

Soil pollution: The presence of toxic substances or pollutants in the soil, which

can affect soil fertility and the health of plants, animals, and humans

Soil pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances or pollutants in the

soil that can affect soil fertility and the health of plants, animals, and humans.

Soil pollution can be caused by human activities such as industrial production,

agricultural practices, mining, and waste disposal, as well as natural phenomena

such as erosion and volcanic activity.

The most common types of soil pollutants include:

Chemical pollutants: Chemicals such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial

chemicals can leach into the soil and contaminate it.

Organic pollutants: Organic compounds such as petroleum products and PCBs

can degrade soil quality and harm soil organisms.

Radioactive pollutants: Radioactive substances such as uranium and radium can

accumulate in the soil and cause health problems.

Soil pollution can have serious negative impacts on the environment and human

health. It can lead to the degradation of soil quality, loss of soil fertility, and the

death of soil organisms. Soil pollution can also contaminate crops and livestock,

leading to health problems for humans and animals. To reduce soil pollution, it

is essential to properly manage waste disposal, reduce the use of harmful

chemicals in agriculture and industry, and promote sustainable land use

practices such as organic farming and soil conservation.

Noise pollution: The excessive or disturbing noise that can harm human health,

cause stress, and interfere with communication.

Noise pollution refers to the excessive or disturbing noise that can negatively

affect human health, cause stress, and interfere with communication. Noise

pollution can be caused by human activities such as transportation, industrial

production, construction, and entertainment, as well as natural phenomena such

as thunder and animal sounds.

The most common sources of noise pollution include:

Transportation: Noise from cars, trucks, trains, and airplanes can be a major

source of noise pollution.

Industrial production: Noise from factories and machinery can contribute to

noise pollution in surrounding areas.

Construction: Noise from construction sites can be a major source of noise

pollution in urban areas.

Entertainment: Loud music and other entertainment can contribute to noise

pollution in residential areas.

Noise pollution can have serious negative impacts on human health. It can cause

hearing damage, high blood pressure, sleep disturbance, and stress, and can also

interfere with communication and cognitive function. To reduce noise pollution,

it is essential to implement noise control measures such as sound barriers, noise-

reducing building materials, and regulations on noise levels in residential and

industrial areas.

Light pollution: The excessive or unnecessary artificial lighting that can

negatively affect wildlife, disrupt ecosystems, and waste energy.

Light pollution refers to the excessive or misdirected artificial light that can

negatively affect the environment, wildlife, and human health. Light pollution

can be caused by human activities such as outdoor lighting, street lighting, and
advertising, as well as natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and forest

fires.

The most common types of light pollution include:

Skyglow: The brightening of the night sky caused by the scattering of artificial

light in the atmosphere, which can interfere with astronomical observations and

disrupt the natural day-night cycle.

Glare: Excessive or misdirected lighting that can cause discomfort and reduce

visibility.

Light trespass: The intrusion of light onto neighboring properties, which can

cause disturbances and affect the behavior of nocturnal animals.

Over-illumination: The use of excessive lighting in public and private spaces,

which can waste energy and contribute to light pollution.

Light pollution can have serious negative impacts on the environment and

human health. It can disrupt the natural behavior of wildlife, such as birds and

sea turtles, and affect their ability to navigate and reproduce. Light pollution can

also interfere with human sleep patterns and cause health problems such as

headaches and eye strain. To reduce light pollution, it is essential to use outdoor

lighting fixtures that direct light downward, limit the use of unnecessary

lighting, and promote dark sky initiatives that protect the natural night sky.
Thermal pollution: The release of heated water or air into bodies of water or

the atmosphere, which can cause changes in temperature and disrupt

ecosystems.

Thermal pollution is a type of pollution that occurs when the temperature of a

body of water, such as a river or lake, increases due to human activities. The

increase in temperature can have negative impacts on the environment and the

organisms that inhabit the water.

The most common sources of thermal pollution include:

Power generation: The use of cooling water in power plants can increase the

temperature of the water bodies from which the water is withdrawn.

Industrial processes: The discharge of hot water from industrial processes, such

as manufacturing and chemical production, can increase the temperature of

nearby water bodies.

Urbanization: The increase in impervious surfaces, such as buildings and roads,

can increase the temperature of nearby water bodies by reducing natural cooling

effects.

Thermal pollution can have serious negative impacts on the environment and

aquatic organisms. It can decrease the oxygen levels in the water, leading to the

death of fish and other aquatic life. It can also disrupt the reproductive cycles of

aquatic organisms and alter the composition of aquatic communities. To reduce

thermal pollution, it is essential to implement cooling measures in power plants

and industrial processes, reduce the use of impervious surfaces in urban areas,
and promote the use of natural cooling strategies such as vegetation and green

roofs.

Radioactive pollution: The release of radioactive substances into the

environment, which can cause radiation sickness, cancer, and other health

problems.

Radioactive pollution, also known as nuclear pollution, refers to the presence of

radioactive substances or particles in the environment that can have harmful

effects on human health and the environment. Radioactive pollution can be

caused by natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and cosmic radiation,

as well as human activities such as nuclear power generation, nuclear weapon

testing, and the improper disposal of nuclear waste.

The most common radioactive pollutants include:

Radionuclides: These are radioactive isotopes of elements such as uranium,

plutonium, and cesium that can be released into the environment during nuclear

accidents or from improperly stored nuclear waste.

Radioactive gases: These are gases such as radon that can be released from the

ground and accumulate in buildings, leading to increased radiation exposure.

Radioactive pollution can have serious negative impacts on human health and

the environment. Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause cancer, genetic

mutations, and other health problems. Radioactive pollution can also

contaminate soil, water, and air, leading to the death of plants and animals and
affecting entire ecosystems. To reduce radioactive pollution, it is essential to

properly store and dispose of nuclear waste, monitor and regulate nuclear power

generation and testing, and promote the use of renewable energy sources that do

not produce radioactive waste.

Plastic pollution: The accumulation of plastic waste in the environment, which

can harm wildlife and ecosystems and pollute waterways.

Plastic pollution refers to the accumulation of plastic materials in the

environment that can have negative impacts on the ecosystem, wildlife, and

human health. Plastic pollution can be caused by human activities such as

improper disposal of plastic waste, littering, and plastic production.

The most common types of plastic pollution include:

Microplastics: These are small plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in size

that are found in the environment and can be ingested by aquatic organisms and

wildlife.

Single-use plastics: These are plastic products such as straws, bottles, and bags

that are designed to be used once and then discarded, contributing to the

accumulation of plastic waste.

Plastic debris: These are larger plastic items such as fishing nets and plastic

bottles that accumulate in the environment and can pose a threat to wildlife.

Plastic pollution can have serious negative impacts on the environment and

human health. It can harm wildlife through ingestion and entanglement and
affect the food chain, as plastic particles can accumulate in the bodies of

animals and be consumed by humans. Plastic pollution can also affect water

quality and contribute to the spread of disease. To reduce plastic pollution, it is

essential to implement waste reduction strategies such as reducing the use of

single-use plastics, promoting recycling and proper waste disposal, and

implementing policies to reduce plastic production and use

These types of pollution are interconnected and can have cumulative and long-

term effects on the environment and human health.

1.3 Causes and Effects of Pollution

The environment people live in is affecting them, including health and lifestyle,

and the nature around them, like plants, animals, water bodies, and the

atmosphere. Environmental issues caused by humans using natural resources

and treating nature with no respect have resulted in some negative changes. One

of the most significant problems people are facing nowadays is pollution. It

affects all the crucial elements for sustaining human life: water, air, and soil.

The causes and effects of pollution are multiple and varied, and they should be

examined closely to better understand this phenomenon.

General reasons for pollution include major emissions of carbon dioxide, as

well as the chemicals produced as the result of the burning of fossil fuels. This

happens because of different factories’ activity and their waste, which is being

discharged into water, soil, and the atmosphere. Other than big manufacturing

elements, pollution is caused by people individually. This involves emissions

caused by cars, using much energy for different activities, and producing

enormous amounts of waste, especially the types that are not decomposable or

take hundreds of years to do so.

The first side of the environment impacted by pollution is the atmosphere. Air

pollution can be defined as a combination of harmful gases or particles that

accumulate in the air in unsafe quantities. The worsening air quality can result

in multiple health issues, including “heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic
and acute respiratory diseases” (“Ambient (outdoor) air pollution,” 2018, para.

1). As air quality is measured around the world, many deficiencies are detected,

which directly influence human life.

According to the World Health Organization data, in 2016, about 91 percent of

the population inhabited places with unsatisfactory air quality (as cited in

“Ambient (outdoor) air pollution,” 2018). Therefore, air pollution is affecting

not only those living in big urban areas but is also spreading around the whole

planet.

Water covers the majority of the planet, so water pollution is also a crucial

problem. Wastewater and emission of fertilizers into water bodies cause water

pollution, which can make water harmful to human consumption. Other than

becoming undrinkable, contaminated water will affect or even kill aquatic

creatures and plants, as well as transfer to crops, making them just as dangerous.

The United Nations World Water Development Report stated that over 80

percent of wastewater is discharged back into the environment, not being

appropriately treated (2017). Thus, not only do the major water bodies become

largely polluted but the effect is also transferred to soil.

As a significant part of the food for humans and domestic animals is grown,

polluted soil can also cause complications. Soil pollution occurs when certain

toxic chemicals are gathered in large amounts. Soil can be affected by harmful

substances as a result of industrial waste emission into the ground, contaminated

water interacting with it, or excessive amounts of pesticides or fertilizers being

used. As a result, plants and crops become dangerous for human consumption

and can cause multiple health problems.

Pollution is a global phenomenon, causing much damage to the planet and

harming people and other living creatures. It can manifest in different forms, but

its impact is hugely detrimental. Seeking solutions for this problem is now one

of the main agendas for the whole of humankind, which can only be done with

combined efforts of government structures and community and individual

actions. Only by being aware of this situation and taking measures for

improvement will people be able to protect their health and create better

conditions for future generations.

 Chapter 2. Visit Report

2.1 Background of the place you have visited

Nasik is known for its picturesque surroundings and pleasant
climate. The Godawari River flows through Nashik. Kumbmela is held in
Nashik once in 12 years along with four other cities. Nashik is known for
its participation in freedom struggle. Freedom fighter veer Savarkar and
Anant Kanhere were born in Nashik is also known as Grape city as
Grape is major fruit from Nashik and wine companies are growing in
Nashik. Nashik is known for holiest city. Because of Godavari River,
good precipitation and mountains, Nashik has pleasant climate. Apart
from this, Nashik is also known for its industrial background. 'Nashik' is
the 3rd largest industrial city of Maharashtra. Other important cities like
Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad and Jalgaon are well connected with this
city. Gujarat State boarder is also near to Nashik district. Therefore
industries in Nashik district have advantage to transport their materials to
these nearby locations. Nashik Ambad, Nashik Satpur, Sinnar, Dindori,
Peth and Vinchur are the names of these MIDC areas in Nashik district.
District Industrial Centre (DIG) and Udyog Bhawan are also situated
near to Nashik Satpur MIDC in Nashik city. Nashik Industries and
Manufacturers' Association (NIMA), Ambad Industries and
Manufacturers' Association (AIMA), Maharashtra.
2.2 Type of Pollution observed in selected area.

Industrial Pollution in MIDC

In order to provide daily needs of the growing population, different types of

industries are setup to produce different products. The industries use raw
materials, process them and produce finished products. Besides the finished
products, a good number of by-products are produced. Out of all the by-
products, if some are in huge quantities and the processing is cost effective, the
industrialist preserves the by- products.

If the processing of waste is a cost prohibitive one, then the industrialist throws
the waste into the environment in the form of gas, liquid or solid. The gases are
usually released into the atmosphere, the liquids are discharged into aquatic
bodies like canals, rivers or sea and solid wastes are either dumped on the land
or in aquatic bodies. In all the cases, either the air or water or land is polluted
due to dumping of wastes.

Till now, there are about 17 industries which are declared to be most polluting.
These include the caustic soda, cement, distillery, dyes and dye intermediaries,
fertilisers, iron and steel, oil refineries, paper and pulp, pesticides and
pharmaceuticals, sugar, textiles, thermal power plants, tanneries and so on. The
table 6.5 enlists few of the industries, their wastes (important) and the type of
pollution these induce in the environment.

The wide variety of pollutants as shown above enter the environment and
disturb the natural eco-system affecting the biota. Due to industrial activities, a
variety of poisonous gases like NO, SO2, NO2, SO3, Cl2, CO, CO2, H2SO4
etc.- volatile chemicals, dusts etc., are liberated into the atmosphere causing
acute pollution problem. Besides, the accidental leakage of poisonous gases can
cause havoc.

For example, Methyl Isocyanate gas leakage from Union Carbide factory at
Bhopal caused mass killing which is known as Bhopal gas tragedy. In addition
to accidents, many of the above poisonous gases induce depletion of ozone
layer, creation of ozone hole. Green House effect, Global warming. Acid rain,
destruction of monument and killing of living organisms disturbing the natural
eco-systems.

Water pollution in Godavari River

The Godavari River is a second largest river in India originating from
Trimbakeswar, Nasik, Maharashtra, India. It fl ows through the states of
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. The river, passing
through Nasik City, is 82% polluted by domestic pollution and 18% by
industries. The study covers about 65 km of the river starting from Kushawart
Trimbakeswar to Saikheda Village, from where it enters the city. Ten locations
were selected for collection of water samples from the river and the samples
were analyzed for water quality parameters in the Environmental Laboratory of
the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), Nasik. These data as well as
data from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) were used to compute
the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), mostly
applicable in the USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari River
indicates its water quality as ‘bad' (26-50) or ‘medium' (51-70) over the study
stretch. The NSFWQI of December 2007 and February 2008 indicate an
improvement in water quality at all locations over earlier data from 2002-07.
Based upon the results, the existing conservation measures have been reviewed
and additional measures are suggested. The study concludes that major stressor
is sewage pollution.
2.3 Causes of Pollution in Visited area.

Causes of Pollution in MIDC

(A) Process Waste:

The waste generated in an industry during washing and processing of raw
materials is known as process waste. The process waste may be organic or
inorganic in nature depending upon the raw materials used and nature of the
industry.

The organic process wastes are liberated from food processing units, distilleries,
breweries, paper and pulp industry, sugar mills etc. The inorganic process
wastes may be the effluents of chemical industries; caustic soda industry, paint
industry, petroleum industry, pesticide industry etc. Both organic and inorganic
process wastes are toxic to living organisms.

The solid wastes released by different industries can be divided in to two

different groups i.e.

Since different industries use different raw materials, the quality and quantity of
solid wastes differ from industry to industry. Industries releasing the solid
wastes in the form of fly ash is dumped on the ground which leads to soil
pollution.

Some amount of fly ash also contaminate atmospheric tract causing respiratory
tract disorders. Metallic industries produce a lot of solid metallic waste and
large quantities of slag. In addition to the release of hazardous chemical
pollutants, the industries may also cause thermal pollution and noise pollution.
The thermal pollution is due to release of hot water from industries into aquatic
bodies. The noise pollution is due to running of heavy machinery producing a
lot of noise.

(B) Chemical Wastes:

The chemical substance generated as a by-product during the preparation of a
product is known as chemical waste product. The chemical waste include heavy
metals and their ions, detergents, acids and alkalies and various other toxic
substances.

Causes of Pollution in Godavari River

The environmentalists said that though the water is polluted from its birth place,
due to overflow of water, it is better in Agency hillock areas and nearby
Polavaram Project area. But, near Rajahmundry, the pollution is very high and
all sorts of waste and plastic can be found floating on the river. The fishermen
said that they have been facing difficulty in catching the fish in the river, due to
the waste accumulation in it. They said that they have to spent half of the time
to remove the waste during the time of catching the fish.

Eminent environmentalist Tallavajjula Patanjali Sastry said that the water is

polluted at Bhadrachalam and sewage water in Rajahmundry and many villages
across the river and other industrial wastes reach the sea and causes danger in
future. He suggested the government to release some Turtles that can cleanse
the water as part of taking immediate steps. He said that Eluru canal that
receives Krishna water has been completely polluted and cannot be used even
for taking bath. The governments should not give way to such circumstances in
River Godavari. He said that the government should take care to cleanse
Krishna and Godavari Rivers in an urgent manner.
2.4 Effects of Pollution observed in visited area.

Effects of Industrial Pollution:

1. On human health:
(i) It causes irritation of eye, nose, throat respiratory tracts, etc.

(ii) It increases mortality rate and morbidity rate.

(iii) A variety of particulates mainly pollens, initiate asthmatic attacks.

(iv) Chronic pulmonary diseases like bronchitis and asthma are aggravated by
high concentration of SO2, NO2, particulate matter and photo-chemical smog.

(v) Certain heavy metals like lead may enter the body through lungs and cause
poisoning.

2. On animal health:
In case of animals, the pollutants enter in two steps.

(i) Accumulation of the airborne contaminants in the vegetation forage and prey
animals.

(ii) Subsequent poisoning of the animals when they eat the contaminated food.
In case of animals, three pollutants namely fluorine, arsenic and lead are
responsible for most livestock damage.

3. On plants:
Industrial pollution have been shown to have serious adverse effects on plants.
In some cases, it is found that vegetation over 150 Km. away from the source of
pollutants have been found to be affected. The major pollutants affecting plants
are SO2, O3, MO, NO2, NH3, HCN, Ethylene, Herbicides, PAN (Peroxy
Acetyl nitrate) etc. In the presence of pollutants, the healthy plants suffer from
neurosis, chlorosis, abscission, epinasty etc.

Control of Industrial Pollution:

The ultimate object behind the measures to control pollution to maintain safety
of Man, Material and Machinery (Three Ms). The implementation of control
measures should be based on the principle of recovery or recycling of the
pollutants and must be taken as an integral part of production i.e. never as a
liability but always an asset.

Some important control measures are:

1. Control at Source:
It involves suitable alterations in the choice of raw materials and process in
treatment of exhaust gases before finally discharged and increasing stock height
upto 38 metres in order to ensure proper mixing of the discharged pollutants.

2. Selection of Industry Site:

The industrial site should be properly examined considering the climatic and
topographical characteristics before setting of the industry.

3. Treatment of Industrial Waste:

The industrial wastes should be subjected to proper treatment before their
discharge.

4. Plantation:
Intensive plantation in the region, considerably reduces the dust, smoke and
other pollutants.

5. Stringent Government Action:

Government should take stringent action against industries which discharge
higher amount of pollutants into the environment than the level prescribed by
Pollution Control Board.

6. Assessment of the Environmental Impacts:

Environmental impact assessment should be carried out regularly which intends
to identify and evaluate the potential and harmful impacts of the industries on
natural eco-system.

7. Strict Implementation of Environmental Protection Act:

Environment Protection Act should be strictly followed and the destroyer of the
environment should be strictly punished.

Biological Concentration and Bio-Magnification:

A pollutant present in the environment makes its entry into the food chain by
the producers. After the entry, these get accumulated in their cells and tissues.
The primary consumers when feed upon the producers, the pollutants deposited
in the body of the former are transferred into the body of the primary consumer.
In addition, the primary consumer may also directly absorb some amount of
pollutants from the environment.

This leads to an increase in the concentration of the pollutant in the body of the
primary consumer. Again the primary consumer, is consumed by a secondary
consumer and the pollutants from the body of the former are transferred into the
body of latter where these get deposited.

Thus, on moving along the food chain, it is seen that concentration of the
pollutants become more in the tissues of the organisms belonging to higher
trophic level than the organisms belonging to lower trophic level. Hence the
residual retention of the pollutants is the richest at the higher trophic level.

From the above discussion, it is clear that the pollutants get magnified to a
significant level because of the food chain link up- Such type of magnification
of the pollutants in a food chain, mediated by biological agents (members of
different trophic levels) is known as biological magnification or bio-
magnification of pollutant in eco-system. Since man is omnivorous and can
have access to different trophic levels of a food chain, he receives the pollutants
in large amounts which become deposited in the various tissues.
 Chapter 3. Findings and Suggestions

3.1 Findings

Industrial pollution and water pollution are two closely related issues. Industrial
activities such as manufacturing, mining, and energy production can lead to the
release of harmful chemicals and pollutants into waterways, which can have
negative impacts on human health, aquatic ecosystems, and the environment.
Studies have shown that industrial pollution is a major contributor to water
pollution worldwide. For example, a report from the United Nations
Environment Programme found that industrial wastewater is responsible for the
release of over 300 million tons of toxic pollutants into waterways every year.
These pollutants can include heavy metals, organic compounds, and other
harmful substances. The effects of industrial pollution on water quality can be
severe. In addition to harming aquatic life, contaminated water can also pose a
threat to human health. Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health
problems, including skin irritation, gastrointestinal issues, and even cancer.
Efforts to address industrial pollution and water pollution include regulation and
enforcement of environmental laws, development of pollution prevention
technologies, and promotion of sustainable industrial practices. Many countries
have established regulatory frameworks to limit the discharge of pollutants into
waterways, and many companies have implemented pollution prevention
measures to reduce their environmental impact. Overall, the issue of industrial
pollution and water pollution is a complex and multifaceted one, requiring
collaboration between government, industry, and civil society to effectively
address and mitigate its impact.
3.2 Suggestions

Industrial pollution is a serious environmental problem in India, and it can have

significant impacts on public health, ecological systems, and economic
development.
Five measures that can help to Control Industrial Pollution in India:

Strict environmental regulations: The Indian government needs to establish and

enforce strict environmental regulations for industries. This can include setting
limits on emissions and waste disposal, requiring the use of pollution control
technologies, and imposing penalties for non-compliance. The logic behind this
measure is that it creates a clear framework for industrial operations and
promotes responsible behavior among businesses.

Pollution control technologies: Industries can use pollution control technologies

to reduce their environmental impact. These can include measures such as
installing air scrubbers, wastewater treatment plants, and solid waste
management systems. The logic behind this measure is that it enables industries
to reduce their emissions and waste, and prevent pollution from reaching the
environment.

Green energy transition: Transitioning to green energy sources, such as solar or

wind power, can reduce industrial pollution caused by fossil fuel-based energy
production. This can also have positive economic impacts, as green energy
sources are becoming increasingly cost-effective. The logic behind this measure
is that it promotes the use of sustainable energy sources, which can help reduce
pollution.

Public awareness and participation: It is important to raise public awareness

about the impacts of industrial pollution and engage citizens in pollution control
efforts. This can include education programs, community outreach initiatives,
and public consultations on environmental policies. The logic behind this
measure is that it creates a culture of environmental responsibility and
encourages citizens to demand action from industries and governments.
Industrial zoning and planning: The Indian government can regulate the location
and concentration of industries through zoning and planning regulations. This
can prevent the clustering of polluting industries in certain areas and protect
vulnerable populations from the impacts of industrial pollution. The logic
behind this measure is that it enables the government to manage industrial
growth in a way that prioritizes environmental and public health concerns.
3.3 Conclusion

Industrial pollution and water pollution are major environmental problems that
have a significant impact on the health of the planet and all living beings.
Industrial pollution is the release of harmful substances into the environment by
industries, which can cause serious harm to the ecosystem and human health.
On the other hand, water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as
rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater due to human activities such as
industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities.

The effects of industrial pollution and water pollution can be disastrous for both
the environment and human health. Industrial pollution can lead to air pollution,
soil contamination, water pollution, and noise pollution, among other problems.
These pollutants can cause respiratory diseases, cancer, and other health
problems. They can also have a detrimental effect on wildlife and the natural
environment, leading to the extinction of species and the destruction of habitats.

Water pollution is equally dangerous and can have severe consequences on

human health, the environment, and aquatic life. Polluted water can contain
harmful chemicals, microorganisms, and pathogens that can cause water-borne
diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A. In addition, it can also cause
eutrophication, where excessive nutrients in the water cause the growth of
harmful algae blooms, which can lead to fish kills, depleted oxygen levels, and
damage to the food chain.

Both industrial pollution and water pollution are caused by human activities and
can be prevented through various measures. Industries can take steps to reduce
their pollution output by adopting cleaner production techniques, implementing
efficient waste management practices, and using renewable energy sources.
Governments can also regulate industries by setting emission standards and
enforcing penalties for non-compliance.

Similarly, water pollution can be reduced by implementing better wastewater

treatment technologies and reducing agricultural and industrial runoff.
Individuals can also play a significant role in reducing water pollution by
conserving water, properly disposing of hazardous waste, and reducing the use
of pesticides and fertilizers.

In conclusion, industrial pollution and water pollution are two of the most
significant environmental problems that the world is facing today. Both have
severe consequences on human health, wildlife, and the environment, and
require immediate action to be taken to prevent further damage. It is essential
that industries, governments, and individuals work together to reduce pollution
output, improve waste management practices, and adopt sustainable practices to
protect our planet for future generations. The key to solving these problems lies
in awareness, education, and collective action.
Annexure