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 FIVE YEAH DEVELIIPMENT PtAN
(2003 - 2008J
FOR
I

ENVIRONMENT, WETLAND
URBAN AMENITIES AND
HERITAGE WITHIN
KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA

KIITHAIA IYIEIR(IPIITIIAH PIAHIIIHG CIIMMITTEE

TKMPCI
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CONTENT
Page No.

Executive Summery

Chapter -1 lntroduction 1.1 - 1.4

Chapter -2 Environment

.t
. Background 2.1 - 2.14

,) o Air 2.15 - 2.49

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o Water 2.50 - 2.90A

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o MunicipalSolid Waste 2.91 -2.98
Chapter -3 Wetland 3.1 -3.27

Chapter-4 [JrbanAmenitiers

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o Rain Water Harvesting 4.1 -4.9
) . River Front Development 4.10 - 4.23
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o Non-Conventional/Renewable 4.24 - 4.25
) Sources of Energy

Chapter- 5 Heritage 5.1 - 5.16

Chapter-6 Financialoutlay 6.1 - 6.5

o References I-II

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Kolkata Metropolitan Planning Committee (KMPC) which was formed

under
the Provision of 73'd and 74th Constitution Amendment Act constituted five Sector
Committee. Environment, Wetland, Urban Amenities (including Housing)
and
Heritage Sector Committee is one of them. This reporl covers five year
development
plan of this sector.The scope of this sector is wide and vast. lt
is very difficult to fully
cover each component of this sector, Under Urban Amenities, Housing
was included
as one of the component. Considering its magnitude, the same is not covered
in this
report. lt will be dealt separately. This report includes Air pollution, Water pollution,
Solid Waste Management, Wetland, Heritage, Rain Water Harvesting, River
Front
Development, Non-Conventional Energy Sources etc. Under water pollution,
arsenic
contamination in ground water has become the biggest threat to a large section
of
people in West Bengal, Plastic waste has assumed another serious problem
to the
Municipalities. Electronic wastes i.e., the wastes which is being generated
from
discarded Computer, TV, Mobile Phones, CD Players, Electronic Toys etc.
are fast
becoming another threat to the community. Air pollution is also increasing.
Non-
conventional / Renewable energy sources Iike Solar Energy, Bio-mass (cat1e
wastes, water hyacirrths etc.) can play a vital role not only for abating pollution
but
also as an alternative source of energy to fossil fuel. The biodegradable portion
of
domestic wastes can be convefted into Bio-fertilizer. Considering all these
components, this five year dcvelopment plan is prepared,

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While preparing the report, valuable information and documents have been
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obtained from various deparlments like West Bengal Pollution Control Board, public
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Health Engineering Department, Kolkata Municipal Corporation, National
Environmental Engineering Research lnstitute, lnstitute of Environmental Studies
and Wetland Management, Jadavpur University etc. We are extremelv thankful to
them.

Sri Sujit Kr, Bhattacharya, Sri Amiya Kr. Das,

Chief Engineer, Mayor,
Ganga Action Plan Sector, Chandannagar Municipal Corporation & Chairman,
KJ-o_A-__Qqye!er Sector Committee on Environment,Wet Land,Urban
Amenities (includinq Housinq) & Heritaqe, KMpC.
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GHIPIER.I

lntr ron

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 CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

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1.1. Formation of Kotkata Metropolitan planning committee :

Constitution (73'd Amendment) Act, 1992 and Constitution (74th Amendment)

Act,
1992 provided the Panchayet and the Municipalities such powers
and Authority as
may be necessary to enable them to carry out the responsibilities
conferred upon
them including those in relation to the matters listed in the 11th and
12th Schedule
which are given below:

1.1.1. Schedule (Article 243G)

11th

I Added by Constitution (73'd Amendment), Act, 1gg2 ]

1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
2' Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil
conservation.
3. Minor lrrigation, water Management and watershed Development.
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry,
5. Fisheries.
6. Social forestry and farm forestry.
7, Minor forest produoe.
8. Small scale industries, incruding food processing industries.
9. Khadl, village and cottage industries.
10. Rural housing.
'1
1. Drinking water.
12.Fuel and foder.
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of
communication,
14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.

1 5. Non-conventional energy sources.

1.1
 1 6. Poverty alleviation programme.
17' Education, incruding primary and secondary schoors.
1 Technical training and vocational education,
8.

1 9. Adult and non-formal education.

20. Libraries.

21 . Cultural activities.
27.Markels and fairs,
23' Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres
and
dispensaries.
24.Family welfare.
25.Women and child development.
26'social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally
retarded,
27 'Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular,
of the Scheduled Caste and
the Scheduled Tribes.
28. Public distribution system.

29. Maintenance of community assets.

1.1.2. 12th Schedule (Arlicle 243W)

I lnserted by constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1gg2 ]

1. Urban planning, including town planning.

2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buirdings.
3. Planning for economic and social development.
4. Roads and bridges.
5. water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purpose.
6. Public health, sanitation, conseryancy and solid waste management.
7. Fire services.
B' Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological
aspects.
9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the
handicapped and mentally retarded.

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 10. Slum improvement and upgradation.
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1. Urban poverty alleviation.
12. Provision of urban amenities and facirities such as parks, gardens,
playgrounds.
13. Promotion and curturar, educationar and
aesthetic aspect.
l4.Burials and buriar grounds, cremations, cremation
grounds and electric
crematoriums.
15. Cattle ponds, prevention of cruelty to animals.
16. Vital statistics, including registration
of birlhs and deaths.
'17. Public
amenities, incruding street righting, parking rots,
bus stops
and public conveniences.
18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.

Thereafter Government of west Bengal (Law

Deparlment) vide its Notification
No"116'1-L dated 27th June, 1994 published "The
west Bengal Metropolitan planning
commrttee Act, 1994" which was passed by the
west Bengal Legislature to provide for
the constitution of Metropolitan Planning committee
in every Metropolitan Area in west
Bengal for preparation of draft deveiopment plan
for the Metropolitan Area as a whole.

After enacting of this Act, Government of west Bengal

(Urban Development
Department) vide its Notification No.4146-UD/O/M/Mpc-1
ol2oo1 dated lgrh october,
200'1 constituted a tvletropolitan Planning
committee known as the Kolkata Metropolitan
Planning committee for Kolkata Metropolitan
Area with chief Minister, Govt. of west
Bengal as chairperson. The total no. of members
of the said committee is 60 (Sixty)
which included both elected and co_opted persons.

Government of West Bengal (Urban Development

Department) by its
Notification No' 4147-uololMlMPC-1 ol2oo1 dated
lgth october, 2ool appointed the
secretary, Kolkata Metropolitan Development ALrthority
as the Secretary in the Kolkata
Metropolitan Planning committee. lt was further
ordered in the said notification that the

1.3
 Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority shall act
as the Technical Secretariat of the
said Committee.

ln the 1't meeting of KMPC held on 04.12.2001, it was decided

to constitute
the following 5(Five) Sectoral Sub-Committee to prepare
Sectoral Master plans on :

a) Water Supply.
b) Drainage, Sewerage and Sanitation.
c) Traffic, Transportation, Road, Canal and Waten,rays.
d) Education, Employment and Health.
e) Environment, weflands, Urban Amenities (incruding Housing) and Heritage.

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1.4

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GHIPIER.2

Environmenl
o Bockground
o Air
. Wqter
o Municipol Solid Woste
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CHAPTER 2
ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Background :

2.1.1 Definition

The Macgraw Hill Encyclopedia of Environmental Science

(1g75) defines
'Environment' as the "sum total of
all conditions and influences that affect the
development and rife of organisms." The word ,environment,
comes from a
French word 'environ' or 'environner' meaning ,,around,,, .round
about,,, ,,to
surround", "to encompass", rt rs used to describe
everything that surrounds an
organism' The earth is the only planet in the
solar system which offers
congenial and favourable environment for developing
and supporting life of
organisms' The environment is defined as "the
circumstances objects or
conditions by which one is surrounded". The environment
includes soil, air,
water, climate, food supply and various other external
conditions. lt also
includes the thing created by human.

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Historically we in lndia have been serious minded
.J about environment and the
-\ basic philosophy has been one of harmony with
nature. Fortunately thus, the
environmental damage to our country has not
been proportional to our long
history' Trully speaking, the damage has been maximum
during the last 50
t, (fifty) years' lf we look into our past and
see the type of conservation ethic that
'J comes to us through our history, culture, religion
and philosophy from the
() vedic times, it becomes abundantly clear from a
writing in lsho-upanishad
which says that "the whole universe together with
its creatures belong to
mother nature. lmplicit in this thought is no creature
is superior to any other
and human being should not have absolute power
over nature. Let no one
species encroach over the rights and privileges of
other species. one can
enjoy the bountiness of nature by giving up greed,,.

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 2.1.2 Ecology:

Ecology is the study of the inter-relationship among living things and between
living creatures and the environment. The word 'ecology' was used by
German Biologist, Ernest Hacker, in 1870. The term'ecology'originates from
the Greek word Oikos, meaning the 'house' and logos, meaning 'study of . So
the study of ecology includes the relationship and interactions of organisms
on earth, the house we live in (the lonely'human' planet in the universe).

2.1.3 Components of Ecosystem :

Generally, an ecosystem 'is composed of four components : (i) the

atmosphere (air), (ii) the hydrosphere (water), (iii) the lithosphere (earth) and
(iv) the biosphere (life). The first three comprise the abiotic or nonliving
components of the ecosystem, whereas the biosphere is its biotic or living
component.

2.1.4 Environmental Ethics and Environmental concerns :

Human beings have lived on Earth for about 100,000 years, a very short time
in relation to the age of the universe (15 billion years) oreven to the life of our
planet (4.6 billion years). Civilization developed only 10,000 years ago, and
the wheel was invented 4,000 years ago, Yet in a very short time, say less
than 200 years, a mere .000002% of Earth's life, humans have become
capable of seriously altering the entire biosphere, ln the last 100 years or so,
we have invented electricity, the light bulb, the telephone, cinema, radio,
television, the automobile, the aeroplane, the spaceship, the refrigerator, the
air-conditioner, the skyscraper, antibiotics, heart transplant machines, the
birth control pill, the microwave ovens, the atombomb, nuclear energy, the
digital computer, the internet, the cell phones etc. Thr:ough the wonders of
science and technology, we have enabled million of people over the face of
Earth to live with more freedom, power and knowledge than our ancestors
could have dreamed of,

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Yet with this new freedom, power and knowledge, has come a dark side. The
automobile kills hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world each
year. lt produces chemical pollution that degrades the atmosphere, causing
cancer, and is bringing on dangerous global warming, the greenhouse effect.
Refrigerators and air-conditioners enable us to preserve food and live
comfortably in hot seasons and climates, but they also use 'Chloro Fluro
Carbons (CFCs), which rise into the stratosphere and deplete the thin ozone
layer that protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The result is an
increase in skin cancer, especially melanoma and harmful effects on plankton,
which forms the base of much of the food chain of marine animals. Nuclear
power could provide safe, inexpensive energy to the world, but instead
it has
been used to exterminate cities anci threaten a global holocaust. Disasters like
the nuclear plant stream explosion at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union
have spread harmful radiation over thousands of square miles and caused
public distrust of the nuclear power industry. Nuclear waste piles up with no
solution in sight. But our modern way of life does require energy, lots of it. So
we burn fossil fuels, polluting the air with sulphur dioxide and producing acid
rain, which is destroying our rivers and lakes and killing trees. Medical science
found cures for tuberculosis and syphilis and has aided in greafly lowering
infant mortality, but in the process we have allowed an exponential growth of
the population to produce crowded cities and put a strain on our resources.
The more people, the more energy neecjed; the more energy produced, the
more our lives are threatened by disease.

And so the story goes. For each bressing of modern technology, a

corresponding risk comes into being, as the tail of the same coin. With each
new invention comes frightful responsibility. lt is harcj to get it right. lt's hard to
live moderately, wisely, and frugally; it's hard to conserve our resources so
that posterrty will get a fair share.

Environmental ethics concerns itself with these global concerns: human's

relationship to the environment, its understanding of and responsibility to
nature, and its obligations to leave some of nature's resources to posterity.
Pollution, population control, resource use, food production and distribution,
 energy production and consumption, the preservation of the wilderness and
of
species diversity- all fall under its purview. lt asks comprehensive, global
questions; develops metaphysical theories; and applies its principles
to the
daily lives of men and women everywhere on Earth.

2.1.5 Nothing to Waste :

ln the sustainable, efficient economy of 2030, waste reduction and recycling

industries will have largely replaced the garbage collection and disposal
companies of today. The throwaway society that emerged during the late
twentieth century uses so much energy, emits so much carbon, and
generates so much air pollution, acid rain, water pollution, toxic waste,
and
rubbish that it is strangling itself. Rooted as it is in planned obsolescence
and
' appeals to convenience, it will be seen by historians as an aberration.

A hierarchy of options will guide materials policy in the year 2030. The first
priority, of course, will be to avoid using any nonessential item.
Second will be
to reuse a product directly - for example, refilling a glass beverage container.
The third will be to recycle the material to form a new product. Fourth, the
material can be burned to extract whatever energy it contains, as long as this
can be done safely. The option of last resort will be disposal in a landfill.

ln the sustainable economy of 2030, the principal source of materials for

industry will be recycled goods. Most of the raw material for the aluminium
mill
will come from the local scrap collection centre, not from the bauxite mine.
The steel mills of the future will feed on worn-out automobiles, household
appliances, and industrial equipment. Paper and paper products will be
produced at recycling mills, in which paper will move through a
series of uses,
from high-quality bond to newsprint and, eventually, to cardboard boxes.
lndustries will turn to virgin raw materials only to replace any losses in use
and recycling.

The effect on air and water quality will be obvious, For example, steel
produced from scrap reduces air pollution by B5 percent, cuts water pollution

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by 76 percent, and eliminates mining wastes altogether. Making paper from

recycled material reduces pollutants entering the air by 74 percent and the
water by 35 percent. lt also reduces pressures on forests in direct proportion
to the amount recycled.
The economic reasons for such careful husbanding of materials wlll by 2O3O
seem quite obvious. Just 5 percent as much energy is needed to recycle
aluminium as to produce it from bauxite ore. For steel produced entirely from
scrap, the saving amounts to roughly two-thirds. Newsprint from recycled
paper takes 25 ro 60 percent less energy to make than that from wood pulp.
Recycling glass saves up to a third of the energy embodied in the original
product.

Societies in 2030 may also have decided to replace multi sized and shaped
beverage containers with a set of standardised ones made of durable glass
that can be reused many times. These could be used for fruit juices, beer,
milk, and soda pop.

One of the cornerstones of a sustainable society will likely be its elimination of

waste flows at the source. lndustry will have restructured manufacturing
processes to slash wastes by a third or more from 1990 levels. Food
packaging, which in '1986 cost American consumers more than American

farmers earned selling their crops, will have been streamlined. Food items
buried in three or four layers of packaging will be a distant memory.

As recycling reaches its full potential over the next 40 years, households will
begin to compost yard wastes rather than put them out for curb side pickup. A
lost art in many communities now, composting will experience a revival.
Garbage flows will be reduced by one-fifth or more and gardeners will have a

rich source of humus.

ln addition to recycling and reusing metal, glass, and paper, a sustainable

society must also recycle nutrients. ln nature, one organism's waqte is
another's sustenance.ln cities, however, human sewage has become a
troublesome source of water pollution. lf properly treated to prevent the

2.5
 spread of disease and to remove contaminants,
sewage will be systematically
returred to thc rancJ in vcgetabre-growing greenberts
around cities.

2.1.6 The Earth Summit,s Agenda for Change

:

o, The Brundtland commission, in its 1987

report'our common Future,, warned
.) of the growing threat to our earth from pervasive
world poverty, environmental
degradation, disease and poilution.
Five years rater i.e. in 1gg2, an
unprecedented number of world
leaders met for the United Nations
conference on 'Environment and Development'
in Rio de Janeiro, and placed
their consrderable weight behind sustainable
development issues and the
efforts of the worrd community to come
to grips with them.

Rio's message was that protection of the

environment and the
achievement of sustainable development
must now be shared as our global
responsibirities, and that fundamentar
change is required to reprace
unsustatnable patterns of production
and consumption. Rio also illuminated
as
never before the fact that rich and poor
alike share the risks created by
environmental degradation, and must
share the responsibilities for redirecting
the earth onto a more secure, more humane
and more sustainable pathway,

2,1.7 Agenda 21 :

Agenda 21' the action plan to implement

the principles and agreements of
Rio' is a blueprint for constructing the new
world order called for at Rio. lt is
an action plan for 2'l't Century. Agencla 21,
adopted at the Earth Summit rn
Rio de Janeiro, reflects a global consensus
and political commitment at the
highest level on development and environmentar
co operation. The Agenda
deals with both the pressing problems
of today and the need to prepare for
the challenges of the next century i.e. 2l.r
Century.

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( 2.1.8 Rio Declaration on Environment and Deveropment:

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The Rio principles include the following ideas
:

' People are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
' Development today must not undermine the deveropment and
environment needs of present and future generations,

' Nations have the sovereign right to explolt their

own resources, but without
causing environmentar damage beyond their
borders.
' Nations shall develop international laws to provide
compensation for
damage that activities under their control
cause to areas beyond their
borders.

' Nations shall use the precautionary approach

to protect the environment.
where there are threats of serious or irreversibre
damage, scientific uncer-
tainty shall not be used to postpone costeffective
measuies to prevent
environmental degradation.
ln order to achieve sustainable development, environmental
protection
shall constitute an integrar part of the deveropment process,
and cannot
be considered in isolation from it.
Eradicating poverty and reducing disparities
in living standards in different
parts of the world are essential to achieve
sustainable development and
meet the needs of the majority of people.
Nations shall co operate to conserve, protect
and restore the health and
U integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. The developed
countries acknowledge
o the responsibility that they bear in the internationar
pursuit pf sustainabre
:) development in view of the pressures their
societies prace on the grobar
environmental and of the technorogies and
financiar resources they
command,
Nations should reduce and eliminate unsustainable
patterns of production
and consumption, and promote appropriate
demographic poricies.
Environmental issues are best handred with the participation of all
concerned citizens. Nations shail faciritate and
encourage pubric
awareness and particiation by making environmental
information widely
ava ila ble.

2.7
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' Nations shall enact effective environmental

laws, and develop national law
regarding !iability for the victims
of pollution and other environmental
damage' where they have authority, nations
shall assess the
environmental impact of proposed activities
that are likely to have a
significant adverse impact.

' Nations should co operate to promote an

open international economic
system that will lead to economic growth
and sustainable development in
all countries' Environmental policies should
not be used as an unjustifiable
means of restricting international trade.

' The poiluter shourd, in principre, bear

the cost of poilution.
' Nations shall warn one another of natural
disasters or activities that may
have harmful transboundary impacts.

' sustainable development requires better

scientific understanding of the
problems'Nations should share knowledge
and innovative technologies to
achieve the goal of sustainability.

' The full participation of women is essential to achieve sustainable

(l deveropment. The creativity, idears and
courage of youth and the
() knowledge of indigenous people are
needed too. Nations should recognize
and support the identity, curture and
interests of indigenous peopre.
' warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable
development, and Nations
shall respect international laws protecting the
environment in times of
armed confiict' and shall cooperate in
their further establishment.
' Peace' development and environmental protection
are interdependent and
indivisible.

2.1.9 Population and Sustainability :

,.)
Carrying Capacity :
\,/

'.) The carrying capacity is the ability of the resource

i)
base to support and
provide for the needs of humans
without becoming depleted. lt is necessary
to
know the population carrying capacity. Population
concerns should be part of
sustainable development strategies. special attention
should be given to

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critical resources, such as water and land, and environmental factors such as
ecosystem health and biodiversity.

Population Arithmetic :

There are a few areas of Public Policy in which a lack of understanding of

basic arithmetic has hindered effective policy making as much as it has in
population. Many people fail to understand what an annual population groMh
of 3 percent, relatively innocuous in the clear term, will lead over a century.
Many policy makers and planners often think of a 3 percent groMh rate as
simply three times as much as a 1 percent rate. Although this is true for one
yeat, it is not true over the longer term, as the rate is compounded. A
population growing l percent annually will not even triple in a century, but one
growing 3 percent annually will Increase nineteen fold.

2.1.10 Kyoto Protocol :

The Kyoto Protocol, in short, was a 1997 international treaty, that would have
industrialised nations cut green house emissions up to eight percent below
1990 levels and was approved by diplomats from 160 member countries.

This was the first multilateral international agreement on the environment of

its type aiming at quantitative reduction of air pollutants like carbo dioxidc,
sulphur dioxide and a number of other green house gases. America which
was initially part of the process now is reluctant to ratify under new
administration.

2.1.11 Johannesburg Summit 2002 :

It was hardly a secret that progress in implementing sustainable development

has been extremely disappointing since the 1992 Earth Summit, with poverty
deepening and environmental degradation worsening. What the world wanted,
the United Nations General Assembly said was not a new philosophical or
political debate but rather, a summit of actions and results.

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2.9
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By any account, the Johannesburg Summit, 2OO2 has laid the ground work
and paved the way for action. Johannes[urg did not produce a particularly
dramatic outcome but some important new targets were established, such
as :
to halve the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015;
to use and produce chemicals by 2O2Oin ways that do not lead to significant
adverse effects on human health and the environment, to maintain or restore
depleted fish stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield
on an urgent basis and where possible by 2015; and to achieve by 2010
a
significant reduction in the current rate of loss of bio-diversity. Thus
the
commitments were made in Johannesburg on expanding access
- to water
and sanitation, on energy, improving agricultural yields, managing toxic
chemicals, protecting bio-diversity and improving ecosystem
management,

For the first time, outcome documents were not the sole product of
the
Summit. While the negotiations still received the lion's share
of attention, the
Summit also resulted in the launch of more than 300 voluntary partnerships,
each of which will being additional resources to support efforts to implement
sustainable development.

By any Indication, The World Summit on Sustainable Development

(WSSD) at
Johannesburg in 2002 evoked substantial interest One hundred world
leaders addressed the summit and all in all, more than 22,ooo people
participated in wssD, including more than 10,000 delegates, g,000
NGos
and representatives of civil society, and 4,000 members of the press.
At Rio, there was no agreement on energy and issues such as production
and
consumption almost did not make it into Agenda 21. Ar Johannesburg,
an
agreed 10 year programme on production and consumption, a concept that
not only will affect the developing countries, but the richer countries as well,
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was adopted.
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,_) 2.1.12 Nationat Environment poticy :

The draft National Environment Policy has

been released by the Union
Ministry of Environment and Forest and
has been widely circulated for inviting
comments by 31rt December, 2004. lt recommends
bringing in reguratory
reforms' enhancing and conserving environmental
resources and setting up of
environmental standards. Adoption of
standardised management systems and
promoting environmental certification
and indicators are other highlights of the
draft poricy that has been rereased for
consurtation.

The draft Nationar Environment poricy (NEp)

touches upon the key
environmentar chailenges facing the
country, the objectives of the
environment policy, strategic themes for
intervention, broad indications of the
legislative and institutional development
intended to accomplish strategic
themes and mechanism for imprementation
and review.

Some of the broad issues of the draft National

Environment policy are
summarised below:

Challenges :

Drawing attention to the environmental

challenges that the country faces, the
policy points out that these mainly related
to environmental degradation and
poverty' These challenges are intrinsically
connected to the state of
environment resources, such as land,
water, air and their flora and fauna.

Another major set of challenges arises

from emerging global environmental
concerns such as crimate change, stratospheric
ozone depretion and bio
diversity loss.

The draft policy seeks to achieve the objectives

of conservation of critical
environmental resources, livelihood security
for the poor, integration of
environmental concerns in economic and
social development, efficiency in
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environmental resource use, environmental governance

and enhancement of
resources for environmental conservation.

Regulatory regimes :

stating that the regulatory regimes for environmental

conservation comprises
a legislative framework, and a set of regulatory institutions,
the draft NEp
observes that inadequacies in each have resulted
in accelerated
environmentar degradation on the one hand,
and rong derays and high
transaction costs in deveropmentar projects
on the other.

The policy, therefore, calls for identifying emerging

areas for new legislative
framework, reviewing the existing legislation to
develop synergies among
other relevant statutes and regulations, and ensuring
accountability.

ln order to make the environment and forest clearance processes

more
effective, the poricy seeks to encourage reguratory
authorities to
institutionalise regional and cumulative environmental
impact assessments to
ensure that environmental concerns are addressed
at the planning stage itself
and further seeks to lay down that,no further regularisation
of encroachment
on forest should be permitted.

The policy also recommends revisiting the coastal regulation

zone
notifications to make he approach to coastal environmental
regulation more
holistic and ensure protection to coastal ecological
systems, coastal waters
and the vulnerabirity of some coastar areas to potentiar
sea rever rise.

Heritage sites :

on the 'heritage sites' it states that severar of them may

be herd to possess
'incomparable varues'that
courd be impacted by poilution, or may face threats
of inundation or conversion by development projects.

J
,._)

,_) 2.12

)
 o
a)
a')

- It says that heritage sites would merit stricterstancJards and particular

.l attention should be paicJ to monitoring and
enforcement of environmental
a) standards in their case.

if
lmpacts on designated heritage sites must
r-) be considered at the stage of
developing the terms of reference for
environmental impact assessment of
(-)
projects' lt calls for legal recognition
to the traditional rights of forest dwelling
r') tribes.

r)
(-)

)
,.)

rJ
,)
.l
)
.)
-.)

,.)

.)
)
2.13
J
)
 KO TI(AIA ITI EIRO PO I.IIAil
AREA

nz Municipal Boundary
Kanchrapara
Hallsahar

Naihati

Bhatpara
Garulla
Bhadreswar
Champdanl North Barrackpore

Baidyabati Titagarh
Madhyamgram

Konnagar.

Uttarparh Kotrong
Kamarhati

Dum Dum

South
Dum Dum

Rajarhat
Gopalpur

I
x
x Budge Budge

x
x
I N
t t
()

2.1.13 POPULATION FORECAST OF DIFFERENT UNITS WITHIN KMA.

Census
Sl.No. Name of Unit Area (lakh) Projected Population (Lakh)
(Sq.Km,) 2001 2011 201 5 2021 2025
1 Kolkata MC 197.54 45.81 46.98 47.08 47.23 .+t I

2 Chandannagar MC 22.03 1.62 1.91 2.03 2.2 233

a
J Konnagar 4.33 0.72 0.86 0.91 0.99 1.05
4 Rishra 6.48 1.13 1.24 1.27 1.31 I aa
LJa
5 Serampore 5.88 1.98 2.48 2.75 3.16 J.4 t)
6 Uttarpara-Kotrung '18.15 1.5 1.74 1.84 1.98 208
7 Bally 11.81 2.82 3.81 4.18 4.74 53
B Howrah MC 51.74 10.09 12.1 12.94 14.21 15 08
I Baranaga.r 7.12 2.97 3.17 3.42 J.O I

10 Bidhannagar 33.5 1.68 2.76 3.27 4.04 4.62

11 Kamarhati 10.96 3.14 3.51 3.65 3.86 3.98
IZ DumDum 8.81 1.01 1.49 1.77 2.18 2.49
4a Khardah 2.19 2.43
IJ 6.87 1.16 1.64 1.86
North DumDum 2.57 z.oo 2.79 a oE
14 26.45 2.2 a.oJ
'15 Panihati 19.4 3.48 4.3 4.65 5.18 E Etr
'16
South DumDunr 15.49 3.92 4.84 5.36 6.15 6.74
17 Titagarh 3.24 1.24 1.33 1.36 1.4 142
1B Barasat 31.41 2.32 3.15 3.s3 4.09 45
'19 Barrackpur 1 1.65 1.44 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.42
20 Bhatpara 34.49 4.42 5.26 5.64 6.22 6.63
21 Garulia 6.48 0.76 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.8
22 Halisahar 8.28 1.24 1.37 1.4 1.45 1 .47
'1
IJ Kanchrapara 907 1.26 1.5 1.62 1.8 94
24 Madlryanrgram 21.32 1.56 2.09 2.41 2.89 3
25 New Barrackpur 17.17 0.83 1.06 1.16 1.3 141
zo North Barrackpur 8.42 1.24 1.45 1.55 1 .71 182
,)a
Baruipur 9.07 0.45 0.56 0.6 0.67 0.72
29 BudgeBudge e.q6 0.75 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.7
30 Maheshtala 44.17 3.89 4.71 5.08 5.64 604
n1
JI Pujali 8.5 0.34 0,38 0.4 0.42 0.44
1a Rajpur-Sonarpur 57.9 336 4.69 5.35 6.35 709
aa
JJ Baidyabati 9.06 1.08 1.32 1.43 1.59 17
34 Hooghly-Chinsurah 2l.52 1.7 1.88 1.94 2.02 207
Bansberia 9.07 104 1.17 1.21 1.27 131
Jt) Blraclreswar 6,48 1.06 1,37 1.53 1.78 1,96
J/ Champdani 6.47 1.03 1.15 1.17 1.21 1.22
'14 Uluberia 33.72 2.02 2.64 2.91 3.32 2 Aa

39 Gayeshpur 30 0.55 0.63 0.65 0.68 0.7

40 Kalyani 21.91 0.82 1.08 1.2 1.38 1.51
41 Naihati 11.55 2.15 2.5 2.65 2.88 303
Sub-Total(A) 91'1.54 124.03 143.41 151.62 163.92 172.37
NMU&OG 1 10.27 11.9 13.54 15.17
43 Rural Units-422 700.66 15.79 18.31 21.98 21.58 a1 01

Sub-Total(B) 873.46 22.79 28.58 33.88 35.12 38.'t

TOTAL (A+B) 1 785 146.82 181 ,99 185.5 199.04 210.5

2.14
 2.2 Air Pollution

2.2.1 lntroduction

Deterioration of air quality especially in urban cities and industrial areas is one
of the major environmental concern anywhere in the world. The air quality in
all the metropolies and major towns and urban centres of lndia has
deteriorated during the last few decades. Rapld industrialization particularly
after the independence, uncontrolled burning of fossil fuels both in industrial
and transport sector coupled with steep rise in vehicular population, use of
outdated technology have aggravated the situation. People are being exposed
more and more to high levels of air pollutants leading to increase in morbidity
and morlality.

Under the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981,
the Pollutlon Control Boards are mandated to monitor the quality of the
ambient air and to take necessary action for improvement of the same. All
administrative and policy decisions for lmprovement of air quality should be
based on sufficient amount of data on ambient air quality.
(\
2.2.2 Ambient Air quality Standards
)

)
Ambient air quality standard and its comparison with actual air quality data
)
helps in formulation of appropriate management strategies for improving the
t
quality of air. Under the provisions of the section 16 (2) (h) of Air (Prevention
and Control of Air Pollution) Act, 1981, the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards have been prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board in
1982, which is applicable throughout the country. Later, the said standards
have been modified in 1994, and subsequently ambient standards for few
more parameters have been incorporated. The standard is parameter specific
as well as area specific like lndustlial area, Residential and Rural areas and
Sensitive areas.

2.15
 Table - 1

Air Quatity Standard

)
Time Concentration in ambient air
:^) Pollutants Weighted lndustrial Residential, Sensitive Method of measurement
Average
) Area Rural and areas
other areas
Annual 801r9/m' 60pg/m' 151rg/m" . lmproved West & Gaeke
Sulphur average' method
Dioxide (SOz) 24 Hours 120pg/m' 80pg/m' 30pg/m' . Ultraviolet Fluorescence
average "
Annual B0pg/m' 601rg/m" 15prg/m . Jacob & Hochheiser
Oxides of average" modified (Sodium Arsenite)
Nitrogen as 24 Hours 120p9/m" B0pg/m' 30pLg/m" method
Matter (SPM) average " ' Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence
Suspended Annual 360pg/m' '140pg/m' 70pg/m' . High Volume Sampling
Particulars average' (average flow rate not less
Matter (SPM) 24 Hours 500p9/m 200p9/m' 100p9/m" than 1 .1 m3/minute)

average "
Respirable Annual l20ytglm 601rg/m" 50pg/m . Respirable Particulate
Particular Matter average' Matter Samplier
(Size less than 24 Hours 1501t9/m' 100 pg/m" 75pg/m"
101rm)(RPM) average "
Annual 11tg/m" 0.75prg/m" 0.5pg/m' . AAS method after
Lead (Pb) average' sampling using EPM 2000
24 Hours '1
.5prg/m' 1pg/m" 0.75p9/m' or equivalent filter paper
average'.
Carbon 8 Hours 5mg/m 2mg/m' 1mg/m' . Non Dispersive infrared
Monoxide (CO) average' Spectroscopy
1 Hours 10mg/m' 4mg/mr 2mgim"
average "
Anrmonia (NH.,) Annual 0.1 rng/m' 0.1mg/m' 0.1mg/m
average'
24 Hours 0.4m9/m' 0.4mg/nr' 0.4m9/m
average "

216
 Note :

National Ambient Air Quality Standard : Tl're levels of air quality necessary with
adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property.

Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceeds the limit specified above
for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute
regular / continious monitoring and further investigations.

2.2.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

National Air Monitoring programme

Pursuant to the provisions of the Air Act and for assessment of associated risk
to public health from air pollution, the Central Pollution Control Board (CpCB)
in 1984, initiated regular monitoring of air quality of all major city centres
through a nationwide monitoring network known as National Ambient Air
Quality Monitoring (NAAOM) Programme. Later the said programme was
remaned as National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP). Under this
programme ambient air quality at 190 stations o'f g2 cities / towns all States
and Union Territories of the Country are being regularly monitored at the
instance of the CPCB.

ln West Bengal Kolkata, Howrah and Haldia are covered under the said
network. ln Kolkata, national Environmental Engineering Research lnstitute
(NEERI) has been entrusted with the work whereas in Howrah and Haldia the
State Board has been entrusted to carry out the monitoring programme.
Recently (from May, 2004), the State Board has also started regular
monitoring of ambient air quality at Durgapur and Asansol uhder the said
\....)
programme, Presently, the air quality at the following twelve (12) stations is
\
being monitored throughout the year under the NAMp.

J
-)
J
2.17
-,
)
 Kolkata : Cossrpore, Lalbazar, Kasba
Howrah : Howrah Municipal Corporation, Bator, Bandhaghat
Haldia : Supremarket, WBIIDC Building
Dugapur : Bidhannagar, Benachiti, PCBL More
Asansol : Asansol Municipal Corporation.

2.2.4 Air Quality Survey by KMDA

The environmental quality in the twin cities of Kolkata and Howrah have
reached critical levels. l'he teeming population spread in an unplanned way,
hapazard growth of industries, large number of old vehicles affect the
atmospheric conditions of these cities. Transportation has proved to be the
major sources of air pollution, viz. Uncontrolled traffic, sub-standard autos
and acute traffic jams. Domestic and industrial sources of emlssions also
contribute to the air pollution in the region.

A long term air quality survey was sponsored by KMDA and assigned to
National Environmental Engineering Research lnstitute (NEERI) in April 1972.
The work continued upto March, 1981. The project was to cover study on the
following objectives.

. Air quality study of Kolkata - Howrah region to establish base level of air
pollution.

. ldentification of pollution sources and assess magnitude of emissions.

. Recommendations for suggesting air pollution abatement programme,

2,18
 2.2.5 Kolkata and its Environment

The Metropolis

! The river Hooghly which is a life-line for the metropolis is an off-shoot of the
) Ganges commencing at a point 480 kms north of the Kolkata city and flows

\
south into the Bay of Bengal. The Kolkata Metropolitan District (KMD)
includes the cities and towns which have grown together in one linear and
continuous pattern urban development along both the banks of the
of
Hooghly. Greater Kolkata has a population of about 14.68 million (2001
census) and an arca of about 1785 sq.km with three major Municipal
Corporations, 38 Municipalities and 37 non-municipal urban areas'

Kolkata and Howrah situated on the eastern and western banks of river
Hooghly respectively, are the most thickly populated areas in the KMD'
Kolkata, with its latitude 22%2'north and longitude 88022' east is situated on
the eastern bank of the river Hooghly facing the city of Howrah. Although
administratively a separate unit, Howrah, is in fact, intricately linked with
Kolkata.

Climatology
)

) The Gangetic plains of west Bengal around Kolkata and Howrah are low lying

)
withhigh ground swamps. The Bay of Bengal is about 125 kms south of
,Kolkata. The city is 6 meters above the seal level. Between Kolkata and the

Bay of Bengal, there exist extensive marshes covered with tropical forests'
From mid-February, southerly winds prevail till October, making the air humid
all the year round. The mean annual total rainfall is'1600 mm.

. Temperature
The average temperature of Kolkata is 20.50C in winter (December-February)
-
and 34.30C in summer (April May). The maximum temperature observed
during summer is around 410C and minimum during winter is about
60C.

2.19
 )

')
-)
I
,. -)

Precipitation

Precipitation at Kolkata is mostly brought by the winds of southwest monsoon.

Average winter precipitation is less than 2.5 cms per month, while in rainy
I

season is about 30 cms per month. Precipitation take place on more than half
)
the days during summer.

Thunderstorm

ln the pre-monsoon months of Aprir and May, severe thunderstorms are

common in the region. They are given the picturesque name of "Nonvesters"
because they appear to come from a northwesterly direction. Locally, they are
known as 'Kal Baisakhi'. They are more than usual thunderstorm, voilance,
with the most frequent maximum winds being about 42 km per hour.
Exceptionally high winds above 90 km per hour have also been recorded.
These may begin at any time of day or night but the frequency is more during
1700 hours to 2000 hours. lt becomes coorer after a Nonryester

A second series of thunderstorm occur after the decay of the monsoon, but
these are usually' , milder in intensity than the Nonruesters. These
thunderstorms raise large quantities of dust in the air.

Visibility

Except the rainy season, the visibility is observed almost every day in the
morning especially during october to March. Fog and air pollutants like
smoke, dust are the principal factors for limiting visibility.

2.20
 I

^)
,)
-)

i-) Surface winds

)
)
The wind pattern varies with different seasons in a year. From November
through February, the surface winds are weak and are mosfly north and
northwesterly. Rest of the year, the surface winds are predominantly southerly
and southwesterly.

2.2.6 Seasons

Summer season (March - June)

During summer months, Kolkata receives southerly wind which lasts till late
afternoon and evening. This brings down the ambient temperature and cools
the air. During other period, it is sultry with 74o/o humidity and the winds are
predominently southerly and southwesterly with speed of 8 to 16 km / hr. ln
March and April active winds are northwesterly, accompanied by dust and
thunderstorm, followed by rains. The average rainfall during this season is
about 100 mm.

Monsoon season (July - October)

The first out-burst of rains usually accompanies a cyclonic storm, formed

either at the head of the Bay or over the delta itself, resulting in fall of ambient
temperature. The rains continue till October. About 56% of the total rain is
recorded during this period. The wettest month is August, with monthly rainfall
of 306,6 mm. The direction of wind gets scattered from southwest, south,
southeast and easterly directions. The humidity rises to 82%. The wind speed
is in the range of 6 to 12 kmlhr.

2.21
 Winter season (November - February)

The winter season commences in November and extends upto February. The
' average rainfall during this season is 75 mm and humidity is 75%. The
direction of the prevalent wind during this season is initially from north and
later on shifts to northwesterly directions. Wind speed is considerably low with
a speed of 2,9 km / hr. Calm condition prevails for 44o/o of the time. lnversion
conditions are also more frequent during this season.

2.2.7 Alr Quality Survey

(: The Air Quality Survey datas during 1973-75 in Kolkata and Howrah are given

(t in the enclosed tables.

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2.2.8 Findings of the study

The suspended particulate matter is by far the major pollutant in the region. lts
average concentration varied from 211-494 pg/m3 for various stations with
Dalhousie recording the highest annual average value of 494 pg/m3. The
annual concentration of sulphur dioxide at various sites ranged from 17-79
prg/m3 with Howrah recording the highest average concentration of 79 pg/m3.
Further the average concentrations of NOx were 69-1 16 prg/m3 With Dalhousie
recording the highest level of NOx. Concentration of hydrogen sulphide for all
the stations was less than 2 p,glm3.lt has been noted that the levels increased
considerably in all stations during the winter months (November-February).
This may be attributed to the prevailing meteorological condition during winter
months in the region. This has been subjected to statistical analysis and the
data obtained thereby have been plotted in log probability and percentile
values obtained. Diurnal variations and hourly fluctuations for sulphur dioxide
have also been presented.

2.2.g Observations on Air Quality in Catcutta and Howrah.

2.2.g.1Air quality over twin cities

It was observed that the suspended parliculates continue to be predominant

air pollutants in the Calcutta-Howrah region. Suspended particulates values
varied between 81 to 1763 pg/m3 with an overall average of 390 pg/m3.
Howrah recorded highest concentrations continuously the average being 490

[gim3. Dalhousie closely followed Howrah and this is followed by Tollygunge,

Manicktalla, Behala, cossipore, Bhawanipore and Liluah, Tollygunge
recorded constant rate of increase of SPM. All sites in general, recorded
increasing levels of SPM since 1977. The SPM consists of 10 - 15% of
volatile matter, 10 - 30% of benzene solubles. The presence of carcinogens
such as BaP, pyrene and fluoranthene was observed to be in par with other
leading cities of the world.

2.27
Air quality near road junction has been reported to be poor. The concentration
of CO was nearly 95 ppm comparable with other cities in the world. Higher
levels were due to the slow moving of vehicles and traffic jams.

ln general, the sulphur dioxide concentrations varied in a wide range from

traces to 1106 prg/m3. Howrah like SPM, recorded consistent high level of
sulphur dioxide, the average beting 50 prg/m3. Howrah is followed by
Dalhousie, cossipore, Manicktalla, Tollygunge, Bhawanipore, Behara and
Liluah in that order. Maximum concentrations occurred during winter months.
No significant diurnal variations was observed in summer and monsson
periods, However, during winter, the level decreased towards mid-day and
increased towards midnlght.

Bhawanipore and Cossipore showed downwind trend since 1978, but the rate
of decrease was insignificant. The increasing rate of sulphur dioxide in
Howrah and Dalhousie since 1977 was signiflcant. Tollygunge and
Manicktalla recorded marginal increase on SOz since lg|7.

The Nox concentrations varied from G pg/ms ro 276 pg/m3. Here again,
Howrah recorded the highest avearage concentration of 31 pg/m3 for the
study period. This' was followed by Bhawanipore, Dalhousie, cossipore,
Manicktalla and Tollygunge. All sites have recorded increasing trend since
1977, but the rate of increase was only marginal.

The annual average levels of dust fall rate ranged between 6 MT/km2/month
and 46 MT/km2/month, The highest level (average 30-32 MT/km2/month) was
recorded in Howrah, Dalhousie, Tollygunge. Nearly 50% of the sites recorded
above 25 MT/km2/month. lt was observed that the levels were nearly constant
through out the study period in all sites but for minor changes.

All sites have recorded nearly equal levels of sulphation rate. The average
level for the study area was found to be 0.45 mgSO3/100 cm2lmonth. Tiliala
recorded consistently high value of 0.8 mgSOs/ 100 cm2lmonth. Changes in

2,28
\) l

a)
,-]

levels for different years were found to be insignificant and all

,t-) sites were
'1 period'
maintaining the same level through out the study

pg/m3' Highest
The average levels of hydrogen sulphide was recorded as 1'o
to 3 ptg/m3 in
values (average 6 ptg/m3) were recorded in 1973 and reduced
and 2.0 pg/m3'
1977.From 1g7B all sites, in general recorded between 1.0

Theheatislandstudiesindicatedhighertemperaturesinsidethecity
especially in Bidhan Sarani, BBD etc. The centre of
the city was warmer by

3-4.C more than the temperature of outskirts of the city.

z.2.l|Observations of Air Quality datas Survey during 2oo2 - 2003'

control Board
Air Quality Survey datas collected by west Bengal Pollution
during2OO2_2003inKolkataandHowraharegivenintheenclosedtables.

2.29
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2.2.11 Recommendations

2.2.11.1 lndustrial pollution control

Stricter locational policy for new industrial units

No new Red category industries are permitted to sel up within the

municipal areas of the Kolkata Metropolitan area. Orange category
industries are not permitted within the Kolkata and Howrah Municipal
Corporation areas (except in designated industrial estates). Only the
Green industries may be set up anywhere in the state.

Ensuring regulatory compliance by grossly polluting industries

About 294 industries with high pollution potential, have been identified and
are inspected and monitored regularly on a fixed schedule. Non-compliant
industries are dealt with by imposing heavy bank guarantees, forfeiture of
bank guarantee, temporary closure and in Some CaSeS - relocation'

lntroduction of stricter emission standards for boilers, ceramic kilns,

foundr,ies and rolling mills operating within Kolkata Metropolitan
area.

The Board, under the provision of Rule 3 (2) of the Environment

(Protection) Rules, 1986, introduced with effect from 11,05.01 for the
Kolkata Metropolitan Area, uniform particulate emission standard of 150
mg/Nm3 for all boilers irrespective of their steam generation capacity, for
all Ceramic kilns irrespective of the nature of kiln and for all cast iron
foundries (cupola furnaces) irrespective of their metal melting capacity.
Stricter emission standards for rolling mills have also been introduced, All
these standards are stricter than the national standards'

2,46
)
)

Mandatory use of cleaner fuels in small boilers, ceramic kilns and

rolling mills operating within Kolkata Metropolitan Area.

The Board has directed the operators of coal-fired boilers within the KMA
having steam generation capacity < 2 tonne / hour to use only cleaner fuel
(oil or gas) instead of coal. All ceramlc kilns and rolling mills within KMA
have also been directed to go for cleaner fuel (oil or gas). Boilers having a
higher steam generation capacity must comply with the standards by
installing emission control systems.

Discontinuance of coal suPP|Y

M/s. Coal lndia Limited, M/s. Eastern Coalfield Limited, M/s. Bharat
Cooking Coal Limited have been requested not to supply coal to the
industries which have been ordered to discontinue the use of coal.

Encouraging the industries to go 'beyond compliance''

lndustries are encouraged to go'beyond compliance' and good performers

are honoured with 'Environmental Excellence Award'.

Environmental compliance by clusters of small industries

A few clusters of air polluting inclustries like foundries, rolling mills,

galvanizing units, acid manufacturing units, gold smlthy unlts, dyeing
bleaching units, secondary lead smelting units etc. are located within the
KMA. pollution control measures in these units are gradually being
installed through regulatory order, persuasion, discussions with their
representative associations and also through iechnical and financial
assistance.

) 2.41

)
)

)
)

. Financial assistance to the small industries for pollution control

To change coal fired heating equipment to oil / gas fired ones in units
using small boilers and ceramic kilns within the KMA, financial assistance
is being Provided bY

The West Bengal Pollution Control Board, and

lndia Canada Envtronmental Facility
Frnancial assistance is also provided through The west Bengal
lncentive

Scheme, 2000 for other small scale units for adopting pollution
control

measures.

2.2.12 Automobilepollutioncontrol

(non-
o lntroduction of lndia 2000,(EURO l) norms for new private
commercial) vehicles within KMA from 01'11'1999
Enforcement of the lndia 2000 norms from 01.04'2000 for all
new
.
vehicles.
. Enforcement of Bharat stage ll norms from 31 .12.2000 for all new

four wheeled passenger cars in KMA'

o Stricter'lnass emission norms for all new four wheeled vehi'cles
(other than passenger vehicles) in KMA with effect from
23.01.2001.
from
. supply, distribution and selling of loose 2T oil in KMA banned
within
01.10.2001 and selling of premixed fuel oil made mandatory
KMA from 15,1 1 .2001.
, 2-T engine oil with JASO-FC and API'TC specifications
can only be

sold with effect from 01 .04.1999'

. Unleaded petrol made available throughout the state from

01,02.2000.
made
o LoW sulphur petrol and diesel (containing 0.05% sulphur)
availablewithin Kolkata and Howrah and adjoining urban
agglomeration from 01.01 '2001'

2.48
)

. Benzene content of petrol has been reduced to 3 percent.

. Availability of cleaner automotive fuel like LPG ensured in Kolkata.
. lntroduction of upgraded Auto Emission Testing Centres (PUC
Centre)

2.2.13 Actions needs to be taken

a, compulsory conversion of in-use 3-wheelers of KMA to LPG mode'

b, Replacement of pre-'1 991 metered taxis of KMA by BS-ll/BS-lll taxis.
c. Replacement of post-1991 non-BSll metered taxis of KMA to BS-ll and
replacement by BS-ll/BS-lll vehicles'
d, conversion of non-BS luxury taxis of KMA to BS-ll ones.
e. Phasing out of pe-1991 private buses and minibuses of KMA and

replacement by BS-ll/BS-lll vehicles'

by BS-
f. Replacement of post 199'1 non BS-ll private buses and minibuses
l/BS-lll comPliant vehicles,
I

Bharat Stage lll norms for new 4-wheeled would be introduced from
1't
g
April, 2005 in KMA
h. Bharat Stage ll norms for 2 & 3-wheelers would be introduced from 1't
APril, 2005 in KMA.
i.0'035%sulphurcontainingdieselandO.0l5%sulphurcontainingpetrol
would be available in KMA from 1't April, 2005'

2.49
 Water Pollution

2.3.1 Baseline water quality studies of the Hooghly Estuary

KMDA sponsored a project on "The Baseline water quality of Hooghly Estuary

between Kalyani and Birlapur" to National Environmental Engineering
Research lnstitute (NEERI). The NEERI took up their work in Marck 1972 and
the work continued upto March 1981.

A preliminary reconnaissance survey was conducted in the beginning to

identify the major sources of pollution reaching the Hooghly Estuary. An
rnterim report containing the sources of waste water reaching the Hooghly
Estuary was submitted to KMDA in March 1973. From February 1973 for a
period of one year, the water quality survey of Hooghly Estuary covering a
distance of 100 km between Kalyani and Birlapur, at 20 sapling stations was
undertaken. This included flow measurements, physico-chemical,
bacteriological and biological analysis of water and bottom deposits'
Simultaneously, hydrological and hydrographical data on the Hooghly
Estuary, climatological information of the metropolis were also collected. More
exhaustive chemical, bacteriological and biological quality sources of the
water at the existing and proposed water works intake poittts were
undertaken. This study was specially chosen to assess the suitability of raw
water as a source of public water supply.

The data collected from the survey, revealed that a total quantum of 2'3 X 103

m3/d 150 mgd) of domestic sewage with BOD load of 38 tonnes and a total
rndustrial waste water volume of 4.4 X 105 m3/d 195.2 mgd) with BOD load of
52 tonnes were discharged into the Hooghly Estuary. Though the BOD load of
waste water got diluted in the receiving body of the Hooghly Estuary, some
samples did not meet the quality standards for use as a source of raw water
for community water suPPlY.

250
2.3.2 Findings of the study during 1980-81

The stretch of Hooghly estuary covered in the study has a length of about
1 km and a width varying between 450 and 1 100 m at mean tide levels,

Of the entire stretch, both the banks between Kalyani-Tribeni and Naihati-
Chinsura are thinly populated while moderately populated up to Kamarhati-
Bhardrakali. From Kamarhati-Bhadrakali to Akra-National Jule Mill, both the
banks are thickly populated. Further stretch, on both sides, is moderately
populated up to Birlapur.

Tidal level at Fort Point during average spring tide was 4 meters and at
average neap tide 2 meters. According to simulataneous tidal curves of
Calcutta Port Trust, when there was high water slack at Fort Point, the reach
between the ebb started towards sea. When there was beginning of ebb at
Tribeni the entire stretch under study was under ebb. When Birlapur was
having floods, its influence was noticed up to Dunlop Rubber Factory'

It is reported that flood and ebb tide periods were 5 hrs and 7 hrs 50 min.
respectively.

The gauging station at Kalna.which is about 50 km upstream of Kalyani,

recorded tidal discharge at ebb tide of 50m2/sec. and 600 m3sec. during Feb-
April (Survey l) and June-July (Survey ll), 1973 respectively. Under these
' conditions, the average discharge of freshet at Kalna was 3000 m2lsec.
during Aug-Sept. 1973 (Survey lll).

The aforesaid data reveal that there was inflow of freshet water into the
estuary during the beginning of summer. This condition improved during the
beginning of monsoon (SurveY ll).

2.5t
 Navigation

It is repcrted that Bhagirathi-Hooghly river receives during

monsoon 2.5 to 2.g
million cubic meters of silt a year of which two thirds is deposited
in Hooghly
estuary below Bansberia, which is 55 km from Calcutta towards
Kalyani. This
silt is pushed up by high tide waters up to 130 km above Calcutta
during
summer and about 20 km below calcutta during monsoon,

Reasons for the deterioration in navigability of Hooghly are reported

due to
the following reasons :

' dimrnished discharge of Ganga water from Bhagirathi to Hooghly (O-

200 X 106 m3/day;
' lntrusion of sea water deep into the estuary resulting in the silting
of
ebb channels and scouring of flood channels.
r seasonal silting of channels over sand bars and crossing, and
. increased occurrence of bore days.

It is reported that navigability can be improved if 2g0 X 106 m./day of flood

discharge is nrade available at Kalna for a longer duration. lt is further
repcrted that a constant discharge of gB X 106 m3/day (40,OOO cusecs) from
Kalna dLrring sLrmmer wiil improve the navigability considerably.

2.3.3 Wastewater Discharges

There are 346 outfalls originating from industrial and domestic sources, of
which 175 are situated on the left bank and 171 on the right bank of the
estuarine stretch under study.

Of the total quantity of wastewater (6.7 X 10sm3 lday) discharge into the
estuary, 2.3 x'105m3 /day (50 mgd) was of domestic and 4.4 x 10sm3 /day
(97 mgd) of industrial origin.

l.5l
(

( The major industries discharging water pollutants were the following : --

(' . Pulp and paper mills

(.
' Rayon factory
. Distilleries and Yeast factories
. Tanneries
. Paints and varnishes

A total volume of 1.6 X 105m3day (36 mgd) of domestic wastewaterfrom G1

outfalls on left bank contributed BOD, COD and Suspended solids load of 25,
B0 and 104 tonnes per day respectively. The corresponding values for flow,
BOD, COD and Suspended solids loads on the right bank were 67,400 m3/day
(14 mgd), 12 tonnes, 34 tonnes and 32 tonnes per day respectively. The total
population equivalent in terms of BOD contributed by domestic water was one
million.

Of the 4.4 X 105m3 day of industrial wastewaters reaching the estuary, 68% is
derived from left bank, contributing 31 tonnes of BOD, 200 tonnes COD and
230 tonnes suspended solids per day. The right bank, dischargin g 32% of the
total flow, contributecj 21 tonnes BOD, 99 tonnes COD and 48 tonnes
suspended solids per day. The population equivalent due to the total industrial
wastewater was 1.1 million.

The industrial wastewaters from the left bank are difficult for biodegradation
compared to the wastewater from the right bank. This might possibly be due
to the presence of non-biodegradable substances as well as toxic metals
( discharged from different industries.

(
2.3.4 Physico-Chemical Quality

The 100 km stretch of Hooghly estuary between Kalyani and Birlapur was
divided into 20 sampling stations at distance of 5 km apart. one sampling
station was located upstream of Kalyani to serve as a reference point.
Similarly, one more reference point was fixed downstream of Birlapur, giving a
total number of 22 sampling stations.

i( 2.53
Three surveys were conducted :

Survery l- February-April 1g73

Survey ll - Jule-July 1973

Survey lll - Auguest - September 1g73

Samplex of river water were collected for chemical, biological and

bacteriological analyses at six cross-sectional points at each station during
the lowest low tide and the highest high tide. Samples were taken at 15 cm
below the water surface in view of the fact that Hooghly estuary is vertically
mixed. lt required 22 days to cover alr the sampling stations.

sampling stations and six water intake points, bottom deposits were
collected using Ekman-Dredger at the slack period (between the two
tides) during each survey. These sampres were analysed for chemical
composition and examined for biological forms.

At the three existing and proposed water works intake points, river
water samples were collected round the clock at 2hours interval for
chemical, bacteriological and biological analyses during the three suryeys.

From the data on chemical characteristics of river water samples, collected

from 22 sampling stations, it can be concluded that sea water intrusion took
place from station 22 (beyond Birlaipur) to station 13 tHowrah Bridge).
During dry weather period, the maximum sea water concentration at
Birlapur was 25% and, at Howrah Bridge 3%. The corresponding
electrical conductivity values at stations 22 and 13 were 1.33 X 105 and
3250 micro-mhos, respectively. Similarly the chloricle concentrations at
the above stations were 4900 and 800 mg/1 respectively.

2.54
:.)
)
I

During monsoon (Aug-Sept,), it was observed that there was no intrusion

of water into the estuary, as was evident.from the chloride concentration
(15-20 mg/l) at station 22.

During low tideperiod even in dry weatlrer condition the water samples from
sampling stations 11 to 14 showed chloride concentration of 7O-470
mg/1 and total dis solved solids of 1070-1120 mg/|. This indicates that
the low tide water can serye as a source of raw water from the point of
salinity for public water worlis.

Dissolved Oxygen value as low as 2.9 m/l was observed even at station 4
(Kan-chrapara-Sahaganj), indicating that it was due to the heavy
pollution reaching the estuary from a paper mill and a rayon factory.

Critical dissolved oxygen levels (DO < 4 mg/l) existed at. some stations
practically throughout the estuary between Kalyani and Birlapur for a
period of 6 months (Jan-June). This was more so during high tide
cond itions.

The reasons for low dissolved oxygen levels particularly during dry
weather c;onditions were due to non-availability of fresh water from
Ganga, intrusion of sea water and the unabated discharge of untreated
wnste wa[ers clI durrrestic tind irrdustrial urigirr.

The BOD values of individual samples collected from a number of

sampling stations across the width of the estuary were 3.0 mg/l and in
some cases greater than 3 mg/l. This clearly indicates that the esiuary
is polluted in several stretches, However, the average BOD values were
generally low (< 1 mg/l) in the entire stretch of the estuary.

ln general, the COD values were comparable to BOD values. The stretch of
the estuary between station 1 and 9 showed a COD value less,than 40 mgll

2.55
 )

in most of the cases. CoD values in the stretch between 10-22, however,
showed high coD values and in some cases theywere as high as 183 mg/|.

From the BOD and COD data it can be broadly concluded that the organic
pollutants dlscharged into the estuary were to a certain extent, getting diluted
in the large body of water and to a major extent stabilized by the self-
purification piocess. The absolute BOD values observed on certain occasions
at some of the sampling stations will disqualify the water for considering it as
a source of raw water for public water supply and bathing.

The ammoniacal nitrogen concentration in the entire stretch was less than 1.0
mg/l as N.

Toxic heavy metal pollutants such as lead, copper, zinc, etc. were found in the
water samples, Of these, lead was found to be present above the permissible
limit of 0.05 mg/1 for raw waters used for public water supplies as per the
standards for surface water eriteria for public water supplies (NTAC) USA, in
all the three surveys in certain sampling stations. However, as per lSl
standards for raw water* used for public water supply and for bathing, the
permissible concentration of lead is 0.1 mg/l. Judged from this criterion,
except in a few silmples, the lead concentration was below 0.1 mg/I. Although
copper, zinc, manganese and fluoride were present in a number of samples
their concentrations were well within the permissible limits.

Phenols were present in water samples between stations 15 and 22 in the

range of 0.04 to 0.08 mg/l particularly on the right bank.

Water quality at the four existing and two proposed water workS intake points
were studied during the three surveys. These water intakes are located within
a stretch of 35 km between sampling stations B and 15. (Nawabgunj-
Baidyabati and Garden Reach -Sibpore).

The water quality at the existing water works intakes is given below :

2.56

i
)

Chloride concentration exceeded the excessive tolerance lirnit of 600

mg/l from the point of view of taste and ranged between 600 to 22oo
mg/l in all the existing water works intake points during the survery l.
(April).

The BoD values exceeded 3 mg/l practically at all the water works
intake points in some of the samples. This disqualifies the estuarine
water for use as raw water for public water supply and for bathing
ghats.

During monsoon survey, the water works intake points viz. Seramapore
and Uttarpara (right bank) showed phonols concentration of 0.01 and
0.04 mg/l respectively. However, no definite source of discharge of
wastewater containing phenolics couid be traced.

Except at Uttarpara water works, where the concentration of lead was

0.17 mg/l during survey I (April), the rernaining water works intake
points showed lead concentration less than 0.1 mg/|.

Arsenic, fluoride and nitrate were well within the limits and chromium
was abserrt.

The chemical quality of raw water at the proposed intake points (Garden
Reach and Howrah) are summarized below:

As in the case of existing water works, the chloride concentration was

high (500-1250 mg/l) in the two proposed water intal<es during survey I

(April).

The BOD values in this case also exceeded 3 mg/l in some samples at
both the intakes. Garden Reach samples showed higher BOD values
than Howrah intake.

2.57
)

Phenols and chromium were absent, Fluoride and arsenic were within
the permissible limits.

' A concentration as high as 0.23 mg/l of lead was found at Garden

Reach point during survey ll (July). All other samples showed lead less
than the permissible limit of 0.1 mg/|.

Water quality requirements for selected industries such as pulp and paper,
Textiles, Tanneries were presented. A comparison of these with the water
quality of Hooghly estuary under study reveals that the water was of an
inferior quality, The water quality can be improved by either discharge of
more
fresh water from Kalna or controlling the discharge of untreated industrial and
domestic wastewaters.

It is estimated by CMPO that a total demand of 3 million m3/day (667 mgd) of

waterwill be required by the end of '1981 and this will increase to 5.6 million
m3/day (1226 mgd) by the end of 2001. ln view of this anticipated use of
Hooghly water, it is essential to protect the estuary from further pollution and
by containing and correcting the existing pollution in phases

2.3.5 Bacteriology

ln tlre cntirc stretclr uncJer study, tlre bacterial derrsity was high and their load
was usually more at low tide,

Generally coliforms were of faecal origin. During the three suryeys, coliforms
were low in stretches 1-7 (Kalna-Tribeni to Shamnagar-Bhadreswar) and 19-
22 (Budge-Budge Changail to Royapur-Hirapur) because the population in
these areas was thin and consequently the domestic waste water discharge
was small.

Faecal streptococci were generally more at low tides during surveys ll (June-
July ) and lll (Aug-Sept)

2.58
)

)
)
Station 15 (Garden Reach) showed the highest bacterial density due to the
discharge of sewage from Tolly's Nallah. At tribeni Tissues (station 2), the
bacterial density was the lowest since very little sewage enters at this point.

Higher bacterial counts throughout the stretch were recorded during survey ll.
Of the two banks, left bank showed higher counts and it is dure to the
discharge of sewage from a large number of or-rtfalls intc the estuary.

Bacterial density was high at Serampore, Garden Reach and Howrah Water
Works intakes, Palta and Kamarhati showed comparatively low counts.

According to Bacteriological Standards prescribed by lSl, the entire stretch

was observed to be unfit for bathing.

2.3.6 Biology

The different forms of phyto and zooplankton could not be detected

downstream of Howrah Bridge (station 13) during the survey, ln the remaining
portion of the estuary, tl-rcr biological forms were only scanty.

During monlloon (survey lll), the entire stretch showed more or less absence
of phyto-zooplankton.

Phytoplankton were more than zooplankton up to station 3 (Bansberia). A

sudden decrease in the numbers r,vas observed at station 7 (lchapore) which
further gradually reduced in number up to station 11 (Kamarhati).

On the whole, the stretch did not show any appreciable biological forms
during the three surveys which could be due to the discharge of different kinds
of industrial wastewaters,

2.59
2.3.7 Fisheries

Fisheries in Hooghly are mainly of estuarine forms which are of commercial

importance.

Central lnland Fisheries Research lnstitute, Barrackpore, reported that in

recent years the fluctuations in fish catches are caused by the environmental
changes such as :

. less discharge of fresh water from upstream

loss of spawning grounds because of elevation of river bed due to less

flushing and consequent silting, and

' pollution caused by indiscriminate discharge of large volumes of

wastewaters of domestic and industrial origin.

The same lnstitute also reported that the prinrary productivity in Hooghly
estuary in negligible. 'T'lris is due to the fact that discharge of large quantities
of wastewaters from Rayon Factory, Tissue Paper Mill, Sulphite paper Mill,
Distillery and Yeast Factories, caused severe damage to phytoplankton, This
is more so in the months of May and June at low tides undcr ncap condition.

It may be concluded from the available information that the decrease in fish
catch is mainly due to changes in the hydrography of the estuary and the
direct and indirect influence of waste water discharge.

2.3,8 Bottom Deposits

Due to the prevailing turbulence and shorter slack periods between tides, the
time for settling of suspended matter from the waste water discharges into the
estuary, is not adequate. This is evident from the bottom samples examined
which contained mostly sancl particles.

2..60
 )
')
)
The bottom deposit samples did not show particaliy any biological forms that
are normally found in estuarine waters.

The deposits collected at some stations, particularly station '1g (Budge Bude)
and at the Water Works lntake at Uttarpara (station 11)showed toxic metal
ions such as lead (0,8 - 1.7 mgl100 gm dry solids) and chromium (1-4
mg/100 gm dry solids). ln general the bottom deposits were very low in
organic content.

The absence or meager formation of deposits at the bottom indicates that the
conditions are not favourable for the development and inhabitation of the
bottom fauna in particular.

The conclusions drawn in this stucly ,r" Oru"O on data collected on grab
sample analysis of the different wastewater inlets into the estuary and on the
survey conducted, once during the 3 seasons, on the water quality. Hence the
conclusions drawn are only indicative of the overall conditions and more data
has to be collected for confirmation. This is also true in view of the chaged
situation in the Hooghly estuary which is now getting considerable quantity of
Ganga *ri.r from Farakka since April 1975.

2.3.9 Recommendation

The following recommendations are made on the survey conducted in 1g73,

before the discharge of Ganga water through Farakka barrage. However, it
may be mentioned that the pollutional load in the Hooghly estuary during the
survey even in monsoon period was high and it is likely that such situation will
continue to exist during all seasons even after post Farakka discharge.

In order to contain the existing pollution and to prevent further deterioration in

the water quality, no fresh discharges of wastewater either of domestic or
industrial origin should be allowed into the Hooghly estuary without the prior
permission of competent authority. Calcutta Metropolitan Development

2,61
,.)
)

Authority should take up the control of pollution in the Hooghly estuary

l upstream of Kalyani, with the appropriate authorities.

)
It is recommended to treat all the wastewaters that are being discharged in an
untreated condition into the estuary, to satisfy lS :2490 (part l) 1974 and ls:
4764-1973.

The treatment of all types of wastewaters is no doubt expensive but it is vital.

Therefore, the treatment programme can be phased out in such a manner that
the treated wastewater will meet the required standards at least by the end of
1990. For this purpose, it is recommended that the Evnironmental Phanners
should adopt measures to clean up the estuary on the following lines (i)
lnterim measures which include primary treatment facilities and (ii) Long term
measures which include secondary and tertiary treatments.

Treatment of
domestic and industrial wastewaters together should be
encouraged wherever feasible. This facilitates treatment of some of the
industrial wastewaters more effectively and economically then by treating
them separately, However, the characteristics of the industrial wastes should
be taken into consideration before accepting for treatment. The industries
should be charged levy for such a facility on a basis to be decided by a
competent authority. The volume and BOD load contributed by the
wastewaters can be taken as a guideline for the levy, lt is profitable to treat
sewage from two or more municipalities jointly.

Water cess for the abstraction of raw water fronr the river is recommended.
This will help in the reduction of water consumption and the volume of
wastewater discharged into the river. Further, it would discourage industries
from utilizing water for diluting their wastewaters to satisfy the effluent
standards. The cess thus collected ca be used for a monitoring programme on
the estuary..

2.62

l
 )

All industries should be allowed to discharge their wastewaters through not

) more than two outlets before leaving he factory premises. Necessary flow
-') measuring devices should be provided at each ouflet.

)
ln order to protect the fish and other aquatic organisms, it is recommended to
maintain a minimum dissolved oxygen level of 4.0 mg / I throughout the
stretch of the estuary at all times.

To maintain food chain for aquatic life which is beneficial for the commercial
fisheries in the estuary, it is recommended that efforts be made to obtain more
fresh water from upstream. This would help in improving the water quality and
navigability of the estuary as a whole.

ln order to protect the bathers at the numerous batlring ghats from bacterial
infection, it is recommended that discharge of domestic wastewaters within 3
km on either side of the nrjor bathring ghats shoLrid i:e imnrediately prohibited.
Alternatively, chlorination of the domestic wastewater should be practiced
before discharge into the estuary. However, this is an expensive prqposition.

The raw water quality at the existing and proposed water works intakes was
not satisfactory since some of the samples showed more than the permissible
concentration of phenols, lead and BOD. ln order to improve the raw water
quality at tlte dilferent water works intakes, it is proposed to prohibit discharge
of any untreated wastewater within 10 km on either side of the water in take
point' As an immediate measure per chlorination of raw water at all the water
works is recommendecj.

To have a constant check on the water quality, it is recomrnended that a

monitoring programme be established at least at the six water intake points. lt
is recommanned that a will equipped labouratory manned by qualified and
trained staff be established for proper surveillance of the watei quality of the
estuary,

2.63
 )

)
.\

2.3.10 Findings of the study from April 1979 to March 1981.

)

Turbidty (32-816, silics scale) of the Hooghly lras reduced considerably during
) the current yeil as against that observed during pre-Farakka survey
(1 45-1502, silica scale).

The dissolved oxygen and chloride values have also improved to a

considerable extent over the provious years. During the current period,
chlorides ranged from 4 to 84 mg/l and dissolved oxygen in the range of
4.9 to 7.9 mg/l. The corresponding values during pre-Farakka studies wer
10 - 6700 mg/l and 2.6 - 6.9 mg/l respectively. The fresh water discharge
from upland has brought these improvements.

There has been no significant change in BOD values during the present
study, These observations although apparently contradictory to the observed
decrease in chloride and the increase in D. O may be due to the continuous
discharge of untreated domestic and industrial waste waters all along the
stretch.

Despite release of water from Farakka Barrage, the bacteriological quality of

water near all the Water works intake points continues to be unacceptable
both for bathing and use as raw water for public water supply. The coliform
counts at these stations were observed to be 3.9 X 103 - 4.3 X 105 MPN / 100
m1, whereas the corresponding pre-Farakka values were 2.5 X 104 - 3.5 X
105 MPN / 100 mt.

Most of these water samples were also positive which substantiates the
above findings.

The planktonic population (21 - 420 organisms / ml) has shown considerable
improvement during the present study as compared to the observed values of
pre-Farakka condition. The enthic mecro-invertobrate forms are gradually
showing up,

2.64
r.)

Analysis of water samples from 6 water works intake points both in winter and
summer for toxic and heavy metals shows that copper ancl load were below
the lsl limits for drinking water, at both low ancl high ticles.

Chromium limits of 0.05 mg/l was exceeded at Palta and Clarclen Reach at
high tide. and, at Howrah, at both high and low tides during winter survey.
Likewise, the chromium concentration was exceeded at Serampore and
Howrah durig summer survey.

Mercury content of water samples from the 6 points was generally higher
during winter than during summer. The concentration ranged from 0.70 pLg / I

at serampor and Kamarhati during summer to a maximum 130 pLg / lat

Kamarhati during winter.

Analysis of toxic and heavy metals in bottom deposits showed that

concentrations were correlated to discharges of specific industrial wastes
around the stations.

Of the 140 tanneries in Tangra area, only ten tanneries have furnisired certain
information on the processes and waste disposal systems adopted by them.
The response of the tennera has been poor.

However, during the current study, wastewater characterization from six

tanneries has been carried out, The BoD, CoD and suspended solids were in
the range of 75 * 1900 ;69'1 * 8640 ; and 270 - 1000 rng / | respectively.
Wastewater pH varied between 4.S and 9.3.

2.65
2.3.11 Ganga Action Plan

. Pollution of River Ganga

The story of the Ganga from her source to the sea, from old times to now, is
the story of lndia's civilization and culture. Ganga, the river of lndia, the lifeline
for countless millions living in its basins for eiges with the deepest sentimental
bond with the river has been subjected to indiscriminate pollution and abuse
in various forms. Despite its extraordinary resilence and recuperative
capacity, the Ganga is severely polluted at several places. Nearly 900 million
litres of sewage was being discharged into the Ganga everday in its entire
course. Within a stretch of 100 km from Kalyani to Birlapur, the total volume of
waste water discharged was 93.31 * '104 cum/day having Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), Chernical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Suspended Solid
(SS) loads in tonne/day 119.53, 33096 and 405.99 respecrively.
Of these the domestic wastewater discharge r,.ras 33.88* 104 cum/day having
a pollutional load (Vd) BOD 22.24, COD: 101.21, and SS:81.49.

2.3.12 Launching of Ganga Action PIan

To save the river Ganga from further damage, an Action Plan was taken up by
Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of lndia in February, 1985. lt
is a plan 'l'or the people of lndia. The initial thrust of the Ganga Action Plan
was to achieve an immediate reduction in the pollution load coming to the
river from domestic source in 25 class I towns iocated on the river bank in
West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Of these, 15 class I towns are located
in West Bengal. The plan was formulated on the basis of a comprehensive
survey of the Ganga basin carried out by the Centra Pollutlon Control Board
(CPCB) in 1984. The survey indicated that out of the total measurable point
sources of pollution, 7Soh was on account of municipal sewage from towns
located along the banks of the river and the remaining 2.5% was on account of
industrial effluents.

2.66
 At the time of launching, the main objective of GAp phase - I was to improve
the water quality of Ganga to acceptable standards by preventing the pollution
load reaching the river. However, on the recommendations of the Monitoring
committee of GAP Phase I under the chairmanship of prof. MGK Memon,
-
then Member, Planning Commission, the objective of the Plan was recast to
restoring the river water quality to the designated best use class of Ganga,
which is the 'bathing class'. 259 schemes have been completed in 25 towns of
Uttaranchal, U. P., Bihar and west Bengal at a cost of Rs, 452 crore, 33
sewage treatment plants having capacity of 865 million litres per day (mld)
have been created. As a result of implementation of GAp - l, the length of
polluted river stretch l'ras reduced from 740 knrs, to 43/ l<ms. (Kannauj to
Varanasi).

The river cleaning programme of Government of lndia was started in 1gB5

with the launching of Ganga Action Plan (GAP). Subsequenily, the GAp
Phase-ll was approved in April, 1993 for pollution abatement of river Yamuna
and Gomti, The programme was further extended to other major rlvers of the
country in 1995 under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP). Later, in
December 1996, GAP Phase - ll was merged with NRCP. The present
approved cost of NRCP is Rs. 4063.87 crore. The scheme covers 31
stretches of polluted rivers in 157 towns spread in 1B States. Action Plans for
different rivers including the Ganga have been <Jrawn up on the basis of
sul-veys conduct..rrJ by the CPCB and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBsl.
(

The lmportant works being taken up under the NRCP includes :

(l . lnterecption and diversion works to capture the raw sewage flowing

(.t into the river through open drains and divert them for treatment.

(t
. Sewage treatment plants for treating the diverted sewage.

' Low cost sanitation works to prevent open defecation on river banks.

2.67
)

Electric crematoria and improved wood crematoria to conserve the use

of wood and help in ensuring proper cremation of bodies brought to the
burning ghats.

River Front Development works such as improvement of bathing ghats

etc.

' Other minor miscellaneous works like plantation, public awareness etc,

2'3.13 List of towns in West Bengal covered under Ganga Action Plan- Phase I.

'1. Berhampore 2. Nabadwip

3. Hooghly-Chinsurah 4. Chandannagar
5, Serampore 6, Bally
7. Kalyni B. Bhatpara
9. Titagarh 10, Panihati
11. Howrah 12, Calcutta (parth)
13. Baranagar 14. Kamarhati
'15. Khardah

1 10 Nos. of Schemes under GAP Phase - I were sanctioned. All the schemes
are completed, The expenditure incurred for these schemes was Rs. 186.13
crores,

2,3.14 Ganga Action Plan - Phase !l works in West Bengal

At present Ganga Action Plan - Phase ll works are under execution in WB.
The following 29 (Twenty nine) towns including 4 (Four) towns under
Damodar Action Plan have been included under GAP * Phase ll in West
Bengal,

1. Garulia 2. Rishra
J. Naihati 4. Chandannagar
5. Kolkata 6. Maheshtala

:
2.68
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 7. Budge Budge g. Gayeshput, Halisahar & Kanchrapara
9. Khardah (extended) 10. North Barrackpore
11 . Barrackpore 12. Uttarpara-Kotrung
13, Konnagar 14. Tolly,s Nullah
5. Circular Canal
1 16. Bhadreswar - Champdani
17. Bansberia 18. Baidyabati
19. Jiaganj - Azimganj 20. Diamond Harbour
21, Jangipur 22. Katwa
23. Dhulian 24. Murshidabad
25. Chakdah 26. Raniganj
27. Asansol 28. Andal
29. Durgapur

out of these 29 towns, chakdah and Andal have been dropped due to low
pollutional load while Dhulian has been dropped due to erosion of project
area. The details of the schemes are enclosed.

tl

t)

i)

!)

()

2.69
t)
rl
al

LrsT oF SCHEMES UNDER GAp (pH - lt) tN WEST BENGAL

Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac

1. Garulia a) l&D 637 16 a)

i) l&DSewer 87.17
ii) L. s. 69.50
', iii) MPS 148.77
i)
305.44
r) b) sTP 302.78 b) sTP 91.90

i\
c) RFD 13.61 c) RFt) 13.59
d) AFF 5.67 d) AFF 5.22
i)
e) PP 1 1.34 d) PP 7.68
r')
f) cRE 2.27 f) cRE 18.7'4.
)
972.83 442.57
)

2, Rishra a) l&D 702.13 a)

i) l&DSewer 145.71
ii) L. s, 51.84
iii) MPS-1 161.26
iv) MPA - ll 53.61
412.42
b) srP 377.85 b) sTP
c) HFD 27.22 c) RFD 27.22
d) AFF 3.40 d) AFF 3.35
e) PP 11.34 d) PP 9.73
1,121.94 452.72

I & D : lnterception and Diversion

STP : Sewage Treatment Plant
RFD : River Front Development
AFF : Afforestation
, PP : Public Participation
CRE : Crematoria

2.70
)
)
 Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac

Naihati a) I &D 1795.12 a)

i) l&DSewer 60.37
ii) 1.. s. 77.80
iii) MPS-l 164.62
iv) MPS - ll 1 48.1 3
v) MPS - lll 234.77
685.69
b) sTP 424 12 b) i) sTP-l 280.59.
ii) sTP - il 357.76.
638.35
c) RFD 10.21 c) RFD 9.60
d) AFF 5.67 d) AFF 5.22
e) PP 1 1.34 d) PP 9.73
2246.46 1348.59

Chandannagar a) CBE a) CRE 72.58

,) Kolkata a) RFD a) RFD 196.07

)
Mahestala a) l&D 804,54 a)
()
i) l&.DSewer 244.69
ii) L. s. 74.17
iii) MPS-1 69.89
iv) MPA - ll 277.67
666.42
b) srP 111.13 b) sTP 1 10.54
c) CRE 56.70 c) CRE 72.67
d) BFD 17.01 d) RFD 14.19
e) AFF 5.67 e) AFF 5.22
f) PP 11.34 f) PP 11.34

s) SWM 42.53 s) SWM 128.30

1048.92 1008.68

2.71
 Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac

7, Budge Budge a) l&D 667.47 a) MPS 37.46

b) srP 195.05 b) sTP 37.21
c) CRE 56.70 c) CRE 72.76
d) RFD 13.61 d) RFD 13.35
e) AFF 3.40 e) AFF 3.35
f) PP 11.34 f) PP 8.64
947.57 172.77

B) Gayeshpur, a) l&D "1558.93 a)

Halisahar & i) l&DSewer(N) 128.76
Kanchrapara ii) l& D Sewer (S) 152.00
iii) L. s. - | 182.4s
iv) l-. S. - ll 82.48
v) MPS - I 107.70
vi) MPS - ll 340.56
993.95
b) sTP 770.21 b) i) sTP - | 78.27
ii) sTP-il 97.66
175.93
c) RFD 27.22 c) RFD 9.54
d) AFF 3.40 d) AFF s.35
,)
e) PP 11.34 e) PP 11 .34
2371.10 1
'194.1 1

9) Khardah a) l&D 849.13 a)

(extended) i) l&DSewer 326.21
ii) L. s. 61.50
iii) MPS 86.40
474.11
b) sTP 71,90 b) sTP 57.55
c) AFF 3.40 c) AFF 3.35
d) PP 11.34 d) PP 8.64
935.77 546.35
2.72
 Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac
10. North a) l&D 1613.14 a)
Barrackpore i) l&DSewer 701.30
ii) L.s.-l 89.95
iii) L. s. - il 6'1.50
iv) L. S. - lll 62.59
v) MPS-l 142.55
vi) MPS - ll 137.85
11%r4
b) sTP 227.70 b) i)sTP-l 60.51
ii) sTP - il 69.43
129.%
c) RFD 13,61 c) RFD 12.95
d) AFF 3.40 d) AFF 3.35
e) PP 1 1.34 e) PP 9.73
1 869.'1 I 1351 .71

'l 1. Barrackpore a) l&D 1943.49 a)

i) l&SSewer 396.42
ii) L.s,-l 61.70
iii) L. s. - il 112.20
iv) MPS - | 199.99
v) MPS - ll 58.91
vi) LS-|(A) 71.43
vii) LS-l(B) 67.05
%?n
b) sTP 340.43 b) i) sTP-| 79.60
ii) sTP - il 44.69
124.29
c) RFD 27.22 c) RFD 23.05
d) AF 3.40 d) AFF 3.35
e) PP 11.34 e) PP 9.73
2325.88 1128.12

2.73
 Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac

12. Uttarpara a) l&D 1035.28 a)

Kotrung i) l&DSewer 522.34
ii) L. s. - | 71.86
iii) L. s. - il 7e.00
iv) L. S. - lll 109.40
.129.53
v) L. S. - lV
912.13
b) RFD 13.61 b) RFD e.13
c) AFF 3.40 c) AFF 3.35
d) PP 1 1.34 d) PP e.73
1063.63 934.34

13, Konnagar a) l&D 682.62 cll

Kotrung i) l&DSewer 225.81

ii) MPS 532.66
758.47
b) sTP 640.71 b) sTP 256.14
c) RFD 13.61 b) RFD e.7B
d) AFF 3.40 c) AFF 3.35
e) PP 11.34 d) PP 8.64
13s1.34 1036.38

14. Tolly's Nullah a) l&D 3428.18 a)

i) l&DSewer 393.80
ii)l&DSewer 967.46
iii)r&D 427.23
(Boat Canal)
iv)L.S.-l 71.83
v) L.S.-ll 58.04
vi) L. S. - lll 146.63
vii) L. S. - lV 58.98
viii) L. S. (3 Nos.) 398.1 I

2.74
 Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac

b) AFF 1 1.34 b) AFF 3.35

c) PP 1 1.34 c) PP 11.34
3450.86 2536,85

15. Circular Canal a) l&D 901,82 i) i&DSewer 208.72

ii) L. s. 386.38
i,l
901,82 595.10
1'l

l) 16. Bhadreswar a) l&D 2456.36 a)

i,r - Champdani i) l& D Sewer 157.23

ii) LS (Bhadreswar) 92.41
,)
,.)
iii) LS (champdaTry:n
295.90
)
b) srP 744.13 b) i) Bhadreswar 157.20
ii) Champdani 64.75
_
221.95
c) RFD 13.61 c) i) Bhadreswar 130.64

I
ii) Champdani 13.61
144.25
)
d) AFF 2.27 d) AFF 2.24
e) PP 2.27 e) PP 2.27
3227.64 666,61
17. Bansberia a) l&D 2088.09 a)
i) l&DSewer 149.70
ii) l&DSewer 140.50
iii) MPS 1 10.80
401.00
b) sTP 478.09 b) srP 1 13.30
c) CRE 0.00 c) CRE 51.87
d) RFD 0.00 d) RFD 39.96
e) AFF 2.27 e) AFF 2.23
f) PP 11.34 f) PP 9.73
2579.79 618.09
2.75
r.)
1
z)
Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
r-)
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
,) Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac

,') 18, Baidyabati a) l&D 1071.37 a)

,'\ i) l&DSewer 402.89
ii) LS 248.38
iii) MPS e2.68
743.95
b) sTP 173.50 b) sTP 156.99
c) AFF 3.40 c) AFF 3.35
d) PP 11.34 d) PP e.73
1259.6'1 914.02

19 Jiaganj - a) l&D 374 11 a)

Azimganj i) l&DSewer 149.60
ii) MPS 76.20
228.16
b) sTP 93.56 b) sTP 42.15
c) CRE 2.27 c) CRE 90.29
d) nFD 27.22 d) RFD 25.30
e) AFF 3.40 e) AFF 3.35
f) PP 11.34 f) PP 8.64
)
511.90 397.89
,)
20. Diamond a) l&D 226.96 a)
Harbour i) LS 69.69
ii) MPS - 51.36
iii) MPS - il 75.53
19658
b) sTP 14.83 b) sTP 37.20
c) CRE 35.15 c) CRE 92.21.
d) RFD 27.22 d) RFD 15.13.
e) AFF 3,40 e) AFF 3.35
f) PP 11.34 f) PP 8.64
318.90 353.11

2.76
 Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac

21. Jangipur a) l&D 192.92 a)

i) l&DSewer
b) sTP 68.01 b) sTP
c) CRE 2.27 c) CRE 90.89.
d) RFD 27.22 d) RFD 27.10
e) AFF 3.40 e) AFF
f) PP 11.34 f) PP
305.16 1 17.99
j

22. Raniganj a) l&D 58.91 a) D

l& 147.63.
b) srP 25.52 b) sTP 377.72.
c) CRE 4.54 c) CRE 4.10
d) LCS 18.14 d) LCS 14.60
107.1 1 544.05

23, Asansol a) l&D 262.18 a) l&D 172.00.

b) sTP 165.84 b) sTP 571.83.
c) CRE 4.51 c) CRE 91.58.
d) LCS 1 8.14 d) LCS 17.80
450.67 853.2'1

24. Andal a) l&D 74.74 a) l&D

b) sTP 16.59 b) srP
c) CRE 4.54 c) CRE 4.30
d) LCS 13.61 d) LCS 13.55
109.48 17.85

25, Durgapur a) l&D 53.30 a) D

l& 161.51.
b) srP 29.76 b) sTP 519.50.
c) CRE 4.54 c) CRE 3.40
d) LCS 18.14 d) LCS 17.80
105.74 702.21

2.77
 Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac
r) 26 Katwa a) l&D 149,69 a)
.\
i) l&DSewer-l 46.90
r') ii) l&DSewer-ll 73.92.
iii) MPS 124.O3.
244.85
b) sTP 62.37 b) i) srP-l 42.00
ii) sTP - ri 40.41.
c) CRE 58.97 c) CRE 92.32.
d) RFD 27.22 d) nFD 25.90
e) AFF 3.40 e) AFF 3.35
f) PP 11,34 f) PP 8.64
312.99 457.47

27 Dhuliyan a) l&D 239.08 a) l&D

b) sTP 51.52 b) sTP
c) CRE 2.27 c) CRE
d) RFD 27.22 d) BFD 27.15
e) AFF 3.40 e) AFF
f) PP 11.34 f) PP
334,83 27.15

28. Murshidabad a) l&D 394.46 a)

i) l&DSewer 40.50
ii) MPS 121.10
161.60
b) sTP 40.51 b) s-rP 34.00
c) CRE 2.27 c) CRE
d) RFD 27.22 d) nrD 27.10
e) AFF 3.40 e) AFF 3,35
f) PP 1 1.34 f) PP 8.64
479.20 234.69

2.78
,.)
il
l
) Name of Name of CCEA Sanctioned / Revised
Town Scheme Approved cost Cost
Rs. in Lac Rs. in Lac
i) 29. Chakda a) l&D 63.50 a) l&D
.\
b) sTP 72.01 b) sTP
1) c) CRE 35.37 c) CRE

l
d) RFD 11 .34 d) RFD
e) LCS 34.02 e) LCS
f) AFF 3.40 f) AF;F
,l
g) PP 2.27 g) PP
\) 221.92 26'1.84
l Total 30932.59 Lac 18921.28
)

,t

,)
2.79
')

)
)

.\

' 2.7.1 Water Quality of the river Ganga

As per report of Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of lndia, the

water quality of the river Ganga at the following places in West Bengal for
Summer Average (March-June) 2003 was as follows :

Sl. No Station / Location Do (ms/l) BoD (mg/l) Fecal Coliform

(MPN/100 ml)
1. BERHAMPORE 6.80 2.10 4.75E+03

I
2. PALTA 7.20 2.20 7.63E+04
3. DAKSHINESWAR 6.90 2.50 '1.65E+0S
)
4. ULUBERIA 5.60 1.90 1.03E+0S
)

2.80
 2.8 Arsenic Contamination in ground water

. Status

Chronic arsenic toxicity due to drinking arsenic contaminated water (having

arsenic concentration above 0.05 mg/l) has caused one of the worst
environmental health hazards in West Bengal and next to neighbouring
Bangladesh in Global scenario. ln lndia, West Bengal was known to become
Arsenic hit in early B0's,

Over and above hyper pigmentation and keratosis, weakness, anemia,

burning sensation of eyes, solid swelling of legs, liver fibrosis, chronic lung
disease, gangrene of toes, neuropathy and skin cancer are some of the
manifestations of arsenic consumption.

ln lndia according to geological source of information (GCGWB), occurrence

of Arsenic in ground water above 0.05 mg/l in some parts of West Bengal was
in report since 1978. From the Clinical source - according to Dr. K. C. Saha
retd. Professor, Dermatology, School of Tropical Medicine & Dr, A. K.
Chakraborty, AllH & PH, the first case of chronic Dermatosis was diagnosed
in school of Tropical Medicine in July 1983.

Govt, of West Bengal formed a working group regarding Arsenic

contamination of ground water in December 1983.

Quality problem pertaining to drinking water came under the perview of

National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) created by Govt. of lndia in 1986
which had under it Various Sub Missions to specifically tackle the problem of
tl eXCeSS fluOride, guinea worm, eXceSS iron and eXCeSS salinity in ground
water, Govt. of lndia provided 100% grant to the affected states under the
)

above Sub Mission over and above the fund released under Accelerated
)
Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP). Only in 1993 Arsenic was
)
included in Sub Mission under NDWM.

2.81
 At the initial stages of arsenic contamination of ground water, doubts
persisted regarding the cause of the same. Though there might have been
some localized causes of ilrsenic contamination due to anthropogenic factors
loke dumping of industrial waste containing high amount of arsenic, the
:l
present crisis in West Bengal is due to geo-morphological reasons. A multi-
.')
centred study sponsored by the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission
.)
(RGNDWM), Govt, of lndia during the late BOs, involving the PHED, AllH&PH,
Centre of Science, Man and Environment (CSME), Central Ground Water
Board (CGWB) etc. concluded that the arsenic affected area of West Bengal
and Bangladesh is a part of the Ganga-Bramhaputra delta having near
surface succession of quaternary sediments of varying thickness, mainly
confined to the intermediate aquifer (20m - B0m below ground level). Many
attribute the cause of arsr:nic concentration to tlre profligate use of ground
water to support the "Green Revolution" since the 1960s, as switching over
from rain-fed cultivation to four-crop cycle with irrigation facility, supported by
shallow bore wells had definitely disturbed the water table and ground water
quality.

The Govt. of West Bengal formed the first Steering Committee in Mayl9BB
and submitted the report in June 1991. The Final Report (June 1991)
corrfirmed the Arsenic contamination cause in ground water to be geogenic
and being it confined to intermediate (2nd) aquifer characterized by high lron,
Calcium / Magnesium Bicarbonate with low Chloride, Sulphate & Fluoride

concentration.

The 2nd Steering Committee formed in April 1992 subrt-ritted the report and
recommendation in October 1994, lts reconrmendation (Oct 94) contained
mode of occurrence, transporting medium & removal technique as follows : -

For Purbasthali in Bardhaman, deeper aquifer below 100m nray be tapped'

The deeper aquifer is in general separated from the shallow one containing
arsenic rich ground water by thick impermeable clay layer.

r)
2.82
)
)

)
)
ln Nadia and Murshidabad district aquifer below 100rn generally not has been
) found to be Arsenic rich. But in different locations upper aquifer is separated
from lower one by thin semi permeable sandy or silty clay, so utilization of
nearby surface water to be thought of.
)

)
ln Malda district aquifer is limited in BOm - 90m depth so surface water is only
recommended. For Piped W/S systems arsenic eliinination plants as already
introduced are also recommended.

The recommendation incorporated expected solution through the then

developing Arsenic Removal Filters / Treatment units for household purpose
and hand pump fitting.

ln the meantime this problem of Arsenic contamination in ground water for a

part of West Bengal appeared to have been persisting one.

The Govt. of West Bengal constituted an Arsenic Task Force in April 1995.
The first Task Force was headed by the Regional Director, Eastern Region,
Central Ground Water Board (Dr. S. P, Sinha Roy). The Arsenic Task Force
being reconstituted time and again has been working in the Advisory Capacity
& as State Level Consultancy Body. The presently reconstituted (September
2003) Arsenic Task Force is headed by Prof. K. J. Nath ex-Director, AllH&PH
and president lnstitute of Public Health Engineers (lndia). The Task Force
consists of expert members from concerned authorities and key lnsitutions,
viz. CGWB, GSl, Deptt, of Drinking Water Supply of GOl, SWID, WBPCB,
AllH&PH, the University of Kolkata / Jadavpur i Kalyani, B. E. College
(Deemed University), Jt. Director of Directorate of Health Services, Dr. D. N.
Guha Mazumder, UNICEF etc.

A Core Committee headed by the same chairman has been formed in July
2002. The Core Committee on being supported by UNICEF is functioning as
the Advisory cum Co-ordinating body among all the Govt. Deptts I Key
lnstitutions and Non Governmental Organizations working on the subject of
Arsenic contamination in ground water of West Bengal.
)
2.83
)
 Govt. of West Bengal has now constituted a committee on Arsenicosis
Prevention, Management and Control Programme which had its '1't meeting
on 26.08,04 in the chamber of the Hon'ble MIC Health & F. W. under his
chairmanship. lt is known that by now apart from district Ilospitals, 46 Arsenic
clinics are running in arsenic affected blocks. At state level, complicated
cases are taken care of in SSKM & STM Hospitals at Kolkata.

ln January 2000, an lnterrrational Workshop was organized by PHED, West

Bengal with appropriate support of Govt. of lndia and extensive involvement
of active / expert organizations from / within and outside lndia. The workslrop
was graced by the presence of number of Hon'ble Ministers including the then
Minister, Rural Development, GOI & Sri Buddhadeb Bhattacharya then Dy.
Chief Minister West Bengal,

Technical recommendation of the lnternational Workshr>p contained : -

a ldentification of Arsenic contaminated as well as Safe sources,

a Ground Water Legislation.
a Change of croppirrg pattern,
o Up-gradation of traditional water harvesting structures.
o Exploitation of deep aquifers.
a Conjunctive use of ground & surface water.
a Arsenic removal measures and safe disposal of Arsenic sludge,
a Task Force should ensure effective community participation.

The proposal to creation of Arsenic Mitigation Centre at Kolkata was also

favourably considered. The Departnrent of Drinking Water Supply, Govt. of
lndia engaged Water power Consultance Service (l) L-td. and got the Project
proposal for the same prel:ared in February 2001. The Expert Committee on
Arsenic contamination irr ground water of West Bengal under the
chairmanship of Mr. Abdul Hasanat, M. P. fornted through by tlre consultation
committee, Ministry of Water Resources resolution in their meeting dt.

2.84
)
)
()
,t)

.l
(-\ 16.02.2001 at Mysore also in their report recommended - "The propr:sed
r-) Arsenic Mitigation Centre at Kolkata may be expedited ....". Govt. of West
Bengal has already arranged land for the centre. This Centre is envisated to
become an lnstitute of National as well as lnternational lmportance. But the
proposal is yet to see the light of day.

Regarding possible mechanisms for Arsenic mobilization in ground in the

alluvial aquifers of lower Ganga basin water, two conflicting hypothesis have
been widely suggested. The first hypothesis suggests that arsenic is released
by the oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) or arsenopyrite (FeAsS) following the
lowering of the water table during ground water pumping. The second
hypothesis that is more wiclely accepted suggests that arsenic is released due
to desorption from or reductive dissolution of ferric oxylrydroxides in reducing
aquifer environment. Under reducing conditions, low Oxygen, low pH etc., the
adsorbed arsenic from hydrous iron arrd manganese oxides is readily
mobilized, Thus arsenic gets accumulated on hydrous lron oxides mainly by
co-precipitation, which is incorporation of soluble arsenic species into poorly
developed hydroxide phase via flocculation or adsorption. There is yet no
consensus amongst scientists about the precise cause of the arsenic
problem, Although it is not yet possible to exclude the possibility that modern
agricultural practices (groundwater abstraction from shallow aqutfers,
irrigation and fertilization) will have no influence on the groundwater arsenic
concentrationg whatsoevor, major findings point to thc arscnic bcing of natural
origin, Some studies indicate that colloidal-sized iron oxides with their strongly
sobbed arsenic and platy, easily suspended, micaccous minerals appear to
have been concentrated in the lower Ganga delta. The development of
strongly reducing conditions is believed to be the trigger that has been
responsible for the release of naturally occurring arsenic from the sediment
into groundwater.

")
2.8s
)

)
 Arsenic affected Area in west Bengar as on 31.03.04 (*) may be summarized
as follows : -

. Number of Districts Much affected 5 districts on the eastern bank

of River Ganga (Bhagirathi)-
Malda/Murshidabad (.) / Nadia / North 24
Parganas & South 24 Parganas Marginally
affected 3 districts on the Western Bank -
Burdwan (-) / Hooghly & Howrah.
. Number of Blocks 75 as on 31,03.04 (.)
. Number of Habitation 1 7935
. Rural Risk Population Above 16 million,
. Urban Risk population Above 12 million

Capital City of Kolkata is situated in between Arsenic affected districts and its
ground water should not be considered as out of the risk area.

(.) by September 2004 further 4 Blocks in the district of Burdwan (3) &
Murshidabad (1) have been found to be affected.

l,i
. Mitigation Measures

National Drinking Water Mission was subsequently renamed after Late Prime
t,)
Minister Rajib Gandhi as RGNDWM. lt was RGNDWM's considered advice
)
from the very beginning of Arsenic Sub Mission (1OOe; to plan for covering all
1) arsenic affected villages with surface water sources depending on quality of
supply and availability of water.

On the basis of such advice, three surface water based piped water supply
schemes for supplying arsenic free drinking water to arsenic affected areas of
Malda, South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas were prepared and
submitted to Govt. of lndia for sanction. Surface water supply schemes for

2.86

it
)
)

arsenic effected areas of Nadia and Murshidabad were also prepared and
submitted to Govt. of lndia. The scheme for Malda was sanctioned in 1995
and that for South 24 Parganas in 1997 with 75:25 cost sharing between
GOI and GOWB under Arsenic Sub Mission, Two other ground water based
schemes drawing water from deeper aquifer viz. First Phase Action Plan
(1994-95) and Second Phase Action Plan (1997-98) were also sanctioned
under Arsenic sub Mission with 75 : 25 cost sharing which also have been
completed.

Govt. of lndia introduced ARWSP in 1977-78 with the. objective of

supplementing State Plan resources on matching grant basis to implement
rural water supply schemes under erstwhile MNP for accelerated coverage of
Problem Villages and subsequently for coverage of habitations with desired
service level.

Mitigation Measures so far could be taken in West Bengal include : -

. Surface water based scheme for Malda (for 5 out of 7 affected Block) -
commissioned.
. Surface water based scheme for south 24 Pgs. (for B out of g affected
Blocks) - commissioned.
. Surface water based schemefor North 24 Pgs. (for4 out of 19 affected
blocks)* ln progress.
. Surface water based scheme for Mahyampur, District Murshidabad (for
6 Mouzas under Beldanga - I Block)- ln progress.
. Ground water based scheme for Karimpur-Jalangi Blocks, District
Nadia - Murshidabad (Total 4 + 24 Mouzas) - ln progress.
. Replacement of Arsenic affected big diameter tubewells in rural piped
water supply schemes - B nos.
. lnstallation of Arsenic Removal Plants for ground water based running
Arsenic affected rural piped water supply scheme - 12 nos.
. Sanitarily protected ring well as interim measures - 166 nos.
. Deep Aquifer hand pump fitted tubewells - about 8000 nos.

2.87
 )
')

f-\

Arsenic Treatment Units with existing hand pump fitted tubewells -

about 2400 nos.
As a part of IEC programme interactive sessions were held at all the B
districts finally at state level during last one year under Pl--lED-UNICEF
Joint Plan of Action duly participated by Panchayats / Civil
administration including Savadhipati / District Magistrate in most of the
cases, NGOs, Concerned Govt. Departmental representatives &
others,

For water quality surveillance in general, the process of creation / up

gradation i strengthening of laboratory facilitles is already geared up. ln
addition to 21 departmental (District level & project based) PIIED laboratories,
20 NGO run rural laboratories are working under PHED-UNICEF Joint Plan of
Action on Arsenic mitigation. Nunrber of public tubewells for drinking water to
be tested will exceed 1 lakh while more than B0% works are already done in
field laboratories and results / reports are in simultaneous process of
compilation.

A GIS mapping project for Arsenic affected area is in progress by West

Bengal Council of Science & Technology, lt commenced with a DST (GOl)
sanctioned project and now being supported by UNICEF to make it best
usable for the purpose of PHED and P&RDD.

Based on works so far done in West Bengal to mitigate Arsenic problem, it is

clear and evident that surface water based schemes can best ensure the real
long-term solution. ln this connection it may be mentioned that it was also the
considered opinion of the GOI to opt for surface water based schemes instead
of ground water withdrawal.

The Expert Committee set up by Ministry of Water Resources Govt. of lndia in

2OO1 has oommended the actions so far taken by State Govt. and has
recommendod certain actions to be taken by Govt. of lndia for arsenic
mitigation,

288
 Present coverage by rural piped water supply schemes in West Bengal is
above 30%. Most of those are gi"ound water based. A few of those have
already faced the problem of arsenic contamination, which may have to be
combated by means of arsenic removal plants as fate acompli, lt will not be
out of place to mention that deeper aquifer tubewell will also be sustainable in
arsenic scenario provided a thick clay barrier separates the upper arsenic rich
aquifer from the deeper aquifer proposed for tapping of ground water.
Hydrogeology of Nadia, Murshidabad and North 24 Parganas districts entail
that deeper aquifer tubewell shall not be generally sustainable in arsenic
scenario.

But problem of chemical contamination of ground water has raised a real

question on the point of full coverage achieved in respect of potable water
supply in West Bengal which could be possible by tlre grace of wide spread
progress of hand pump fitted tubewell,s

To combat the Arsenic problem in respect of affected hand tubewells more

than a dozen of Organizations / Entrepreneurs with their own technology have
entered the arena. Nearly 2400 Arsenic Treatment Units have been installed.
Some of itre models, much of technologies of such Arsenic Treatment Units
through R & D efforts are found to have gained technologicai advancement
within this period since 1999. Now due to problems arising out of non-
availability of a proper technique of detoxiflcation of arsenic laden sludge,
the progress towards further installations has come to a halt ; even fate of the
installed units seems to have become uncertain.

2.9 Arsenic Affected Block

List of Arsenic Affected Blocks (December 2002) is given below :

North 24 Paraganas :

Habra -1, Habra - ll, Barasat - l, Barasat - ll, Deganga, Basirh?t - l, Basirhat
- ll, Swarupnagar, Sandeshkhali - ll, Baduria, Galghat, Rajarhat, Amdanga,
Bagda, Bongaon, Haroa, Hansabad, Barrackpur - ll, Barrackpur - I

2.89
(|

(r South 24 Paraganas :

i) Baruipur, Sonarpur, Bhangar- l, Bhangar- ll, Budge Budge - ll, Bishnupur-

l, Bishnupur - ll, Jaynagar - l, Mograhat - ll.

Nadia : -
' Karimpur -
l, Karimpur - ll, Tehatta - l, Tahatta - ll, Kaliganj, Nakashipara,
Nabadwip, Hanskhali, Krishnaganj, Haringhata, Chakdaha, Shantipur,
Chapra, Ranaghat - l, Ranaghat - ll, Krishnagar - I, Krishnagar - ll,

Howrah :-
Ulluberia - ll, Shampur ^ il

Hooghly : -
Balagarh

Burdwan : -
Purbasthali - l, Purbasthali - ll.

Murshidabad : -
Raninagar l, Raninagar ll, Domkal, Nawda, Jalangi, l'lariharpara,
Beldanga l, SLrti * l, Suti ll, Bhagwangola * l, Bhaqwangola ll,
Berhampur, Raghunathganj - ll, Murshidabad Jiaganj, Faral<ka, Settttserl,;art11,

Lalgola, Beldanga - ll

Malda : -
English Bazar, Manikchak, Kallachak - l, Kallacitak -- li i(ailach:tl< - lli,
Ratua --l, Ratua-- ll,

Subsequently ldentified tllocks (Auguest 20tt4)

Burdwan : -
Katwa - l, Katwa - ll, Kalna-- ll.
Murshidabad : -
Raghunathganj -L

2.1)0
)
)
lndian Standards for Drinking water (lS 10500 - 1gB3)

Sl. No. Parameter Desirable

Limit
A. Physical 1. Turbidity (NTU) 10
2. Taste & Odour Unobjectionable
B. Chemical 1. pH 6.5 to 8.5
2, Total Hardness (nrg/l) 300
3. Calcium (mg/l) 75
4. Mangesium (mg/l) 30
5, Copper (mg/l) 0.05
6, lron (mg/l) 0.3
7. Manganese (mg/l) 0.1
B, Chlorides (mg/l) 250
9, Arsenic (mg/l) 0.05
10. Residual Chlorine (nrg/l) 0.2

C, Bacterio- 1, Faecal Collform 0

logical No / 100 ml
2. Collform n

No / 100 ml.

2.90A
2.4 Municipal Solid Waste Managernent

Most of the Municipal Towns within Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) are
plagued by acute problems related to solid waste, The solid wastes are not
being properly handled resulting into creation of environmental pollution and
health hazards, Most of the Municipalities have not pi-epared any long terrn
plans for effective Solid Waste Management in their respective cities.

2.4.1 Functional Elements of Municipal Solid Waste Management :

The activities associated with the managemeirt o1' l/lunicipal Solid Wastes
from tlre point of generation to f inal disposal can be groupecl into six functional
elements : (a) waste generation (b) waste handling, softing, storage ancl
processing at the source (c) collection (cl) softing, processing and
transformation (e) transfer and transport (f) disposal

Disposal Methods :

The sustainable method of wastes disposal within KMA will be

(a) Sanitary Landfill and (b) Composting for Bir.r-ctecSraclable Portiorr,

2.4.2 Recommendation

All the Local tsodies shall prepare a long term plan (25 - 30 yrs) for
waste management within a definite time frame.

On the basis of long term plan, immediate action shall be taken for
acquisition of land required for Sanitary Landfills and Composting.

stakeholders Awareness Programme including informal education and

training to trash sorters need to be prepared jointly by Local Bodies &
NGO's.

2..91
,)
/.)
,)

. Door to Door collection and segregation of waste at source be'

implemented immediately.

. NGOs / PVt parties / Registered Waste Collectors (Rag pickers) shall

be appointed for door to door collection of segregated bio-degradable
and recyclable waste on payment basis. The charge shall be fixed by
the respective ward committees.

. Application should be invited for registration of NGOs / PVt Parties /

Waste Collectors.

. Unorganised Rag Pickers / Waste Collectors may also be aliovred to

work as waste collectors under the registereo NGOs / Pvt, Parties by
registering themselves if thev so desire,

. All open vats shall be corrverled into clos;ed containers.

o T5rpes of vehicles required for transportation shall be finalized by the

respective Local Bodies,

. For markets and Comrnerciai areas, each vendor and siropkeeper shall
store his day's waste into a basket / container and place the sanre intc
Municipality's Community bins provided in the area or make
arrangen"rent with NGO / Waste Collectors for collecting the waste at
mutually agreed time. The defaulting Vendors i Shopkeepers throwing
waste on road, street or open space shall l-re liable to p;ry fine to lte
decided by the tvlunicipality.

. Private entrepreneur shall be engaged for cornpostirrg and marl<cting of

the compost.

. Operation of transportation of vehicles shall be done through Pvt.

agencies,

2,92
2.4.3 Bio-Medical Waste Management

. Definition :

'Bio-Medical Waste' means any solid and / or liquid waste including its
container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in
research pertaining thereto or in the produrction or testing thereof.

. Components of Bio-Medical Waste

(i) human anatomical waste (tissues, organs, body parts etc.)

(ii) animal waste
(iii) microbiology and biotechnotogy waste
(iv) waste sharps, such as hypodermic needless, syringes, scalpels,
broken glass etc.
(v) discarded medicines
(vi) solid waste, such as dressing, bandages, materials contaminated with
blood etc.
(vii) solid waste (disposable items like tubes, catheters etc.)
(viii) Iiquid waste generated from any of the infected areas
(ix) incineration ash
(x) chemical waste

Waste Treatment and Disposal

As per guidelines given in the Bio-medical (Management and Handling) rules

1998, the wastes shall be segregated into different colour coded containers /
bags at the point of generation, generally the disposal of such wastes shall
found disinfections, mutilation / shredding and dedicateci auto claving pius off
site incineration at a common treatment / disposal facility foliowed by disposal
in sanitary and secured landfills

2.93
)

2.4.4 Plastic Waste Management :

lntroduction :

The world's annual consumption of plastic nratOrials has increased from

around 5 million torrs in the 1950s to nearly 100 million tons today. Packaging
represents the largest single sector of plastics use in the world. The sector
accounts for nearly 35% of plastics consumption and plastic is the materials of
choice in nearly half of all packaged goods. Further uses are in building
construction, electrical and electronic industry, the automotive / transport and
the furniture / house wares sectors. Other sectors consuming smaller
proportions of plastics are agriculture / horticulture, toys / leisure / sports,
medical and mechanical engineering and footwear manufacture.

Plastics are derived from petroleum and natural gas having a very high
energy content. lncreased interest has been seen in using of segregated post-
use plastics and paper in inrjustrial fuel applications. This recovery option
complements conventional mechanical recycling and feedstock recycling of
plastics and differs from traditional waste-to-energy. Post-use plastics
recycling have now become an essential means to reduce problems of
disposal. Post-use plastics recycling should also now be treated as a means
of resource utilization. When post-use plastics derived frotn residential,
commercial and industrial sources are used as an industrial fuel, they are in

the form of a manufactureci product called Process Engineered i:uel or PEF.

Plastic recycling has become an established national indttstry, albeit one that
is still experiencirrg growing pains. The volume of plastic waste generated
cause different types of social and environmental problems like blockage of
drains, local water logging, land slides in hilly tourist areas, reduction in fertility
of soil etc.

The quantity of recycled plastics is constantly increasirrg in all particularly all

countries were environmental pressure has lead to increasing attention to the

2.94
 pollution related problems caused clirectly and indirectly. Non bio-cjegraclable
waste containing recoverable resoLlrces will go into rec1,6lip6] units or
reprocessing factories. Recycling has nrany positive fallouts. lt, a) rc-:duces the
quantity of waste, b) reduces the burcjen on landfllls, c) benefits the materials
economy.

" Recycling of Plastic Wastes :

A. Direct recycling

This would be the use of recovered material for the manufacture of identical or
. similar products :

B. lndirect recycling

This would imply the use of the recovered or salvaged material for the
manufacture or use of a product of less critical specification.

' C. Thermal recycling

)
This implies the conversion of waste under condiiions which generate either
energy or chemical products or both.

Direct Recycling of Plastics

This is mainly applicable to the wastes which arise during the procluction
processes within the plastics industry.

For direct recycling, waste plastics must satisfy three requiretnents :

a. Satisfactory form (granules, pellets, powders etc.) ;

b. Homogeneity, because mixed grades of plastics will not posses the

)

required properties for most processes or products ; and

)
)

.) 2.95

)
 c. Cleanliness, because contaminants such as dust, stray matter, oil
etc would degrade the quality of the product.

lndirect Recycling of Plastics

lndirect recycling was defined earlier as the use of plastics wastes for the
manufacture of products having a less demanding specification than that of
the original product. ln case of plastics wastes, the importance of down
grading the reuse, may give the possibility of avoiding the requirements of
homogeneity and cleanliness which are fundamental to direct recycling.

ln general, a process of indirect recycling would normally commence with

shredding and mixing of the thermoplastic wastes and incorporation at this
stage of compounding ingredients. This product would then be compacted
into granules and fed to a processing machine for the production of the final
product.

Thermal Recycling of Plastics

ln thermal recycling, heat is generated and used (of course, once only),
that the consumption of fossil fuels can be reduced ,

Research Project

Centre for Quality Management System under Mechanical Engineertng

Department of Jadavpur University took up a Research Project on Plastic
Waste Management. The objective in this research project is to find out better
means to develop good quality recycling process of packaging plastics wlth
lesser pollution hazards in compliance with or surpassing existing legislative
norms and to generate awareness to reduce the use of non biodegradable
plastics and its better disposal.

296
 With this idea, this research project was started. The first area was the re-
engineering of the extrusion process. The rnairr objective was to reduce tlre
level of emissions to air to a minimum from the process. By tlris, the energy
consumption is also reduced with better product quality, The project is already
completed

Use of Plastics in Road Constructions

Polymer blend made out of litered plastic carry bags, PET bottles and thin film
grade plastics are used for making a compound used for modifying bitumen
that is used in the construction of roads.

The Bangalore Mahanagar Palika (BMP) with the support of a private

entrepreneur has developed a new method of using waste plastics for road
construction, on a pilot basis, the firm has already laid over 35 km of roads in

Bangalore and experts from Bangalore University Centre for Transporlation

Engineering have tested the strength and durability of the roads, The Central
Road Research lnstitute has evaluated the experiment and the results are
encouraging,

2.4.5 Electronic Waste Management

Electronic Waste is fast becoming a danger to environment. lt is feared that

within a short period electronic waste will become unmanageable like plastic
waste, Electronic waste is being generated from discarded computer, Mobile
Phone, T, V., C. D. player, Electronics Toys etc, At present in our country, use
of computer is being increased at 600 percent. ln lndia, '1200 computers are
being discarded every day i,e. nearly 4 lakh per annum. A rough estimate
, done by centre for Quality Management, Jadavpur University shours that
nearly 10,800 ton electronic waste is being generated from discarded
computers in Six megacities in lndia. Kolkata is one of them, ln and around
Kolkata nearly 4 lakh mobile phones are becoming out of order per annum,
Due to this, approximately 60 MT electronic waste is being produced, Till now

2.97
 there is no estimate for generation of electronic waste from discarded
electronic toys, TV / CD Player etc,

One TV or computer monitor contains nearly 2 - g kg lead, lt also contains

mercury. The rnother boards of the discarded electronic goods contains
chromium, Lead, Mercury, Nickel, Arsenic etc.

2.4.6 Action Programme :

lmmediate action programme need to be finalized in consultation with

University / Research lnstitutes etc for Management of Electronic Wastes in
Cities.

2,98
GHIPITR.3

Wetlqnd
 CHAPTER -3
WETLAND

3.1 Wetlands and Water - Bodies

The influence of wetland functions in sustaining Kolkata is more than that found in most of
the big cities of the world. On one hand the city has a wetland practice that takes care of
waste treatment and resource recovery and on the other the mangroves of the
Sundarbans thwart the cyclones that originate in the Bay of Bengal and advance
towards the city, Besides, tlrere are also numerous small water-bodies sprdad all over the
Kolkata Metropolitan Area.

The KMDA recognized the significance of wetlands in sustaining the city and carried
out a survey of wetlands in 1 9BB. The discussion on wetlands in the present reporl relies
on the above mentioned work and draws freely from the published text, The following
sections exclude the discussion on wastewater treatment and recycling practices as
also on the small water-bodies which have been dealt with separately,

What is a wetland

General configuration of the earth's surface presents areas of depressions, level lands,
and mounds. These occur as both large scale and small scale features. The
depressions are, naturally for the most paft, covered with water, either temporarily or
permanently. Wherever they are not, either physical or human factors would be found
responsible. Wetlands are pafts of the earth's surface between true terrestrial and aquatic
systems. Thus shallow lakes, marshes, swamps, bogs, dead river beds, borrow pits, are all
wetlands irrespective of their extent, climatic regions in which they exist, their water
quality and degree of human interventions. A distinction is, however, made between
wetlands and deep water habitats including deep lakes. Wetlands are generally shallow
and are thus differentiated from deep water-bodies. The former is frequently found to
comprise the fringes of the latter. ln the present report the word wetland will refer to
both the systems.

Wetlands have one unique characteristic of presence of water and a water saturated
soil, This may again be either a permanent feature or occurring for a parl of the year,

3.1
During the wet period, they should support hydrophytes. The ecosystem being a
transitional zone between the dry terrestrial and wet aquatic systems has characteristics of
both the systems, as well as sor']re of its own which are unique. Diversity of character,
size, and mode of occurrence of wetlands have given rise to different indices of
describing them and it should be noted that wetlands have been defined from time to
time to suit a particular location and such definitions could be extended and applied to
other regions also. However, a universal definition of wetland has not yet been established.
According to Mitsch & Gosselink, the wetlands often include three main components.
These are presence of water, unique soils differing from those of uplands and presence
of vegetation adapted to wet condrtions.

The Ramsar Convention Definition : The 1971 Ramsar Convention in lran

defines wetlands as - areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water natural or artificial,
permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt,
including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six
metres. Government of lndia has adopted this definition of wetlands.

19 numbers of Wetlands were identified as significant and were included in the

Ramsar list which needs to be kept for conservation.

l.B.P. Definition (1972). This definition considered the wetlands as - parts of the
surrounding ecological structure and as seral stages in the succession from
open water to dry land or vrce-versa, occurring at sites situated as a rule between the
highest and the lowest water levels, as long as the flooding or waterlogglng of the soil

is of substantial ecological significance.

With the amount of scientific thinking and research that are now being fed into the
study of the ecosystem and its management, it is no wonder that we may see more
appropnate definitions coming in future. Common people, who in fact draw their
sustenance from wetland resources, are in many cases, objects of study for us for
incorporation in the definition.

Wetland use

The wetlands are always evaluated from an anthropocentric approach. Therefore

opportunities provided by the wetlands to the human beings are measures for their

3.2
 ,:

evaluation. These opportunities may be both direct arrd indirect. The usefulness of a
wetland can be determined from the polnt of view of flora and fauna it sustains, its
ecosystem values, and contribution of wetlands for maintaining global air and water
cycles. The life{orms which are either dependani or thrive on wetlands are used by man for
multitude of need from food to disposal of waste. One can cite a long list of uses which
man gets from wetlands both directly and indirectly. Wetland animals and birds provide
food, fur, skin and other items. Plants provide food, shelter, timber, medicine and a host
of other benefrts. Wetlands are habrtat for endangered and rare species of birds and
animals. Wetland ecosystem is especially important for migratory birds and waders.
They are habitat for different endemic, relict, regional varietles of subspecies of plants,
insects, and other inveftebrates and wildlife even in othenvise congested industrial regions.

When considered as an ecosystem, the wetlands are useful for nutrient recovery and
cycling, releasing excess nitrogen, inactivation of phosphate, removing toxins,
chemicals, and heavy metals through absorption by plants and also in treating
wastewater. Removal of suspended solids from flowing water by reducing the flow also
benefits the retention of water for sometime whereby biological, physical and chemical
changes are made possible. Retention of sediments by wetlands also reduces siltation in
the rivers. Wetlands also help in mitigating floods, recharging aquifers and in reducing
surface run off and consequent erosion. As mentioned befere, mangrove wetlands In
lndia and Bangladesh act as buffers against devastating storms of the Bay of Bengal.
Wetlands also influence microclimate of a locality. Besides these, they are also valued for
their aesthetic qualities and recreational opportunities. A fresh water wetland checks
underground salt water intrusion of an adjacent brackish water environment through
interJace pressure.

On a global scale the wetlands function significantly in maintaining air and water quality
including nitrogen, sulphur, methane and carbon dioxide.

Wetland formation and distribution

The Kolkata Metropolitan Area in the lower Gangetic plain is more or less flat. The
prrncipal drainage line is the river Hugli. The river enters the Kolkata Metropolitan Area at

Tribeni and leaves the region at Uluberia. At Tribeni, the rlver Saraswati branches off
to the west and the Jamuna to the east. The entire Kolkata Metropolltan Area ls

J.J
 traversed by innumerable offshoots of the river Hugli. The norlh-eastern part of the
area
comprises meander belts of the river fornring large arcuate water-bodies like the Mathura,
the Kulia, the Maricha and the Baisar bils, The drainage lines in the area are highly
sluggislt' Arnong the present day channels, the Hugli, the Jamuna and the Sunti are the
more important ones, Some of the palaeo-channels can be traced in the region by their
highly aggraded beds. They include the Adi Ganga, the Gouri Ganga, the Kana Damodar,
the Sonai Nadi and the Bidyadhari river. Land is naturally higher along both the banks of
the existing palaeo-channels. Away from the levees land slopes down till it reaches
another river and rises. The interdistributary marshes are numerous, The welands
here have been formed by natural and anthropogenic causes and are scattered all over
the region. There are numerous small tanks of the size of less than 500 sq.metres
on one hand and large wetlands of more than 16,000 ha on the other. Generally,
depths of the wetlands are never more than 3 metres and most are nruch slrallower.
Fluvial action has been the chief cause of creation of the natural wetlands in this region.
Man-made water-bodies found in the region are either for water supply or are borrow pits
found along the highways, railways and in brick-fields, Small tanks less than 5000 sq
metres in area are mostly dug by man and they can be identified on a rnap by their
comparatively regular boundaries.

Some of the wetlands act as storage reservoirs in various drainage basins of the region.
During monsoon, these wetlands play important role in flood mitigation and help in
storing excess wator in the drainage basins and sometimes run-off fronr the adjacerrt
drainage basins also.

Threats to wetlands

We know of wetland losses all over the world. The nearest example, the wetlands of East
Calcutta, which were initially more than 8,000 ha. in area, have been reclaimed at
different times for different purposes, from disposal of solid waste to cxtension of the city.
The major part of reclamation was due to the development of the Salt Lake City during
1962, The city of Kolkata is still extending and so the threat to the existence of these
wetlands. ln other parts of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area, urbanisation has caused
hundreds of wetlands to be drained and reclaimed for building sites. New housing colonies
in various parts of this region bear evidence of the same. Although the Kolkata
Metropolitan Area still contains large tracts of lowlands submergecj either temporarlly or

J.+
permanently, they are fast diminishing. Thus, natural drainage is disrupted and basins
are
gradually being raised. The immediate problem arising out of it is being felt through
creation of new drainage congested areas, This draining of wetlands and filling them up is
a growing threat to this ecosystem in this region.

3.2 URBAN LAKES AND SMALL WATER BODIES

Urban lake conservation plan

Urban lakes are vital natural landscapes. They serye as important life support systems
for a number of aquatic and avian species. Apart from their natural biological significance,
urban lakes help in nritigating floods and recharging aquifers. Unfortunately they are frequent
victims of urban expansion and real estate interest, Government of lndia in the Ministry of
Environment & Forest has taken a serious note of the problem of the pressure of human
activities which is degrading most of the urban lakes. ln some cases the situation is beyond

the point of recovery. Encroachment, siltation, weed infestation, discharge of domestic

sewage and other chemicals in sewage and industrial effluents are the causes of
degradation of these lakes, These have resulted in:

. deterioration of water quality;

o sedimentation and shrinkage;
. decrease in productivity of aquatic fauna and flora and
. loss of aesthetic value and decrease in tourism potential

To reduce the damage of this natural resource the Government of lndia has initiated
the'National Lakes Conservation Plan'. lts activities include:
. formulation of perspective plans for conservation based on resourc€ surveys
using remote sensing technology and Geographical lnformation System
(Grs)
. research on floral and faunal bio-diversity and related ecological aspects
o prevertion of pollution from point and non-point sources
. catchment area treatment
. density and weed control
. other activities depending on location specific conditions such as an
integrated development approach including interface with human population

atr
Rabindra Sarobar in Kolkata and Mirik Lake, Darjeeling have been included under
National Lake Conservation Plan.

Small water-bodies

ln the regulated sector of natural resource management much attention has been given to
the large and outstanding wetlands. Most important wetland sites get included in the
Ramsar list of Wetlands of lnternational Significance, Next set of impo;tant wetlands
is identified for national conservation priority and gets support from the government
for their conservation management.

ln many parts of the world, apart from the large and outstanding wetlands there are
many small and medium wetlands whose aggregate area may be more than the sum total
of the large wetlands, ln the lndian scenario, the small and medium wetlands
together have much larger area than that for the outstanding ones. Their social,
'economic and environmental significance is also much greater than that of the large and

outstanding wetlands.

Unfortunately, this issue of conserving small and medium wetlands is yet to get any
tangible attention in the national level of conservation management. Therefore
appropriate steps in this direction have become necessary,

lf we look at the pattern of wetland conservation and land use changes in our country
it is eminently visible that the small water-bodies in particular, are being lost most
rapidly due to urban expansion, Such water-bodies have always been the natural choice
for real estate takeover. lt is all the more expected that such a phenomenon of losing
small water-bodies due to urban expansion will be conspicuous around the fringe of
metropolitan cities of our country. Therefore, even a cursory glance at the successive
topographical maps covering the Kolkata Metropolitan Area can show the extent of small
water-bodies.

ln 1993, a scientific enquiry into this phenomenon of wetland loss was initiated.'Ihe flrst
step taken was to prepare a reference situation document, The small water-body survey
work was conducted in three districts of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area. These are, 1) 24-
Parganas [both nofth and south], 2) Haora and 3) Hugli. The administrative units for
which the data have been collected are 1) rural mouzas, 2) urban outgroMhs and 3)

3.6
non-municipal urban units. The smallest unit of a survey zone is a mouza
or a village
identified by its jurisdiction list number and is under a police station. Apa1
from the rural
mouzas, the places in urban outgroMhs and urban non-municipal units, where
the
suruey work has been performed, are also identified by their jurisdiction list numbers.

A total of 172 units have been surveyed,of which the rural mouza of Telenipara
possesses the largest area of 780.84 hectares and that of Fatullapur possesses
the
smallest area of 27,0 hectares. The units also vary widely according to their population
density' Rural mouza Dakhinhazipur has the lowest population density of 1.36 per
hectare and non-municipal urban unit Banupur has the highest population density
of
236'42 per hectare. Apart from a few water-bodies for which, the area,could not be
obtained, data have been collected for totar water area of 942.3 hectares.

Some basic characteristics of the small water-bodies of the Kolkata Metropolitan Area are
as follows:

i) Tenurialsfafus;

According to the tenurial status they have been divided into two categories, Those
which are, i) non-vested and ii) vested. Most of the small water-bodies are under private
ownership' A small number of these water-bodies is vested. The percentage'of non-vested
water-body is almost same in both rural and urban settlements and varies from 91.9% to
96'3%. For the vested ones the percentage is between 3.7% and 7,g%.The owners of
thesc vested water-bodies are the Railways (Eastern and South Eastern), p.W.D. and
other government institutions, different non-governmental institutions and local
municipalities. Some vested water-bodies have been given on lease to private persons for
pisciculture. The degree of use the water-bodies is more in the case of non-vested ones
than that in the vested ones, ln the rural areas, a major portion of the vested water-
bodies rs culturable because most of them have been given on lease. But in the urban
areas, a considerable portion of the water-bodies is under 'semiderelict' and 'derelict'
conditions because one can hardly find a person in an urlcan area who can use a water-body
commercially.

o./
ii) Seasona/ify.

According to seasonality, the small water-bodies are divided into two categories: '1)

perennial, and 2) seasonal. Among the small water-bodies, most are perennial. The
areal percentages of the perennial wetlands are between 83% and 90% in all the three
administrative units. As these water-bodies are small in size (between 0.004 and 0.008
hectares), it is easy to maintain and use them commercially by the owners. lt has also
been mentioned before that most of them are under'private ownership and are
generally perennial, ln rural areas, and also in urban areas, they are the part and parcel
of the community life. A major portion of the non-perennial small water-bodies is non-
culturable (derelict or semi-derelict) because fish culture is not profitable in these ponds.

iii\ F u n cti onal Sfa fus;

According to the functional status of the water-bodies, nrost of them have been
found to be culturable, The areal percentages of the culturable water-bodies are between
670/o and 76%. Obviously, the percentage of culturable water-bodies in rural areas is nrore
than in urban areas,

iv) Ownership:

It is already mentioned that a small water-body can be easily and optimally

maintained by a single person. The percentile value of ownership justifies the hypothesis.
Almost one-third of the area of total water-bodies is under single ownership and the value
decreases with the increment of population density in the settlements. The percentile

variation is between 62% and70%.ll is noteworthy that perennial water-bodies are mostly
under single ownership in allthe administrative units considered during the suruey.

The percentage of culturable water-bodies in the rural areas under single ownership
is more than that in urban outgrowth and non-municipal urban units but for those under
multiple and institutional ownership the value is much more in urban areas.

3.8
3.3 PROPOSED ACTIONS

3.3.1 RAPID APPRAISAL SURVEY

" Definition of the study area

Rapid appraisal survey for development, conservation and protection of
wetland resource requires definition of the study area in which the programme
will be carried out. The basis of defining a study area can be various. lt can be
political or administrative boundary or it can also be economic zones and
natural regions, i.e. physical boundary, (wHo, 1gB2), ln the present
programme the administrative boundary has been found convenient because
administrative units will implement and monitor plan of action and guidelines
suggested for candidate wetlands. The machinery of implementation will be
divided and widely scattered if of drainage basins in place of
boundaries
adminlstrative boundary were taken. However, some overlapping may
sometimes be unavoidable, especially when large wetland areas spreacl over
boundaries of two or more administrative units" Specific sub-study areas may
be selected according to the needs of the stucly. For our purpose the
appropriate sub-areas should be administrative sub units of the CMA. Besides
these, a significant wetland, irrespective of its location, should be examined as
an individual unit of study. A general knowledge clf geography, population
characteristics including occupational structure, land use pattern, transport and
communication linkages in the study area has to be obtained.

. Project Team

The project team will be composed of a team supervisor and professionals

drawn from various disciplines according to the need of the work, The team
will need technical assistants competent enough to collect information,
organise and tabulate data. Additionally a draftsman and a chemist will also
be required for assisting the professionals. A mobile van with laboratory
facilities is a primary requisite for any rapid appraisal survey.

. Programme components

A rapid appraisal study will have the following programme components:

3.9
ii

a) Mapping, b) Description, c) Evaluation , d) Ranking

a) Mapping

one of the important.tools of a study is a map, which in this case comes in

three parts. For making inventory the wetlands in the study area their spatial
distribution and extent can be obtained from various maps. A wide range of
land systems and land facets are depicted through different remote sensing
techniques lnterpretation of the images obtained from remote sensing
produces very useful maps with different kinds of information. Among these
aerial photographs of scale 1: 4000 and satellite imageries, if obtainable may
be consulted usefully. Topographical sheets published by the Survey of lndia on
a scale of 1:50000 (1960's) also provide information about the wetlands.
Change in extent and lay out of the wetlands can be studied by comparing two
consecutive publications. Older topographical sheets of scale 1: 63360 (1920-
21) and Land Use maps of scale 16" to one mile (1928-29) provide important
information. The latter is published by the Directorate of Settlement and Land
Records of the state. Unfortunately these maps, although very accurate, are
old. For a small study area these should be updated through field inspection.
The second part of mapping requires collection of data regarding geology,
hydrology, climate, soil, geomorphology, vegetation, land use in the study
area. These are usually available from secondary sources, The third part of
mapping is done after the field survey and ground checking and these are
various kinds of representations including statistical maps and diagrams.

Suitable statistical techniques can be applied to the primary and secondary

data to produce statistical maps and diagrams. These highlight the more
important aspects of the study and also help in drawing inferences. Depending
upon the data obtained and requirement of the study, relationship between
quantities, distribution of a particular observation into components, quantitative
and qualitative spatial distribution can be depicted through appropriate
statistical techniques. An important requirement, although not wholly inclucled
in mapping is building of models. The models are of various degrees of
abstraction ranging from scale models, conceptual models to mathematical
models. A map is a scale model of analogue type where small scale

3,10
construction of the actual feature is reproduced. Different kinds of model
building will be an integral part of all stages of wetland resource development
programme. The outputs obtained from the study can always be represented
through computer techniques by package programmes for plotting according
to a set of data value and grid coordinates.

b) Description

A wetland can be described on the basis of its formation with associated attributes
of basin characteristics, geology, hydrology, chemical and physical properties of
the substrate and water, Biotic responses to this ecosystem are frequently used
as an index of describing it. Anthropogenic causes of origin, intervention and
modification of wetlands and their characters are important indices in the
description of the ecosystem in a populated area, Extensive and careful field
survey is required in order to obtain this information regarding the effect of human
interference. These interferences are varied and their outcomes are often
unquantifiable. These are in fact complicated indices oscillating on a wider range
than those normally found in natural environments,

Since the wetlands are being destroyed at a much faster rate than they are being
created, some of them with outstanding values in each locality should at once be
protected without any l<ind of evaluation whatsoever, The outstanding values can
be found out by enquiring of the people of the locality and with a general
knowledge about the surroundings. ln the Kolkata Metropolitan Area one or more
of the following attributes have been taken as norm for a wetland to be qualified
as locally outstanding:

1. Wetlands in congested areas, and kept as open spaces for

recreational purposes and aesthetic values.

2. Source of water for a large number of people, including fire fighting.

3. Used for crop raising and aquaculture,

4. Acting as a flood control basin in a flood prone area.

5. Domesticwastewaterreceptacle.

3.1'l
 6. Habitat for waterfowl.

. Used for resource recovery from wastewater.

B. Acting as sources of varied scientific information.

The outstanding values of the wetlands are location specific and may vary
considerably from one region to another. The recognition also depends on the
requirements and the awareness of the people of the region, lt should be noted
that the awareness of the benefits may sometimes be lacking and people should
be adequately educated in this respect.

ln a separate study, the 'Provincially' outstanding wetlands will have to be

identified, Provincially outstarrding wetlands will be significant in irrfluencing the
plan of action for the entire State and may also be so for other parts of the
country in respect of wetland resource development.

c) Evaluation

The decision on a candidate wetland to be taken by the concerned regulatory

' body will depend upon its systematic evaluation and appropriate ranking. A
candidate wetland can be evaluated on the basis of its ability to serve the
following objectives using appropriate ranking techniques:

Primary objectives:

1. Production of food.

. lmprovement of wastewater quality,

3. Flood control and water storage.

4. Wildlife conservation including habitat for fish spawning,

5. Reduction of atmospheric pollution and temperature moderation.

Secondary objectives:

1. Production of commercial reeds and other crops.

2. Using wetlands as buffer between industrial and urban

segments or saline or non-saline segments.

3. Reduction of soil erosion.

4. Providing recreational and aesthetic benefits.

J.tz
d) Ranking

ln order to quantify the relative worth of wetlands a process of assessment of

attributes has to be established. There are four aspects to be taken into
consideration for ranking of wetlands:

1. Ranking will necessarily follow the objective of wetland resource

development.

2. Appropriate attributes should be chosen which are particularly

significant for such objectives.

3. Relative importance weightage should be given to the attributes

from the point of view of these objectives,

4. The whole range of real possibilities of a wetland attributes in

the study area should be taken into account.

The significance of any attribute and value ascribed to it will be decided by the
researcher, depending on the objective of the study. Ranking will bring out the
wetlands requiring higher priority for actions.

3.3.2 Data collection

Collection of data is inclispensable for carrying out any study. These data may be
of primary or of secondary origin, and comprise descriptive and numerical data as
also various kinds of maps, satellite imagerles and air photographs. Some basic
data are always available in governmental departments at various tiers of
administration. Published sources include District Census Handbooks,
Gazetteers, Planning & Development Reports, Statistical year Books,
Climatological and various other publications, Besides these, field level data
collected by governmental agencies are also available, Some international
publications are also useful, Non-governmental organisations may have a great
amount of usable data. Above all libraries and university publications are
important sources of information. For maps, satellite imageries, air photos and
other illustrations, similar sources and many others including Survey of lndia,
Settlement Record Offices, National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation
etc. should be consulted. These secondary data should be documented, listed,
classified according to need. Crosschecking is desirable, wherever possible.

3.13
Collection of primary data will require extensive and intensive fieldwork and
surveying. Some of the secondary data may need updating by ground checking,
Collection of field data should be planned and undertaken in good time to suit the
programme of work, Laboratory techniques will have to be applied for study of the
samples collected from the field wherever required.

3,3.3 Reporting

Reporting is the compilation and presentation of the work carried out together
with findings and with recommendations if called for. The report therefore has to
be clear in its contents with each part of the work appropriately and systematically
set out. Therefore, the report should have the following divisions:

. lntroduction

lntroduction would reveal the purpose of undertaking the study, principal

objective to be studied, methodology of the study and limitation of the study
and its results,

Background

The general description of the study area should be given with adequate
information on its political, geomorphological, hydrological, climatological,
floral, faunal, economic, social and cultural characteristics. Regional
comparisons with state or country as a whole may be highlighted on
population, land use and economical aspects, The description should be
supplemented with maps,

Formation, Distribution and Function of Wetlands in the study area

The mode of formation of wetlands and their nature of occurrence should be

described. The various uses of wetlands in the study area should be identified
through sample surveys. The uses should be quantified as far as possible,
and should be weighted by the number of population benefiting. Some of the
wetland values have to be obtained by laboratory techniques and all data
have to be presented, tabulated and appropriately mapped wherever
required. Statistical maps, diagrams, graphs and models should be used as
far as possible. A list of the existing wetlands indicating the outstanding ones
should be given with their particulars.

3.14
. Conclusion and Recommendation

This will comprise the actual findings and recommendations for planning and
management action, Significant aspects of the findings may be highlighted.
The extension and application of the methodology to other situations could be
discussed. Absolute guidelines for necessary protection of weilands should
be determined and proposed for incorporation into the land use planning of
the region. Emphasis should be given on the urgent need of wefland
protection and legislative action. Location specific classification of the
wetlands in urban and peri-urban areas should be attempted. Wetlands are
to be enlisted for protection according to priority.

3.3.4 Evaluation and Ranking

The wetlands have to be evaluated on the basis of both primary and secondary data
obtained by various methods. The methodology of ranking and evaluation should be
discussed by giving examples, After the wetlands have been ranked the plan of
action should be recommended for each.

Acknowledgement should always be made properly wherever they are due and
bibliography and additional information should be annexed.

3.3.5 HOW TO BEGIN

The figure below comprehends the task of wetland management in general, All these
activities are iterative in nature and are based on a provision of continuous
experience feed-backs.

9ry
\L
x0
(y
3,15
r)

Planning activity will have three major components :

1. Classified inventory of weilands

2' Assessment of existing uses, interferences and interests on weflands

3. Suggested modifications

Modifications to be suggested for developing a wetland resource system will be

made on the basis of a rapid appraisal survey. The scope of the present
work will be
a part of total planning activities, lt is desirable that intensive effort towards SYSTEM
STANDARDISATION AND UPGRADING should also begin simultaneousty to give
improved level of suggested modifications. For this however, we have to
marshal an
appropriate-infrastructural support and an organisational dimension that we do
not
have as yet.

3.4 Database of Waterbodies

of Wetland Management and Ecological Design (IWMED) has

lnstitute
prepared a spatial database of waterbodies above 5 katha for all the
Municipalities in west Bengal. The work was assigned to IwMED by
Department of Environment, Government of west Bengal.

3.16
 )

, 3.4.1 Distribution of Water bodies in different Municipalities within KMA.

st. Name of Geographical No of oh of Area

No. Corpn/Municipality Area ldentified under
(Sq km) Water bodies Water bodies

1. Kolkata Municipal Corpn. 185.8 1 931 5.85

2. Howrah Municipal Corpn, 49.12 819 5.06
J. Bally 13.07 228 3.33
4. Uluberia 33.72 384 2.32
5. Kancharapara 7.90 211 7.56
6 Halisahar 9.34 540 6.92
7. Naihati 7.40 175 6.92
B. Bhatpara 26.11 341 4,06
9, Barasat 28.30 267 3.03
10
44
Garulia 4.94 .68 3.94
tt. Barrackpore 10,85 413 6.65
12. North Barrackpore 12.72 249 3.31
4.)
I .). Titagarh 3.12 76 5.35
14. Khardah 6.08 282 9.34
15. Panihati 'l 9.1 I 592 8.13
16. Kamarhati 12.19 258 10.17
17. Baranagar 7,38 110 6.60
18, Madhyamgram 17.41 141 1.46
,_) 19. New Barrackpore 3.80 85 4.23
\ 20. North Dum Dum 20.00 . 511 7.76
21. Dum Dum 5.06 100 4.81
,) 22. South Dum Dum 15.0 223 4.86
23. Budge Budge 8.72 2s9 4.40
) 24. Rajpur - Sonarpur 59.97 1 165 3.31
() 25. Mahestala 44.95 554 2.50
zo. Baruipur 8.90 198 2.97
r. ) 27. Pujali 9.73 63s 6.40
zo. Kalyani 22.37 64 4.51
r)
29. Gayeshpur 18.93 77 10.46
r) 30 Bansberia 9,28 329 L22
14 Hooghly Chinsura
Jt. 14.43 498 8.04
) 32. Chandannagar Municipal Corp. 22.85 744 6.42
t') 33 Bhadreswar 8,60 239 6.BB
.A
JZ+. Champdani 6.11 131 6.51
35. Baidyabati 12.7 395 6.09
36. Srirampur 8.44 229 4.59
J/. Rishra 4.92 74 3.90
JO. Konnagar 3,86 191 9.27
39. Uttarpara - Kotrang 13.40 425 9.74
40. Rajarhat - Gopalpur 24.61 609 1.52
41. Bidhannagar 33.65 553 51.88

3,17
. 3.4.2 Recommendation

All the Corporations / Municipalities shall be requested to conserve the water

bodies included in the above mentioned list.

3'5 Preparation of Management Ptan of East Korkata wefland

Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal Constituted a

committee for formulating the guidelines for the preparation of a Management
Plan for the East Kolkata Wefland area.

Recommendations of the Committee

o ff Compendium on information on Ramsar Convention and its chronological

development upto the declaration of East Kolkata Wetland System as a
Ramsar site shall be prepared.

. The land use patterns have to be recorded on plot to plot basis after ground
verification, Before this is done, satellite imageries shall be superimposed on
cadastral maps showing various land use.

o A second compendium showing the plot wiso land use shall be prepared after
the field verification is completed.

o The whole area under the East Kolkata wetland systems shall be classified
.
into 5 major land use sectors namely, Wetland, Agricultural land, Garbage
farming, Urban / Rural settlements and Added / Peripheral Sectors.

. Outline Management Plan

The various land uses identified in the East Kolkata Wetland systems are
Substantially Water body oriented Area, Rural and Urban Settlements.
Agricultural Area and Productive Farming Area. There are certain strips that

s.rii
may be added to the boundaries of the East Kolkata Wetland systems, so as
to maintain the integrity of the whole systern. The objective is to promote its
wise use, encourage socio-economic development and conservation. The
area aggregates to 12,500 Hectare.

The breakup of the sector wise land use of the East Kolkata Wetland area as
found from the analysis of the satellite supported by actual ground survey is
given below.

(i) Substantially Waterbody - oriented Area 5852,14 Hectare

(ii) Agricultural Area 4718.56 Hectare
(iii) Productive Farming Area 602.78 Hectare
(iv) Urban / Rural Settlements 1326,52 Hectare (91,53 to Urb 1234.99 to
Tarab

Total Area 12500.00 Hectare

Additionally 241,50 Hectares are being added to the system for making the
system integral.

(i) Substantially Waterbody - oriented Area (5852.14 Ha) :

This ls ecologically the most important area of the Ramsar site. The existing
sewage fed pisciculture, which is extensively done, is the most important
activity here, on which the livelihood of a sizeable population depends, Apart
from this, waterbodies are known to act as a carbon sink and is the natural
a number of aquatic flora and fauna. Therefore this needs to be
habitat of
conserved. Therefore no conversion of waterbodies / wetlands / bheries
should be allowed in this sector. However, on land parcels adjacent to the
waterbodies, some activities may be allowable and lor desirable'

The activities that may be allowed or promoted for the management of these
areas'are :

3.19
. lmProvement (desiltation) Programme, in association with HIDCO, Fisheries
and lrrigation Departments and allied public bodies.
. Environmental monitoring of sewage and its products.
. lnfrastructure for production and marketing of local products.
. Conservation of biodiversity including aquatic flora and fauna. There should
be special emphasis on the conservation of waterfowls, Specific conservation
programmes may be taken up in association with Forest and Fisheries
department.
. Eco-Tourism for socio-economic development of the local peo.ple. This may
include setting up the Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Nature lnterpretation
Centers, Nature Heritage Parks, Bird Sanctuaries, Rescue Centers for wild
animals etc. ln setting up such centers, Forest and Fisheries departments,
and if necessary the Botanical Survey of lndia and Zoological Survery of lndia
should be consulted,
. Construction of eco-friendly habitation only against the existing hutments (as
on January 23003)
. Creation of Employment potentiality by eco-friendly development proramme
keeping consistency with the on going practices of the area.

The boundary of each settlement i.e. village (as on January 2003) is to be

demarcated.

(ii) Agricultural Areas (4718.56 Ha) :

Historically sewage fed agriculture was largely practised, But now this practice
has substantially been replaced with traditional agriculture practices. Keeping
this in view the activities that may be allowed or promoted for the
management of these area are :

. lnfrastructure for production and marketing or agricultural produces.

. Wetland based eco-tourism and urban or farm forestry, considering the socio-
economic development of the local people.
. Establishment of Medicinal Gardens, Horticulture, Floriculture, Apiculture or

3.20
. similar activities and necessary infrastructure for promotion of these practices,
including value addition of their products.

' lnfrastructures necessary for conservation of the Wetland Eco-System in

general and enhancement of the livelihood by adopting an eco-friendly
approach,

' Development of community-based facility which would be in consonance with

the basic tenets of sustainable development,
' ' Establishment of Research and
Educational lnstitutions related to
Environment, including a Wetland Research and lnterpretation Center of
international standard.
. Creation of Employment potentiality by eco-friendly development programme
consistent with the on going practices of the area.

(iii) Productive Earning Areas (602.78 Ha) :

Kolkata Municipal Corporation acquired this area for disposal of solid waste in
1860, which became the solid waste-recycling region, This area has reached
near saturation. Nearly 150 tons of vegetables are produced each day from
Dhapa area. The activities that may be allowed or promoted for the
management of the sector are

. Community level resource recovery system that would encourage

farming
. Developrnent of community - based facilities including waste recycling
and solid waste management system.
. Organic farming of vegetables in a more scientific way and facilitating the
marketing of the produces,

Following guidelines are framed for the management of these areas :

i) The boundary of the garbage dumping area should be demarcated and
walled, so as to control the leaching contaminating the ground water, Pollution
arising out of the dumping site is to be monitored and controlled as per the
existing rules.

3.21
ii) No Spatial expansion for existing habitation and development purposes shall
be allowed. Conversion of the habitation into more eco-friendly and healthy
mode may be allowed,

iii) Urban / Rural Settlements (1326.52 Ha):

A paft of urban settlement of Bidhannagar Municipal area and nearly 40 rural

settlements are located in East Kolkata Wetlands. These settlements are
distributed within the landuse sectors mentioned above. Following guidelines
are framed for the management of the area.

. Conversion of existing habitation to more eco-friendly forms may be

allowed.

N. B. : ln added areas, environment department will examine. proposals on

case-to-case basis, but no actual water area will be allowed to be convefted
under any circumstances.

Conclusion

We know that it is our constant effort to create not only a better environment
but also a sustainable development for the human race. This could be
attained with a proper utilization of resources. The East Kolkata peri-urban
region, is a unique example of utilization of the city waste which otherwise
creates great problem of disposal. Here the sewage flowing over the wetlands
getting insolated and naturally oxidized, supports fisheries and thus the
livelihoods of thousands of people very effectively. lt also plays a remarkable
role in by transforming waste into much more useful agricultural products
which is essential for the upkeep of the eco-system.

3.22
It is further recommended that a more detailed management plan is to be
prepared taking all these sectors in comprehensive way under the broad
principal of Wise Use practices.

Till such time, the two overriding and inflexible principles that should govern
the wise use management of the East Kolkata Wetland system are :

(a) in no case, and under no circumstances will any water area be allowed to
be converted,
(b) in each case relating to a development proposal, prior permission of the
Environment Department or its designated delegated Authority will be
required.

.) a')
List of Mouzas irrvolved in Ramsar Designated East Kolkata Wetland.
District Police Station sl. Mouza Jt. Status
No. No.
a Part
Tiljola 1 Dhapa
2. Chowbaga J Full

3. Bonchtala 4 Paft
4. Dhalenda I Full

5. Paschim Chowbaga I Full

Sonarpur 6 Chak Kolar Khal 1 Full

Soutlr 7, Karimpur 2 Ful
24 Pgs, B, Jagatipota Full
o Mukundapur 4 FLrll

10. Atghara 5 Full

11 RanabhLrtia 6 FLrll

12, Kantipota 7 Full

tJ. BhagzibanpLtr B FLIII

14. Klrarki o Full

15 Deara 19 FLrll

16. Kheadaha 11 Full

17. Khodahati 12 Full

18. Goalpota IJ Full

'19. Kumarpukuria 14 Full

20, Tardaha 15 Full

zt. Tihuria 16 Full

22. Nayabad 17 ull

aa Full
Sarnukputa 91

24. Pratpnagar Fr-tll

.E
Garal o't Full

Kolkata Leather Contplex 26. Flatg a clr lra 4 Full

27. Hadi:r 5 Full

28. Dharnratala Pachuria 6 ull

29. KLrlbcrirr 7 FLtll

30. Beonta 27 Full

31. Tardaha Kapashati JO Frrll

North 24 South Bidlranrlagar Dhapa Manpur 1 Pafi

Pgs

Added Mouzas

District Police Station SI Mouza JI Status

No. No.

South Purva Jadavpur JJ. Kalikapur 20 Part

24 Pgs. Kolkata Leather Complex 34. Dakshin Dhapa Manpur 1 Full

JJ. Kochpukur 2 Part

Tiljola JO, Nonadanga 10 Patl

aa 19 Paft
North Rajarlrat Thakdari

24 Pgs

1aA
3.6 Formation of East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority

The State Government has constituted The East Kolkata Wetlands

Management Authority by an ordinance and the. same was published in the
Kolkata Gazetto dated November 14,2005.

The Authority shall consist of the following Members : -

i) Chief Secretary to the Government of West Bengal, Chairperson

ii) Environment,
Secretary, Department of Member -
Government of West Bengal, Secretary
iii) Secretary, Department of Urban Development Member
Government of West Bengal
iv) Secretary, Depadment of lrrigation and Waterways, Member
Government of West Bengal
v) Secretary, Department of Fisheries, Member
Government of West Bengal
vi) Secretary, Department of Forest, Member
Government of West Bengal
vii) Secretary, Depadment of Municipal Affairs, Member
Government of West Bengal
viii) Secretary, Department of Land and Land Reforms, Member
Government of West Bengal
ix) Secretary, Department of Panchayat and Rural, Member
Development, Government of West Bengal
x) Board,
Chairman, West Bengal Pollution Control Member
xi) Member-Secretary, West Bengal Pollution Member
Control Board.
xii) Chief Executive Officer, Kolkata Metropolitan Member
Development Authority.
xiii) Commissioner, Kolkata Municipal Corporation Member
xiv) District Magistrate,24-Parganas (South) Member
xv) District Magistrate ,24-Parganas (North) Member

J.ZC
xvi) Three persons to be nominated by the State Members
Government from amongst the representatives of
the non-Government organisations having expertise
in the field of wetland conseryation or management
or of the fishermen's co-operative societies formed
for the purpose under the West Bengal lnland West Ben, Act
Fisheries Act, 1984. XXV of 1984
xvii) one representative of the lnstitute of Environmental Member
Studies and Wetland Management, Kolkata to be
nominated by the State Government,

The functions and powers of the East Kolkata Wetlands Management

Authority shall be

a) to demarcate the boundaries of the East Kolkata Wetlands on the

field as shown in the map in Schedule ll;
b) to take measures to stop, undo atrd prevent any unauthorised
development project in, or unauthorised use of, or unauthorised act
on, the East Kolkata Wetlands;
c) to take measures to abate pollution in the East Kolkata wetlands
and conserve the flora, fauna and biodiversity in general;
d) to prepare action plans conforming to the resolutions taken and
recommendations made, from time to time, under the Ramsar
Convention and to update the land use maps of the East Kolkata
wetlands;
e) to implement and monitor the activities specified in the action plans;
f) to promote research and disseminate findings to such research
among the stakeholders;
g) to raise awareness about the utility of the wetlands in general and
the East Kolkata wetlands in padicular;
h) to promote basic conservation principles like sewage fed
pisciculture and eco-tourism in the East Kolkata wetlands;
i) to enforce land use control in the substantially water body oriented
areas and other areas in the East Kolkata wetlands;

3,26
\)

j) to detect changes of ecorogical character and in land use in the

East Kolkata wetlands.
k) to establish network with other Rarnsar sites in lnclia,
l) to conduct inquiry or scientific study for any purpose of this
Ordinance;
m) to constitute expeft committee for any purpose of this ordinance;
n) to enter any land or premises, including to collect samples of air,
water, soil and other biologicar resources, for any purpose of this
Ordinance;
o) to call for relevant records and documents and information from any
Department, organisation or local body for any purpose of this
Ordinance.

3.27
 GHIPTTR.4

Urbon Amenities
o Rqin Wqler Horvesting
River Front Development
Non-Conventionol /
Renewoble Source
of Energy
 GHAPTER -4
URBAN AMENITIES

4.1 Rain Water Harvesting

4.1.1 The Water Crisis

Almost 70 percent of the 'Blue Print', as our earth is rightly called, is

comprised of water, yet 2.5 percent of the world's water is fresh, of which only
0.3 percent is accessible to use from the rivers, lakes and reservoirs, The rest
is stored in the most unreachable parts like in the glaciers, ice sheets and
mountain areas. This explains the meager availability of fresh water in relation
to the burgeoning demand caused by huge population growttr. Thus the
emergence of a severe water crisis is apprehended globally.

On a global basis, 69 percent of the ground water extracted annually for

human use is socked up by irrigation, industry accounts for 23 percent and
domestic use like drinking water and sanitation accounts for B per cent. Surely
the water available does not suffice the need, and this spurs violent reactions,
both locally and nationally. Every year with the onest of summers, severe
water scarcity and violent water riots haunt the states of Delhi, Gujrat,
Rajasthan and rnany other states.

ln terms of water shortage, the city of Kolkata, and even West Bengal at large
is facing lesser problem as compared to other places of lndia. However, the
United Nations Environment program (UNEP) has enlisted Kolkata among the
12 mega cities increasingly becoming dependent on ground water. Already,
more than 20 million people in B districts of West Bengal are affected with
Arsenic contaminated ground water. This is mainly due to the over
exploitation of ground water during the last 20 years. The fundamental reason
for the dearth of water is the unplanned and uncontrolled extraction of ground
water, which disturbs the hydrological balance leading to decline in the

4.1
 rise in energy requirement and deterioration of the quality of water. Thus the
judicious use of water is needed. However, wise use is not only just learning
to save water, but also not to waste it. So, the only optiorr left for us is to catch
rainwater where falls and conserve it in a scientlfic manner for future use. The
following table gives the water requirement per head per day

TABLE

Activities Water Requirement per head per

day
Drinking 3 litres
Cooking 4 litres
Bathing 20 litres
Flushing 40 litres
Washing cloths 25 litres
Washing utensils 20 litres
Gardening 23 litres
Total 135 litres

4.1.2 What is Ralnwater Harvestlng ?

Rainwater harvesting lies in tapping the rainwater to meet the water needs. A
rain water harvesting system comprises the collection of rainwater falling on
house and grounds for direct use and storage.

4.1.3 West Bengal Scenarlo

The average annual rainfall in West Bengal is about 1750 mm, which is

considerably high. There is no dearth of rainfall throughout the state except in

some drought prone districts, such as Purulia, Bankura and Western part of
Medinipur. Depending upon the rainfall regime and aquifier character, the
state can be divided into the following categories. The table below gives the

4.2
 )

classification of West Bengal on Hydrogeology and average annual

precipitation,

st. Hydro Rainfall reginte

No. geological Reinfall<150 Rainfall=1500mm Rainfall=2000mm Rainfall>3000ntm
character 0mm to 2000mm to 3000nrm
1 Unconfined Purulia, Part Northern part of Nortern parl of
aquifier in hard of Bankura, Jalpaiguri and Jalpaiguri
rock areas with Burdwan, Darjeeling
thin sediment Birbhum and
covers and/or part of
secondary Paschim
porosily, high Medinipur
run off, Direct
reacharge from
rainfall occurs,
2. Unconfined Part of Part of South 24 Part of Uttar Jalpaigurl and
aquifier, thick Ba n l<ura, Parganas, North Dinajpur and Coochbehar
unconsolidated Birbhum, 24 Parganas, Northern part of
sedinrent, direct Burdwan, Howrah, Hooghli, Siliguri Subdivision
recahrge from Hooghli, Nadia, Malda and
rainfall occurs. Naida, Malda, Dakshin Dinajpur
Pasclrirn
Medinipur
and whole of
Murshidabad
3. Confined Part of Purba
aquifier, thick Medinipur, South
alluvium, thick and North 24
clay Parganas,
overburden. Kolkata.
Rarely any
direct recharge
from rainfall
OCCLi TS,

43
4.1.4 Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

. How to harvest rainwater ?

Harvesting rainwater is very simple. When it rains we have to collect this

water and not to allow it to run away. There are various techniques to do it.

Broadly, rainwater can be harvested for two purposes,

1. Stored for ready use in containers above ground or below ground.

2. Charged into the ground for withdrawal later (ground water recharging)

RAINWATER

Rooftop Harvesting Open Space Harvesting

Direct use
after Direct Storage Surplus Water
Filtering

As indicated above, rainwater falling on the terrace can be collected through

pipelines / drains and stored in a storage tank for direct use or diverted into a
well for ground water recharge. Rainfall over the open spaces around the
building may also be diverted for recharge purpose.

. Should water be stored or should it be recharged ?

The decision whether to store or recharge water depends on the rainfall of a

particular region. ln dry areas like Delhi, Rajasthan and Gujarat, the total
annual rainfall occurs only during three or four months of monsoon. The water
collected during the monsoon has to be stored throughout the year. However
in places like Kerala and Mizoram, barring a few dry periods. ln such places,
one can depend on a small-sized water tank for storing rainwater, since the
period between two spells of rain is short.

4.4
 . Storing rainwater for direct use

The method of storing rainwater for direct use includes the collection of
rainwater from paved surfaces since it is free from bacterial contamination.
Drainpipes that collect water from the catchment (rooftop) are diverted to the
storage container. To prevent leaves and debris from entering the system,
mesh filters are to be provided at the mouth of the drainpipe. A first flush
device should be provided to the conduit before it connects to the storage
container. A first flush is a valve or a simple device, whiclr is used to ensure
that runoff from the first spell of rain is washed out and does not enter the
system. This is necessary since the first spell of rain carries with it large
amount of pollutants from the air and catchment surface,

lf the stored water is to be used for drinking purpose, the water should be
chemically disinfected or filtrated by means of a charcoal water filter or a sand
filter.

Chlorination is done with stabilized bleaching powder Ca(OCl)Cl to kill

bacteria. About 1 gm (approximately 1/o teaspoon) of bleaching powder is
sufficient to treat 200 litres of water, The water can also be treated with
chlorine tablets. One tablet of 0.5 gm is sufficient to disinfect 20 litres of water.

For filtration, a simple charcoal filter can be made in a drum or an earlhen pot.
The filter can be made of gravel, sand and charcoal. Sand filters can also be
constructed for the treatment of water to remove turbidity, colour and
microorganisms from water,

An underground RCC / be used for the storage of

masonry tank can
rainwater. The tank can be installed inside or outside the building. Pre-
fabricated tanks such as PVC can be installed above the ground. ln case
excess water enters the tank, each tank must have an overflow system, which
can be connected to the drainage system. The quantity of water stored in a

water harvesting system depends on the size of the catchment area and the

Atr.J
.+.
)
)
 size of the storage tank. The storage tank is designed according to the water
requirements, rainfall and catchment availability.

4.1.5 Salient Features of "National Water Policy - 2002"

Water is part of larger ecological system. Realizing the importance and

scarcity attached to the fresh water, it has to be treated as an essentlal
environment for sustaining all life forms.

Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed,

conserved and managed as such, and on an integrated and environmentally
sound basis, keeping in view the socio-economics aspects and needs of the
states. lt is one of the most crucial elements in developmental planning. As
the country has entered lhe 21't century, efforts to develop, conserve, utilise
and manage this important resource in a sustainable manner, have to be
guided by national perspective.

Non-conventlonal methods for utilization of water such as through inter basin

transfer, artificial recharge of ground water and desalination of brackish or sea
water as well as traditional water conservation practices like rain water
harvesting, including roof top rain water harvesting, need to be practiced to
further increase the utilizable water resource, Promotion of frontier research
and development, in a focused manner, for these techniques is necessary.

ln the planning, implementation and operation of a project, the preservation of

the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primary
consideration. The adverse impact on the environment, if any, should be
minimized and should be offset by adequate compensatory measures. The
project should, nevertheless, be sustainable.

Concerted efforls should be made to ensure that the irrigation potential

created is fully utilised. For this purpose, the command area development
approach should be adopted in all irrigation projects.

4.6
1)

' 4.1.6 Ground water situation in West Bengal

Hydrogeology of West Bengal

The state of West Bengal can be divided into two hydrogeological units (a)
Fissured Formations and (b) Porous Formations,

(a) Fissured Formations

Archaean gneisses and schists occurring in the major parts of Darjeeling

District, parts of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Medinipur Districts, almost the whole
of Purulia District, Gondwana rocks in Western part of Bardhaman District and
Basaltic traps in the western part of Badhaman District and Basattic traps in
the Wastern part of Birbhum District have been grouped under this
hydrogeological units, Groundwater in this hard rock terrain occurs in the
upper weathered mantle (thickness 5 - 10m) and at deeper levels (60 - 100m

depth) in the fractures, fissures and joints.

(b) Porous Formations :

Nearly two-third of the state is occupied by a thick pile of unconsolidated

sediments laid down by the Gang-Brahmaputra River system, the thickness of
which increases from marginal platform area in the west towards the east and
south -east in the central and southern part of the basin,

Depth of Water Table

The depths of water tables of West Bengal can be divided into four groups viz.
0 - 2m , 2 - 5m, 5 - 10m and 10 - 20 m below ground level. The depth of
water table in general ranges from 2 - 5 m below ground level in maior parts
of the state.

4.7
 Hydrogeology of Kolkata

Kolkata is underlained by Quaternary sediments consisting of a sequence of

alternation of clay, silty clay, sand and sand mixed with occasional clay. Clay
horizon ranging in thickness from 30-s0 m occurs at the top of the
sedimentary sequence. This clay is underlain by a granular zone made up of
sand of different sizes with occasional graved and this forms the aquifer, The
principal productive aquifer generally occurs within the depth range of 40-100
m in the north,50 - 160m in the central and southern parts and 180-300m in
the southwestern parts of the city. A minor aquifer consisting of fine to
medium has also been found to exist in some parts within the depth range of
20 - 40m. The value of transmissivity varies from 1700-5200 m2rday.

The depth of ground water level ranges from 3.34 m to 16.32m below
groundwater table in the pre-monsoon period and from 1.57m to 15.71m
below groundwater table in the post monsoon period, Study reveals that water
table in the confined aquifer in the city area has declined aroung 5 - gm in the
last 40 years. The chloride concentration in ground water is above 500 ppm in
the northern and western parts of the city, 250 - 300 ppm in the area between
Belgachia and Park street and within 2b0 ppm in Garia-Jadavpur area.

Rechargi ng of grou ndwater

There are different techniques of ground water recharge. The selection of

structures that could be used depends on the size of catchment, which varies
from site to site, The important parameters to be considered for ground water
recharging are rainfall intensity, geology and hydrogeology of the locality and
quality of source water used for recharge.

ln Kolkata, recharging the aquifier by applying the simple gravity techniques

may not be feasible as the ground water exists under high hydrostatic
pressure in confined aquifer. Therefore it will be prudent to store the water for
direct use.

4.8
4.1'7. A Few Pilot Projects on Rain Water Harvesting in and around Kolkata

. Rain water Harvesting at AISLUS campus, Baishnabghata - patuti

The first rainwater harvesting project at Kolkata was launched at the All lndia
Soil and Land use Survey (AISLUS) Complex at Baishnabghata patuli. The
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has undertaken this new rainwater
harvesting and artificial recharge system, which is designed to recharge the
water table some 100 metres below the ground tevel,

. Rain Water Harvesting at Loreto Day School, Sealdah

To meet the searcity of water in the school, the school authority took up a roof
top rain water harvesting project. This water is being used for toilet use.

. Rain Water Harvesting at Pouro Bhavan, Salt Lake

Bidhannagar Municipality has constructed a 12,000 litres capacity rainwater

storage tank at Pouro Bhavan, Salt Lake.

. Rain Water Harvesting at Bidhannagar College, Salt Lake

A 12,000 litre capacity rainwater storage tank has been constructed at

Bidhannagar College, Salt Lake.

4.9
4.2 River Front Development
Kolkata's river front had been neglected over the years, But over the past few
years, the West Bengal Government has grown increasingly committed to
rejuvenating the water-front and, in the process, to stimulating economic
development on both banks of Hooghly - Kolkata and Howrah. A first step
had already been taken up with the opening of the Millennium Park to public
from 1't January, 2000, Thoqsand of visitors daily visit this park. Kolkatans are
now able to spend quiet evenings with their children and enjoy the sunset at
Millennium Park. The scheme includes afforestation, Bank Protection,
Pathway, Seating arrangement on river side, improvement of Ghat and Jetty,
Sculpture, open Air Stage, Restaurant, Fountain, Lighting, Land scaping etc.
A further stretch of land of 300m long has been developed, Thus the total
Iength of River Front Development in Kolkata becomes 1 km.

4.2.1 A Meeting by the River

'A Meeting by the River' conference took place in Kolkata in February 2000 to
debate the future of the Kolkata and Howrah waterfronts.
The London River Association was asked by the West Bengal Government to
facilitate the conference and to draw in experiences from London, Cardiff and
elsewhere, The conference recognised that the reclevelopment of the
waterfront requires careful thought through integrated strategies, The
conference addressed the question of the visual / physical / conceptual
connections between the river, the watedront, and the built heritage and
rnaidan / open spaces of Central Kolkata, lt was also agreed that the pressure
to expand the Central Business District can be absorbed by Vacant port land
along the Howrah waterfront and a meaningful and mutually beneficial links
can be established between the twin cities,

4.2.2 Agenda for Action

The Agenda for Action is the outcome of the series of workshops which drew
together land owners, policy makers, businesses, technicians, NGOs and

4.10
 Government agencies. The Agenda identifies 45 action points relating to the
water front, heritage, transport and economic development prospects of the
twin cities of Kolkata and Howrah. The following actions are the necessary
basis for taking the Agenda forward

Set up a cross agency / stake holder Task Force

a Set up Kolkata first
a Develop an integrated development strategy for the waterfront based
on a vision for the twin cities.
Prioratise and implement'Quick Wins'.

4.2.3 ldentifying a strategy and options for change

Three areas are identified as the focus for developing a strategic framework
for the water front : image of the city (economic development) heritage and
transport.

. Image of the City ' "The Gifted City"

There was agreement that Calcutta has many positive qualities but that these
are overshadowed by the legacy of a negative image. lt was recognized that
tackling this issue and promoting a positive new image of the city would help
to restore civic pride and help to attract inward investment. The workshop
looked at options for a new "branding" for Calcutta that would simultaneously
express the city's rich cultural heritage and its intellectual energy. "The Gifted
City" was one suggestion that might effectively achieve this. Whatever the
final agreed slogan, the workshop concluded that a new image should be
based on what is unique and special about the city, which requires an
understanding of "the strengths of its weaknesses and the weaknesses of
its strengths". The overall objective would be for the new vision to become
the driver for all policies, strategies and infrastructure projects in the city (for
example, heritage immediately takes on a new imporlance).

4.11
. Heritage

Calcutta's cultural and industrial heritage provides an important basis

for
conservation led regeneration of the city that can improve the quality
of life of
its citizens and attract visitors. lt was agreed that the restoration
of the strong
historical character of Calcutta is essential to the process of raising the profile
of the city on the national and international scene, 'l-he workship focused on
how the challenge of large-scale restoration of heritage buildings could be
tackled through a strategy of incremental improvernent and the development
of a clear long term policy framework. The workshop draw a parallel between
the heritage of the city centre and the waterfront and the potential for the
conservation and re-use of the strand Road warehouses,

. Transport

The type of city that is ultimately created is in many ways dependent on the
transport options that are chosen. lllustrated by examples frorn the UK and
the use it was shown that movement is key to the image and appeal of a city.
The workshop considered how the current options for infrastructure projects
such as the proposed flyover along strand Road, would impact on the
rtaluable built heritage of the city. lt explored alternative options such as
pedestrian movements, traffic management, introduction of sustainable
transport modes and the opportunities presented by the Howrah waterfront for
new north/south links.

Key Assumptions

The Agenda for action is based on a number of key assumptions :

i) The twin cities of Calcutta and Howrah have a growing

interdependence that needs to be reflected in co-ordinated and
clear strategies that address the needs of both cities ;

4.12
()
,, l

ii) The conference marks a "new beginning', offering the

opportunity to rethink existing strategies (that have been
developed in isolation) and to build upon the waterfront
beautification programme already underway.
iii) A new vision / image of the city of calcutta, based on its unique
identity and cultural heritage, is a critical first step. The
waterfront offers an important opportunity to support and
achieve such a vision ; and
iv) The new vision / image of the city should become the driver for
all citywide strategies/ projects for redevelopment and
infrastructu re improvement.

4.2.4 Actions : (Recommended by the London River Association in

consultation with Govt. of West Benga!)

a) lnstitutional Arrangements
ACTION
ACTION 1 Phase I : Formation of a
twin city transitional Task
Force involving the CMDA,
CPT, NGO's and lCC. This
would need to be politically
sanctioned.
Phase ll : Formation of
AIM WHO
Establish a cross agency A partnership between
padnership to develop an government agencies
integrated strategic (tourism, urban
development framework for development,
the twin cities. To create a co- environment), CPT, NGOs
ordinating mechanisms for and lndian Charnber of
the delivery of actions. Commerce
a

semi-autonomous body
with legal status reflecting
public/private/NGO
pertnership sanctioned by
the Chief Minister.
ACTION 2 The formation of Calcutta
First.
a
To create a private sector led ICC
partnership aimed at
promoting Calcutta and
attracting inward investment.
To target resources to issues
that concern business,
visitors and residents.

4.13
()
,)
/)
b) Quick Wins
)

ACTION AIM WHO

ACTION 3 Formulatea Mission To define what the CMDA/CMC through
Statement for "The represents for Calcutta and to consultation with Action 1

Gifted City". provide a coherent driver for Group,

strategic planning policy,
Formatly adopt a act\ons and strateg\es {or \he
corporate brand for city.
promoting Calcutta,

Publicise the new brand
both internally and
oxternally (wob site,
documontary, marketing
materials were identified
as practical proposals),
ACTION 4 Designate the city centre
as a Clty Centre
Heritage lmprovement
Zone (see map),
AC'ION 5 A demonstration
proJect that can provide
a model
onvironmental
improvemont projects.
Facelift ofa lreritage
brrilding (such as
Metcalfe Hall);
To counteract the prevailing ICC is association with
negative images by plugging CMDA/CMC,
the information gap,
To provide a focus for the co- CMC/CMDA
ordinated enhancement of
historic buildings and spaces.
To illustrate the possibilities Action 1 Group, local
for change and to target businesses and residents.
for limited resources on doable
projects.A site near the
Millennium Park to tlre
nearest metro station will
build on the existing
achievements and have the
most significant impact as a

Street improvement demonstration area. The

through the removal demonstration projects could
of clutter, lmproved also be an effective focus for
paving and upgrading raising awareness and
building facades ;
encouraging public

of an
Beautification pa(icipation.
associated open
space I or
landscaping ;

The improvement of a

transporl node such

as a ferry terminal ;

414
 . Traffic management
along a strategic road
; and
,
-\ . Flood lighting of a

waterfront building.
ACTION 6 Closure of Strand Road To publicise the Festival draw CMDA/CPT
and free ferry trips during people to the river. ln addition
River Festival (See to highlight the value of traffic
Action 20) free zones.
ACTION 7 Clean up the Maidan in To provide immediate CMDA with assistance
the shorl term and enter improvement of the Maidan from voluntary groups in
into negotiations over its as an important amenity for the immediate term (there
regular nraintenance. the city, The Maidan's long- may be scope for the
term maintenance should be setting up of citizens
the subject of urgent committees) and through
negotiations with the army. negotiations with the army
over the longer term.
ACTION B Systematic removal of To reveal the visual CMC
billboards on heritage importance and integrity of
building in the city centre key heritage buildings. To
commence a programme of
lntroduct controls over environmental improvements
largescalo advertlsing airned at the better
billboards with efficient presentation and
enforcement management of th: city
mochanlsms to socure centre.
removal,
ACTION 9 Remove overgrown To reveal hetitage riiews anci CMDA

vegetatlon at strategic vistas, realizing the axial fortr-r

locations, of tlre city.

ACTION 1O Relocate historic statues To inject a renewed pride in Action / Group
from Barrackpore to the city and to restore its

reinforce the townscape original historic character.

of the Heritage
lmprovement Zone. And
consider the introduction
of contemporary public
art.

ACTION 11 lmprove secu rity a nd To ensure public safetY for OPT / CMDA

lighting at Princep Ghat walkers along the waterfront

and other public Parts of at all times of the daY and
the waterfront. night.

4.15
.)
)
ACTION 12 Demolish the Strand To improve visual access to CPT / CMDA
Road port wall at key the river and help to connect
locatlons, the watertront with city
hinterland.
ACTION 13 List the lndustrial To undertake a parallel Action Group 1

buildings along the process to the listing of

waterfront that should be
retained for potential new
USCS.
ACTION 14 lmprove the Ghats,
ACTION 15 Relocate the Tourist
Centre to the centre of
Calcutta.
heritage buildings in the city.
This would ensure that the
valuable industrial heritage of
Calcutta is safeguarded for
potential alternative uses.
(See Action 4)This will add to
the rich mix of cultural
heritage sites in both Howrah
and Calcutta.
To enhance these important CMDA/NGOs
nodes of public activity. This
would require an assessment
of the degree to which each
Ghat needs to be refurbished.
To provide easier access to CMDA/CN4C
tourist information and to
consolidate visitor attractions
in and around the oity. The
Town lJall building could be a

possible location.
ACTION 16 ldentify Calcutta's To build on the overall vision Action 1 Group
c;entersof excellence of "The Gifted City". This
and consider ways in would include the
which thoy can bo Univorsities, scicntific
upgi'ac,led establishments and research
centres,
ACTION 17 lmplement a "better To raise public awareness of Action 1 Group
Calcutta movement". the city and to engender civic
pride, particularly amongst
school children.
ACTION 1B Gather the necessary To have a better Action 1 Group
facts / figures for understanding of the qualities
marketing campaigns. of the city as the basis of
tourist and other promotional
literature.

4.16
ACTION 19 Retain and upgrade the To ensure that the elements Action 1 Group
flower market that lend real character and
(cleanllnoss rather than local distinctiveness to flre
stenilsation is neoded) city are protected and
enhanced as part of the
"spirit of the place".
Significant improvements can
be achieved based on the
successful approach of the
"slum improvement project".
ACTION 20 Events : To engage the public in a Action '1 Group
Heritage Open Day River celebration of the city and its
Festival river and to enable public
participation in environmental
improvement projects.

c) Short to Medium Term

ACTION AIM WHO

ACTION 21 lntegrated To provide a policy context to CMDA/UK imput
Development Strategy guide the development of
for the Watorfront Howrah Calcutta
waterfronts. This should
Based on a vision for the recognize the need for
twin cities, draw up an integrated approaches and
integrated joint support the strategic
Development Framework requirements of both cities
for the Howrah and (such as the expansion of
Calcutta waterfronts. CBD, enhancing quality of
This should advantage life, introduction of open
and be in keeping with spaces, preservation of
the needs of both cities. cultural heritage etc.)
ACTION 22 Transport Framework To provide a strategic oontext CMDA / LJK input
and policy framework for new
Draw up a Movement development and
Framework for the nfrastructure projects.
i

riverside concentrating
on current nodes of To develop an understanding
transport, such as the of pedestrian movements
ferry points. across the river and to and
from the waterfront. To
develop transport policy ihat

4.17
 would advantage, rather than
disadvantage pedestrian
flows in strategic parts of the
city.
ACTION 23 Urban design CMDA / UK imput
framework

Commission an Urban To ensure tlrat new

Design Framework for developnrent is in keeping
the City Centre Heritage with the built heritage of the
lmprovement Zone city. To introduce strategic
analysing the existing planning policies to protect
character of the city and important views and vistas
its townscape qualities and curb high buildings.
setting clear guidelines
for the height bulk and
design of new buildings
and identifying important
views and vistas.
ACTION 24 SWOT Analysis on the To identify the sirengths and Action 1 Group / Calcutta
key seling points of weaknesses of the city as the First
Calcutta (such as its first stage of promoting a new
culture, heritage, human image.
resources, innovation,
hospitality etc.)

lmplement a marketing To promote Calcutta

campaign. nationally and internationaliy
)

on the basis of its new irnage.

) ACTION 25 Launch an operation To concentrate public and Action 1 Ciroup / CalcLrtta
"Face Lift Calcutta private funding on the co- [:irst
campaign. ordinated facelift of the city
centre to help improve its
image and enhance its visitor
appeal.

ACTION 26 Take forward current To create a source of funding IL,U

proposais for a Lorrery the improvement of the city

and use the proceeds for centre
heritage and landscaping
improvement projects in

the City Centre Heritage

lmprovement Zone.

4.18
 )

)
)

ACTION 27 I ransport To provide a sound CMDA / UK imput

landscape studies knowledge base on which to
including the make informed decisions
following : about major infrastructure
project. To explore possible
alternative options for
)
environmentally sustainable
) modes of transport.
llndertake Sustainable (ln the light of an emerging
\
Developrnent strategy for Calcutta/Howtah
(economic, waterfronts, some of the
environmental and current infrastructure projects
\
social) lmpact would need to be revisited.
Assessments for major As infrastructure projects
.\ infrastructure project.. have a major impact on the
nature and character of a city,
it is essential that they
support rather than detract
)
from the overall vision of the

) city)
lnvestigate the options
) for a link road between To support the development
)
the two bridges on the of an extended CBD. The
Howrah side. Consider Howrah waterfront has a
) the options for the greater potential for the
)
upgrading of Foreshore development of a major new
road, with feeder roads north/south link.
) to the riverside.

)
Llnderl;:ke a stLidy of the
) impact of proposed To ensure that beautification
projects are targeted to areas
)
railway on pedestrian of greatest need and are in
) nrovemertts (specially keeping with historic nature of
impact on nrovement the city.
)
from ferry ternrinals to
the CBD). ln addition
examine the impact of
)
proposed solutions on
) pedestrian access and
the riverside
)
environment.
)

) 4.19

)
)

Prepare a conservation
and landscale
management plan for the
Maidan and city centre
spaces.
ACTION 28 lmplement a traffic To relieve traffic congestion in CMDA / CMC
management strategic areas and thereby
programme. improve the quality of life.
ACTION 29 Develop a Tourism To release the tourism Action Group 1 and

Strategy for potential of the twin cities and Tourist Department.

Calcutta/Howrah
waterfront as part of a
cultural string of pearls
along the river. For
example Barrackpore,
Dum Dum, Serampore,
Chandernagore, and
Chinsura and develop a attraction along the waterfront
water-ferry service for
tourists.
attract more visitors. This
should be set within the
broader context of visitor
attractions outside the city
with Calcutta action as the
centre-point. Development of
a range of river cruises and
have a key role to play in
such a strategy.

Develop hotel
accommodation for
visitors in the city centre
and around and around
and within major historic
buildings.

Produce accessible
lnformation (tourist
guides/ntanuals) on

attractions, heritage
sites, the waterfront etc.
ACTION 30 Develop a link between To introduce new cross-river CMDA/CPT/RailwaY

Shalimar Railway Station links and promote sustainable Authority.

and a ferry service. transport.

ACTION 31 Restrict lorry movement To reduce the burden of CMDA

(wholesale) to night time traffic on the road nelwork

during the daytime.

ACTION 32 Relocate the bus station To environmentallY imProve CMDA

from Strand Road Strand Road

ACTION 33 Maximise the potential of To develop and enhance CMDA

the cross ferrY links sustainable transPort modes

and reduce the reliance on

4.20
 car use.
ACTION 34 Target the reduction of To reduce pollLrtion levels in CMDA
emisslons from vehicle the city. This will give a
exhaust pipes. different and nrore realistic
perception of the traflic
situation in Calcutta.
ACTION 35 Widen pavements along To increase road capacity for CMDA
Strand Road pedestrian flows to the river /
Millennium Park.
ACTION 36 Decentralising some To reduce congestion and to CMDA
activities to the Howrah free up the heritage potential
slde such as the of Calcutta. BUT care should
Wholesale market. be taken that such a policy
does not result tn tlre
relocation of use that add
colour / vitality and are part of
the "spirit of the city" or are
in other ways dependent on
their geographical location.
ACTION 37 ldentify historic buildings To take direct action to Ar:tion 1 Group
at risk through neglect or prevent furlher deierioration.
disuse such as the
Currency Building,
ACTION 38 Repair, restore and To provide an imporlant Action 1 Group
convert the Strand Road amently and cultural
Warehouses sensitively landmark for citizens and
to mixed uses such as visitors.

)
accommodation,
restaurants, ground level [A lesson from the UK
r. promenados, shopping
_.) experience is that car parks

\ arcados, arts and crafts, at ground level do not work.

design practices, These spaces should be
conference facilities, dedicated to public uses,
hotel etc, Care should be such as cates, shopping
taken that the arcades etc.]
architectural integrity of
the warehouses is not
compromised by the new
uses. lt is recommended
that creative architectural
practices be involved in

the renovation of these

sensitive structures. A
design competition
)

)
4.21
I
 should be considered.

ln addition other
industrial building along
the both the Calcutta and
Howralr wateffront
should be identified as
potential tourist
attractions, For example
to house art and crafts
activity and reflect the
manufacturing heritage
of the region such as the
production of tea, jute
etc,
ACTION 39 Carry out a strategic To add to the programme of CMDA/ICC
assessment of the beautificatiorr of the
waterfront buildings that waterfront
could be flood lit.
ACTION 40 lmprovement of open To ensure that Iandscapirrg Action 1 Group
spaces shoLrld be based and beautification projects
on sound urban are in keeping with the
design/landscape heritage character of the city
solutions. and are consistent where
necessary.
ACTION 41 Reduce pressure on the To maximize the opportunity CMDa / ICC/ UK imput
central city area by presented by the Howrah
extending the CBD to waterfront for creating a new
Howrah in a phased waterfront city hat can
manner (see Action 2'1 ) absorb the pressures for
expansion of the CBD.
A further key
consideration will be the This has implications for a
need to raise business long-terr.n transport litrategy
confidence in the Hovzrair based on changing patterns
Waterfront. For example of commuter rnovements.
the introduction of a
"symbolic building" at a

strategic location would

send a strong rnessage
to the business
community.

4.22
 )

r)
i\ The proposed
development should aim
I
to address the needs to
) Howrah as well as
.\ Calcutta (such as the
introduction of a

.\ waterfront park).
ACTION 42 lntroduce a shopping To make an architectural
plaza on the railway statement and to introduce an
station. amenity and visitor attraction
at a transport hub.
ACTION 43 lnrprove the To consider the necessary
on the
infrastructure infrastructure needed to
Howrah side (see support a new business
Actions 22 an 27) district in Howrah,
ACTION 44 ldentity those buildings / To restore the original historlc Action 1 Group/Calcutta
spaces that seriously townscape. Thisis a long- First
detract from the built term strategy that would
heritage of central come into play as parl of the
Calcutta and over the natural evolution and
long term consider their development of the city.
renroval / restructuring.
ACTION 45 Create a City Building To but restore, adapt and
Preservation Trust, convert important historic
buildings to new Ltses, e.g.
Clive's House at Dunr Dum.

4.23
)

4.3 Non Conventional / Renewable Sources of Energy

4,3.1 What are Non-Conventiona! Sources of Energy ?

Energy is vital for the sustenance of a modern society and comes in various
forms - coal, petroleum, the sun, wind, biogas, biomass, atoms and so on. Of
these coal, petroleum and water (through dams) are considered conventional
sources, while the sun, wind, water (read small hydel projects), biogas,
biomass and atoms constitute non-conventional sources, Coal-Bed Methane
is the latest addition to the non-conventional sources.

4.3.2 What is Renewable Energy ?

ln the past century, it has been seen that the consumption of non-renewable
sources of energy has caused more environmental damage than any other
human activity, Electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and crude
oil has led to high concentrations of harmful gases in the atmosphere. This
has in turn led to many problems being faced today such as ozone depletion
and global warming, Vehicular pollution has also beerr a major problem.

Therefore, alternative sources of energy have become very important and

relevant to today's world, These sources, such as the sun and wind, can
never be exhausted and therefore are called renewable. They cause less
emissions and are available locally. Their use can, to a large extent, reduce
a viable
chemical, radioactive, and thermal pollution. They stand out as
source of clean and limitless energy, These are also known as non-
conventional sources of energy. Most of the renewable sources of energy are
fairly non-polluting and considered clean though biomass, a renewable
source, is a major polluter indoors.

4.3.3 What are these alternative sources of energy ?

Under the category of renewable energy or non-conventional energy are such

sources as the sun, wind, water, agricultural residue, firewood, and animal

4.24
 dung. The non-renewable sources are the fossil fuels such as coal,
crude oil,
and natural gas' Energy generated from the sun is known as solar energy.
Hydel is the energy derived from water. Biomass-firewood, animal dung,
biodegradable waste from cities and crop residues * is a source of energy
when it is burnt. Geothermal energy is derived from hot dry rocks, magma,
hot
water springs, natural geysers, etc. Ocean thermal is energy derived from
waves and also from tidal waves.

Through the method of co-generation, a cleaner and less polluting form of

energy is being generated, Fuel cells are also being used as cleaner energy
source, ln lndia a number of initiatives have been taken.

4,3.4 Use of Bio Mass :

All around we see huge amount of waste bio mass in the form of animal and
human excreta, agricultural residues, waste sludge, dropped leaves, flower,
water hyacinth, agricultural waste, canteen and kitchen wastes etc.
As the population is rising, so also is rising the mountain of waste bio mass
and people are at a loss not knowing how to cope with the situatiorr.
We can successfully and profitably utilize the situation if we turn to newest
technologies in bio mass processing.
Bio mass can be subjected to two highly interesting processes ;

a) Bio Methanation
b) Bio Gasification

4.3,5 A Few Pilot Projects on Renewable sources of Energy rarithin KMA

A crematoria at Bhadreswar already commissioned with Biogas from

cowdung.

Replacement of Electric Grid Power of

chandannagar Municipal
corporation office building with Power from prototype co generator
using Biomass, Solar Energy and Wind Energy.

4.25
i)

,(

:l
(
I
,l
:l

Heritoge

I
 CHAPTER -5
HERITAGE

51 I 6:+ Description

The Oxford Dictionary defines heritage as inherited circumstances or benefits.

It includes anything which can be looked as an artistic, picturesque, historical,
antique or any substantial work, in short over which conscious artistic people
would think worthwhile to argue. This may ha're Architectural significance, His-
torical significance, Environmental significance ancj Cultural significance.

Conservation may be defined as the process involved in the preservation of a

building, monuments, precincts etc. in order to retain its architectural, historical,
environmental or cultural significance, This term includes nnaintenance and ac-
cording to necessity, may require preservation, restoration or reconstruction and
may commonly be a combination of more than one of the above.

According to Kolkata Municipal Corporation Act 1980, Heritage Building means

any building of one or more premises or any part thereof, which require preser-
vation and conservation for historical, architectural, environmental or ecological
purpose and includes such portion of the land adjoining such building or any
part thereof as may be required for fencing or covering or otherwise preserving
such building and also includes the areas and buildings requiring preservation
and conservation for the purpose.

The conservation would be concerned inter alia with following components of

urban heritage that :

. Possess architectural, historical, religious or cultural interest.

. Have a special or unique quality or charm that provides distinctiveness ei-

ther because of its ambience or because of some distinctive activity cen-
tered on or associated with the place.

. Constitute a focal point in a city or town or importance tc the social, psycho-

logical or spiritual well being of its residents.

. Are element that enhance the physical environment of the city.

5.1
,)
,)

5.2 Establishment of the West Bengal Heritage Commission.

Government of West Bengal, Department of lnformation and Cultural Affairs

vide its Notification No. 3054 - ICA- dated, Kolkata, 24th July, 200'1 established
with effect from the 1't day of August, 2001, a commission by the name of the
West Bengal Heritage Commission for the purpose of identifying heritage build-
ings, monuments, precincts and sites and for measures for their restoration and
preservation.

The said commission has so far met a no. of times and has already started the
work of listing, site survey, documentation, preparation of plans and program-
ming as well as implementation of the projects to be continued even for mainte-
nance, once the project is completed. An interim report of the commission is
awaiting.

Very recently Administrative Approval and Financial Sanction (AA & FS) for an
amount of Rs. 1.0 crore has been received from Govt. of W.B. in connection with
'l1th Finance Commission allotment for the Project package on conservation and
restoration works of the following two works within KMA (out of fourteen work
sites in W.B.) and the same was approved by the commission in its 5th meeting
held on 19.01 .2004.

i) Vande Mataram Bhawan (House of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay) at

Chinsurah.

ii) Sadhak Ramprasad's Vita with Ashram at Halisahar.

5,3 Procedure for dealing with the application for declaring a building as heri-
tage building : (as per notification No. 131/WBHE / R - I dated 2l"tSeptem-
ber, 2004 of Government of West Bengal, West Bengal Heritage Commis-
sion)

l) All applications from the local body, and mass petition or departmental
report for declaring a building or precincts as heritage building or build-
ings shall be received by the commission.

ii) The Secretary shall, notify the list of buildings to be declared as heritage
building in the Vernacular or English newspaper by giving notice to the

5.2
I

occupants of the intention of the commission.

iii) On receipt of the notice, the owners or occupiers or tlre leaseholders of

the said building may give their views in writing to the conrmission within
thirty days of the date of the notice.

iv) No such owner or occupants or the leaseholders of the building so noti-

fied shall cause demolition, removal, alteration, defacement, hoarding on
the wall or misuse the part or parts of the builciing or buildings by way of
sale, lease or mortgage without prior approval of the commission.

v) The Commission or Authorised Officer or Architect or Conservation Engi-

neer, if any, shall be allowed to conduct a survey of the building or build-
Ings in order to make preliminary documentation of the said building or
buildings.The owner or occupier or leaseholder shall co-operate with the
authorised representatives to collect the information regarding architec-
tural and historical significance of the building.

vi) The Documentation Officer or the Architect or the Conservation Engineer

shall send their report within 90 (ninety) days from the date of the work
order to the Secretary.

vii) The report so prepared under sub-clause (Vi), shall be placed before the
Commission within six months from the date of issuance of the notice
under sub-clause (ll)for evaluation and listing of the building or buildings
or precincts.

5.4 List of Heritage Buildings / Monuments / Precincts etc. within KMA

During preparation of the Land use and Development Counter Plan, KMDA has
listed Heritage Buildings / Monuments / Precincts within <jifferent Corporations /
Municlpalities, This list is not complete. Further work is going on.

5.3
5,4.1 KOLKATA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

sl. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1. Cossipore Udyan Bdtl Cossipore Road 1

2. House of Basak Famlly Kali Ch. Ghosh Road 2

J. Cossipore Club Buildlng Seven Tank, Durn Dum Road 2

4 Belgachia Villa 64, Khudiram Bose Sarani 3

5 House of Late 65, Banamali Chatterjee 5

Manmath Ganguli Street

o. Satkhira Rajbari (Roy 37/E, Cossipore Road 6

Chowdhury Family)
7. N, C. C, Office Jn, of Sachin Mitra Lane & B

Ramakanta Bose Stroet

B, House of Girish Ghosh Girish Avenue 8
o House of Saha Family Harachand Mallick Street I
(Putul Bari)
1
10. Former Grand Hindu Hotel 107A, Sovabazar Stroet I
11. Godown 19, Hara Chandra Mullick St. I
12. Sovabazar Raj Bari 35, Sovabazar Street 9

13, House of Mitra Famlly 34, Shampukur Street 10

14. House of Raja Nabakrishna 35V, Raja Nabakrishna Street 10

15, House of Sinha Family 36, Raja Nabakrishna Street 10

16. Belgachia Medical College Hostel 115, Bidhan Sarani 12

17. Bangiya Sahitya Parishad 24311,A. P. C. Road, 15

lCalcutta - 6
I
.1
18. ,Paresh Nath Temple
Ca
I
IJ
I
I
'16
19. lScotish Church Collegiate School lzg, eioh'rn sarani
I

20, lsronrrun Brahmo samaj 121'1, Bidhan Sarani 17

I I

21. lHouse of H. M, Bose |

5/1, Kasi Bose Lane 17
I I

22, lHouse of Dutta Family 1764, Beadon Street 1.8

I I

23. lHouso of B. K. Paul lgz, Sovabazar Street 19

I I
24, lNimtala Burning Ghat 12, Strand Bank Road 20
I I

25. lJorabagan Police Station 146, Nimtala Ghat Street 20

5.4
st. Name Location Ward Remarks
No. Nb.

26. House of Mukherjee Family 13, Jorabagan Street 21

(Bagh Bari)
27, Sarba Mangala Ghat Strand Bank Road 21

28, Old Silver Mint 47, Strand Road 22

29, chottalalki Ghat Strand Bank Road 22
30. House of Late Maharaja 25, Maharshi Debendra Nath 22
Sukhmay Ray (Posta RaJbari) Tagore Street
31. Prasad House of Jotindra 138, Prasanna Kr, Tagore 24
Mohan Tagore Street
32. House of Kundoo Family 65, Tarak Pramanik Road )R

33. Jora Sanko Rajbari 286, Rabindra Sarani 25

34. House of Tagore Family 6, Dwaraka Nath Tagore Lane 25
35, Bethune College 181, Bidhan Sarani 26
36, House of Raja Rammohan Roy 85, Raja Rammohan Sarani a-7

37 Jorasanko Thakur Bari 614, Dwarakanath Tagoro Lane 29

38, Science College 92, Acharya Prafulla Ch, Road JO

39, House of Rashbehari Ghosh 16, Parsi Bagan Lane 3B

40. House of Raja Kristo Dass Laha 2, Bidhan Sarani 3B

41 Basu Bigyan Mandir 93/1, A. P, e. Road 3B

42. House of Laha Family 223, Bidhan Sarani .

39
43. Mahajati Sadsn 166, Chitta Ranjan Avenue 39
44, Marbel Palace 46, Muktaram Babu Street 41

45, Osman Building 8, Balai Dutt Street 43

46. Motilal Seals Free College 127, Chitta Ranjan Avenue 43
47. The Presidency College College Streot 44
48. Raj Bhavan 45
49. High Court with South Annex 45
50, Town Hall 45
51. A. G. Bengal's Office Council House Street 45
52. lCommercial Library Building Cor-rncil House Street 45
I

53. lMetcafe Hail 45

I

54. I Central Telegraph Office 4s

5.5
sl. Name Location Ward Remarks
No. No.
55 All the building abutting B. B. D. 45
Bag North, South and West.
56. Currency Office Dalhousie Square East & 46
Mango Lane (Junction)
57. Mititary Secretariat 5 & 6, Esplade Row East 46
58. Metropolitan lnsurance Buildlng 7, Chowringhe Road 46
59. Calcutta Corporation 5, Surendra Nlath Banerjee -rl 46
60. Esplanado Manslon Esplanade Row East 46
6'1, Bourne & Shepherd 141, S, N, Barrerjee Road 46
(Photographer)
62. Statesman House 4, Chowringhee Square 46
63. Victoria House Chowringhee Square, 46
Calcutta - 1

64. Grand Hotel 15 & 18, Jawarlal Nohru Road, 46

Calcutta - 13
65. Shahid Minar Maidan 46
66. Tipu Sultan Mosque Lenin Sarani 46
67. lndian Association 62, B. B. Ganguly Street 47
68. House of Raja Subodh Mullick 12, Raja Subodh Mullick 51

Square
69. House of Rani Rashmani Family 13-21 Jn. of Mirza Ghalib St & 52
S. N. Banerjee Road
70. St. Paul's Cathedral 63
71. Victoria Memorial Hall 83
72, lndian Museum 63
73. Asiatic Society's Building 63
74. Nizam's Palace Acharya Jagadish Bose RoaC 70
75. Netaji Bhavan 3812, Lala t-ajpat Rai .Sarani 7A

76, Calcutta Club 241, Acharya Jagadish 71

Bose Road
77. House of Sri Ashutosh Mukherjee 27, Ashutosh Mukherjee Road 72
10
t(J. House of Chitta Ranjan Das 7, Hazra Road 72
I

(Desh Bandhu Balika Bhavan)

5.6
st. Name Location Ward Remarks
No. No.

7g Belvedere (National Library) Belvedere Road 74

80. Hastings House . Judges Court Road 74
B1 Migistrate Court & the Judges Court Road 74
Surrounding Buildlngs
82. Alipore Observatory 4, Duel Avenue 74
83. Bhukailash Rajbati Bhukaliash Road 77
84. Minit lndia Alipore, Ca.lcutta - 53 79
85. Ramakrishna Missisn lnstitute Gariahat, Calcutta - 29 89
of Culture
86. Derozio House
87, Puja Dalan of Pashupati
Basu's House
88, River Front Area with ghats
and warohouses,
89. College Street Corrider
90. Kumartuli
91, New Market
92. Kalighat Temple
93, Maidan Area
94, Darbanga Buildlng
of Calcutta University College Street

5.4.2 KANgHRAPARA MUfItCtPALtTY

st. Name l-ocation Ward Remarks

No. No.

1 Protestant Church Dhobipukur Road

L. Nakhoda Masjid Dhobipukur Roacl
Shib Mandir Maniktala Road
4. Catholic Church Jonepur
5 Laxmi Narayan Zew Mandir Satish Nandi Road
6. Kancharapara Dakat Kalibari Babu Block
7. Hari Sava Workship Road
5.7
)

5.4.3 HALISAHAR MUNICIPALITY

)
sl, Name Location Ward Remarks
No. No.
I

I
1. Ram Prasad's'Bhite' Siber Goli Main Road
2. Nigomananda Ashranr Ghosh Para Road
J. Swarupananda Ashram Railway Boundary Road
+.
^ Residence of Col. K, P. Gupta Baidya Para
5. Sahen Pukur Nabanagar

54 4 KHARpAH MUrllElEAUIy

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1. House of Nitynanda M. M. Goswami Road

2. House of Rabindranath Tagore Shyam Sundar Ghat Road

54 5 PANIHATI MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1. Raghav Bhavatr
2. Govinda Home
3. Khadi Gramadog Bhavan Gandhi Ashram, SodepLrr
4. Mahatsov Tola (Ground) Near Launch Ghat
5. Gopastami (Ground) Land of Pinjrapool
6. River Front Area with Ghats

5.4.6 BARANAGAR MUNICIPALITY

sl. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1. Sri Sri Pat Bari Asrant l2lB,Palbari Lane, Cal - 35

2. Sri Ramkrishna Sevayatan 2, P. K. Saha Lane, Cal - 36.
J. Sri Sri Ramakrishna 16, Maharaja Nanda Kumar
Paduka Bhavan Road, Cal - 35

5.8
 )
)
)
) SI, Name Location Ward Remarks
) No. No.
) 4. Dutch Kuthi
) 5 Alambazar Math

) o. Ratan Babu Ghat

7, Sri Ramkrishna Math 60/1, Ramchand Bagchi Lane
)
Cal - 35.
)
8. Residence of Abanindra Nath 1, Kali Krishna Thakur Road
)
Thakur
I Residence of Sisir Bhaduri Jadav Chandra Ghosh Lane
10. Amrapali lSl Campus
11. Gupta Niwas lSl Campus

5.4,7 BARASAT MUNICIPALITY

SI, Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1, Hastings House at Banamalipur

2, Kalikrishna Primary School K. N. C, Road
(founded by Pandit lswar Chandra
Vidyasagar)
J. Nilkuthi Area
A
+. Place for hanging of Maharaj Hatipukur
Nandakumar
5. Address place of Netaji Subhas Sett Pukur
Chandra Bose Maidan
)

5.4,8 BUDGE BUDGE MUNICIPALITY

)
st. Name Location Ward Remarks
)
No. No.
)
1, Chitraganj Burning Ghat area of Temple of 'Ki-rukikali'
l
2, Sitala Mandir Budge Budge Dr. S. N. Ghosh Road
,]

) 5.9

)
5,4,9 RAJPUR SONARPUR MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No,

1. Nrendrapur Abhoyaranya Mouza Ukhila Paikpara

(Kayal Bagan) (J, L. No, 56) P. S. - Sonarpur

5,4,1 O NAIHATI MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1. Rashi Bankim Chandra's House Kathalpara

5,4,11 DUM DUM MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1. Ordnance Factory Area

2. Clive's House
3, Central Jail
4. Jessop Factory Area
5, HMV Complex

5.4 12 KAMARHATT MUNIC|EAL|TY

st, Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No"

1, Dakhineswar Kali Bari Area

2. Sarada Math
3, Adyapith
4. Ariadaha Pat Bari
5, Buro Shibtala Ghat and
Mukta Keshi Kali Bari
6. Jogoda Math

5,1 0
 )

5.4.1 3

SI, Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.
1, Howrah Railway Station Building
2, Howrah Town Hall
3. Howrah Telegraph Office Building
4, Colvin Court Building
5. Clock Tower B. E, College
6. Madhusudan Bhavan B. E. College
7. Workshop Building B. E. College
8. Downing Hall B. E. College
o Heaton Hall B. E. College
10. Padmapukur Jala
11, Santragachi Bill
12. D. M. Banslaw
)
13, Botanical Garden Area
)

, 5.4.14 CHANDANNAGORE MUNtCtpAL CORPORAJ"IQI{

st. Name Locatiorr Ward Remarks/
) No, No. Yr. of
) Construction
1 French Governor's Residence Strand Road-West Bank 1696 -
(Duplex Palace) of Hooghly River. Rebuilt in
)

1814.
2, Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate's Strand Road 1 878
Court - (Hotel de Paris)
3. Jail Strand Road 1 850
A
Sub-Divisional Police Officer's Strand Road
Office - (Baradwari) Clock Tower
6 Old Building of Sub-Divisional Bhudeb Mookherjee Road '1870

Office - French Administrative

Office
o. Excise office - French Distillery Urdibazar 1 855
Building
5.11
 )

)
j

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. N;.
7. Sub-Divisional Hospital Rupchand Nandy Road 1 860
Hospital Morgain
B. Gala Kuty - Ruplal Nandy Palpara
Memorial Cancer Research Centre
9. Chandernagore Municipal Church Road '1875

Corporation Old Building

'10. Liberty Gate (South and North) Barasat and Taldanga 1937
Entry point of French Territory
on G. T. Road
11 Out Police Station : Burabazar, G. T. Road 1 880
a) Khalisani, b) Bibirhat : Palpara
12. Church : Jesuit Church Strand Road 1720
(ln the compound St, Joseph's
Convent)
13 Church : Sacred Heart Avenue Barthet - Strand Road, 1 BB4
Burabazar
14. St, Joseph's Convont Strand Road 'l 861
14 a) French Cemetery Opposite to Laldighi
1tr Old Building of Chandernagore
lJ. Strand Road 1 865
College (Duplex College -

College de Bussy)
16 Kanailal Vidyamandir (English Rue de Burabazarr 1862
Section) College Duplex -

Pirro's School - St. Mary's lnstitute

17. Kanailal Vidyamandir Rue de Burabazar 1 860
(French Section)
18. Jora Ghat - French Jetty Strand Road 1 BBO

19. House of Bornet Saheb Hathkhola '1860

Bornet : Administrator of
Chandennagore
20 Nandodulal Temple, EK-Banglo Tinbazar 1740
Porch. Back Side Flat Roof

_) 5.12

)
)
lt,
sr. Name Location Ward Remarks
j
No. No.

21 Boraichanditala Temple Boraichanditala Middle of

Jore Banglo Temple adding Nut xvlilth
Mancha in Front Century
22. Nandan-Nandan Temple Barasat xvilrth
EK-Banglo Porch (with single Century
entrance)
23. Dasubhuja Temple Barasat xviltth,
Atchala Terracotta Decoration Century
24, Siva Temple Narua XIXth
Pancha Ratha - Ridged Rekh Century
25 Siva Temple Barasat XIXth
Dwadas Temple Atchala Century
)

to. Mosque Kuthirmath XIXth

Century
27. Nritya Gopal Smriti Mandir Road 1 860
French and lndian Mixed type of
Architecture
28. Krishna Bhabini Nari Siksha Road 1 920
Mandir, Mixed Architecture
29. Sambhu Chandra Seva Sadan Road 1 BBO

Ex-Banglo Porch, Back side

Flat Roof
30. Prabartak Ashram Boraichanditala
31. House of Harihar Sett Palpara 1 860
Typical Tuscan Column
32. Patal Kuthi Strand Road 1 BBO

33 Mandal Bhavan Gondalpara '1815

34. Bezra Bandaghat Bezr 1 BBO

35, River Front Area with Ghats

5.1 3
 5.4.15 BANSBERIA MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No.
No.
1, Hanseswari Temple

5.4.16
.)

sl. Name Location Ward Remarks

No.
No.
1. Bandel Church
2, lmambara Hooghly
3. Dutch Villa
4. Court Building
5. Hooghly Mohoshin College
6. Circuit House
7. D. M. Bunglow Hooghly
B. Police Barrack
L District Information Office
10. Bande Mataram Bhavan

5.4.17 SERAMPORE MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No.
No.
1, Serampore College William Kerry Road
a
L. Danish Church T. C. Goswami Street
J. Missionaries' Church William Kerry Road
4, Tomb of William Kerry Brojo Duta Lane
5. Chasers'Home T. C. Goswami Street
6. Raja K. L, Goswami Memorial Hall 1, N. S. Avenue
7. House of Panchanan Karmakar Battala
8. Dole Temple Chatra Chaudhuripara
9. Jagannath Temple Mahesh, G. T. Road
10. Radhaballab Temple Thakurbati Street
11. Madan Mohan Temple Chaudhuripara

5.14
5.4 18 RTSHRA MUN|C|PALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No, No.

1. Sidheswari Kali Temple

2. Morpukur Masjid
3, Bara Masjid G, T. Road

5.4.19 KONNAGAR MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1. Dwadasa Siva Mandir

5.4.20 UTTARPARA KOTRRANG MUNICIPALITY.

st. Name Location Ward Remarks

No. No.

1, Jaikrishna Public Library G, T. Road, Uttarpara

2. Bhadrakali Temple Ramkrishna Ghat

5,4.21 BALLY MUNICIPALITY

st. Name Location Ward Remarks
No. No.

1, Belur Math and Ramkrishna Mission Belr-rr

Complex.

5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS

o List of Heritage structures for the remaining Municipalities are to be com-

pleted within a definite time frame.

o A panel of experienced Architects / Structural Engineers shall be prepared

for suggesting the appropriate measures required for conservation of Heri-
tage structures.

o List of Heritage structures shall be wideiy circulated.

o Necessary budget provision shall be macJe for conservation purposes.

5.1 5
 5.6 PROFORMA FOR RECORDING HISTORIC PROPE,RTIES
DURING LISTING
SerialNo. -
1. Name
Photograph
Present Name :

Past Name :

2. Location
Address :

Approach:

3. 'Ownership
Single/IUultipte
Public/Private Caption:
Any other (specify) Map reference :
Name: Photo reference :

Address:
8. Physicaldescription
4. Age Sunounding:
Precise date :
Approximate date: Plan:
. Source of information :

5. Property type
PrecincUBuildin g/Structure/Landscape/Site Decorative features :

Subtype:
Typology: Building materialand :
construction techniques
6. Property use
Abandoned/in use: Style
Present use :
Past use : L State of preservation
Good/Fair/Showing Signs of Deterioration/
7. Significance Advanced State of DecaylDanger of
Historic significance : Disappearance

Cultural significance : 10. Condition description

Signs of distress :

Socialsignificance :
Structural problems :

Associational significance :
Repairs and Maintenance :
11. Grade (A/B/C)
.Architecture: 12. Threats to the property
Historic:
Associational: Reference
Social/cultural : 13. Refiercnce notes
Others: '14. Maps/plan/Drawings
15. Date of listing I
16. Listers
Listers Listers
Name Reviewer
Name Name
Address Address Address

5.16
()

GHIPTTR I6

I
I

Finonciql Outlqy

I
-)

CHAPTER -6
FINANCIAL OUTLAY

6.0 Major on going programmes

6.1 Ganga Action Plan (Phase - ll)

For Abatement of pollution of River Ganga frorl different Municipal towns,

Ganga Action Plan (Phase - ll) works have been started in 1B Municlpal
)
towns within Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) since 2AU. The project is
expected to be completed by 2006. Projects amounting to Rs. 148.0 crore
I
have so far been approved by National River Conservation Directorate,
Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of lndia.
)

) 6.2 Kolkata Urban Services for the Poor (KUSP)

)

The programme aims to improve urban piarrnirrg and governance and access
to basic services for the poor and to supprirl ;: bettr:r errabling environment for
economic growth in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA). A metropolis wide
approach, addressing the multiple dimerrs;ions of poverty while developing
strategies for inclusion of the marginaliseci, specifically the Scheduled Caste
and Muslim, distinguishes this from previotts sLtch initiatives.

The KUSP is one of the newest additions to Department for lnternational

Development's (DFID) contributing endeavor to reduce urban poverty in lndia.

The current project in west Bengal has been officialised through a Bth May,
2003 letter of the Minister (Development) and Head, DFID, Government of U.
,)
K. Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Govt.
)
of lndia. Confirming U. K. Governrnent's allocation of funds vis-a-vis the

KUSP programme. The grant was made on the basis of project concept note

)
o. I

)
()
,-)
(-
being jointly developed by Government
of west Bengal and Government of
lndia in 2001.
)

The project covers 40 Urban Local Bodies within

Kolkata Metropolitan Area.
only Kolkata Municipal Corporation is not included
in this programme.

The objective of the project is improvement

of quality of life of the urban poor
and its sustainability.

The duration of the project is 2003-2011.

The total cost of the project is 102.1
Million pounds i,e. Rs. Z14.Bg Crore.

6.3 Kolkata Environmental lmprovement proJect (KElp)

(ADB Loan No. 1213.tND)

ln 1998, the Government of lndia asked the Asian Development Bank for
assistance in reversing the environmental degradation
of a few large cities.
Following identification of Kolkata as the most
appropriate location for a
project, the Govt' and the Bank agreed that Kolkata Env,ironmental
lmprovement Project (KEIP) team should produce
a Municipal Kolkata
Environmental lmprovemont Programme including feasibility
studies for
priority projects,

The proposars for KElp and priority projects

are in 6 (six) parts, they are :

i) partA- Sewerage & Drainage

ii) Part B - Solid Waste Management
iii) Part C - Slum Rehabilitation
iv) Part D - creaner production & poilution contror
v) Part E - Rehabilitation of Lakes and Canals.
vi) Part F - lnstitutional Development

The Sewerage & Drainage lmprovement Programme will be executed

in
Borough I (ward No. 1 to 6), Borough xiii, xiv, xv, xii and xi (covering
ward

6.2
t.)
-)

No, 101 to 141) utilising the GAp infrastructure, KMDA and KMW &
sA
existing systems. A draft final report for this project was submitted
in
september, 1ggg, subsequenfly the project was approved by
Asian
Development Bank' A few pilot schemes for sewerage works have
already
been started.

The proposed systems include collection systenr (house connections, lateral

and branch sewers), and transport systems (trurrk sewers), pumping stations
and Force Mains. ln addition to Sewerage lrnprovement system, improvement
of drainage system in the above mentionecj areas are also included under
this
project,

The duration of the project is 2002-2007. The total cost of the project is 330
Million Dollar i.e, Rs. 1518 crore.

6.3
 FINANCIAL OUTLAY
(Rs. in Lakh)
st, Description of Works 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Remarks
No.

A, Environment :

1 Air Quality Monitoring of BO 90 '100 110 120 Action:

Kolkata, Howrah & other
WBPCB
Municipalities
2. Water Quality Monitoring 20 atr 30 35 40 Action :

of River Hooghly and WBPCB

Ground Water within
KMA.
J. Abatement of Pollution of 2000 2500 4000 s000 Action :

River Ganga from KMDA

different Municipal Towns
(taken up under Ganga
Action Plan Ph - ll)
4. Afforestation in different 10 20 20 25 Action :

Municipalities.
KMDA
E
Management of Municipal 200 500 600 800 900 Action
Solid Waste and Bio- KMDA
MedicalWaste.
o_ Waste Water Quality 10 15 18 20 22 Action :

Monitoring of DWF WBPCB

Channel of Kolkata
Municipal Corporation at
different stretches.
7 Finding out carrying 20 )q 30 Action :

capacity of Kolkata and KMDA

Howrah with respect to
Land, Water, Air, Bio-
Diversity etc.
B. Wet Land :

I Management of East 100 150 200 250 Action :

Kolkata Wet Land, IWMED

2. Management of Wet Land 100 200 400 500 Action :

in different Municipalities IWMED

* Programmes
Lrnder KUSP and KElp are not included under this ouilay.

6.4
 c. Urban AmenitieE
1 River Front DGvelopment 6n 200 300 400 Action :
in Kolkata & Howrah.
KMDA
2. Restoration works of 150 250 400 Action :
Circular Canal, New Cut
l&WDept.
Canal, Kestopur Canal &
Bhangar Katakhal for
Navigability, Beautification
& Source of Water Supply
J. Con stru ction-- of- pu bt ic 5i) -7tr
100 Action :
Toilet Complex in different
ULB'S
Municipalities.
4. Development of pai[s and
100 200 300 Action
PlaygroundS in different
ULB'S
Municipalities.
5. Pilot Project for Rain 10 20 ZC 30 Action :

Water Harvesting, Ground

KMDA
Water Recharging etc.
6. Pilot Project for utilization 15 30 50 100 Action :

of different types of Bio-

KMDA
mass (e.q. Animal
Excreta, Water Hyacinth
etc.) for production of Bio
Gas, Electricity etc.
7. Pilot Project o 100 150 200 otrn Action :

of Solar Energy for KMDA

production of Electricity.
q
Conversion of Electric 50 100 150 200 Action :

Crematoria to Gas Fired KMDA

Crematoria.
D. Heritage :

1 Preservation & 100 200 250 300 Action

Conservation of Heritage
KMDA
Buildings, Monuments
etc.
Total 2310 3665 6338 B1 10 3967

6.5
 REFERENCES

1. Louis T. Pojman, 'Environemental Ethics, Readings in Theory and

Application', wads worth - Thomson publication. USA, 3rd Edn. ,2001.

2. Harry M. Freeman, 'standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and

Disposal', McGraw Hill publication, 2,,d Edn, , 1ggT.

3' Lester R. Brown, 'State of The world', Prentice Hall of lndia private Limited,
New Delhi.

4' C. S' Rao, 'Environmental Pollution Control Engineering', New Age

lnternational (P) Limited publication, New Delhi, ZOO1.

5' 'Manual on Water Supply and Treatment 1999', CPHEEO, Government of

lndia.

6. 'Manual on sewerage and sewage Treatment, 1gg3', cpHEEo, Government

of lndia.

7. 'Manual on Municipal Solid waste Management, 2000', cpHEEo,

Government of lndia.

B. 'Rain water Harvesting and conservation Manual, 2oo2', cpwD,

Government of lndia.

9. 'Proceedlngs of the National Symposium on Plastic Waste Management',

centre for Quality Management system, Jadavpur University.

10. 'Report of Air Pollution Study in different Municipalities in West Bengal', West
Bengal Polution Central Board.

11' 'Proceedings . of the Workshop on Rain Water Harvesting and Water

Conservation', West Bengal Pollution Control Board.

12. 'Report of the Committee for formulation of the Guidelines for preparation of
Management Plan of East Kolkata Wetland', Department of Environment,
Government of West Bengal.

13. 'Study of Waterbodies in Urban West Bengal', lnstitute of Wetland

Management and Ecological Design (IWMED), West Bengal.
 14' 'The KUSP Document', Municipal Affairs Departrlerit,
Government of West
Bengal.

' 15' 'A Meeting by the River', conference on CalcLitta ancl l{owrah
Waterfronts,
July 2000.

16' 'Agenda for Change', A Plain language version of Agenda

21 andthe other
Rio Agreements.

17. 'Report of Kolkata Environmental lmprovernent project', prepared

by The
Asian Development Bank and The Kolkata Municipal Corporation, September
. 1999.

18. K' C. Khandelwal,'Biogas Technology, A Practial Hanabook, Vol 1,, Tata

Mcgraw-Hill Publishing company Limited, New Derhi, 1g8g.

19. 'MlS Report of Programmes under National River Conservation plan',

Ministry
of Environment and Forest, Governmerrt cf lnclia, l)ecember 2004,

20. 'Sustaining Calcutta, Status Report of the Urb::n peoples Environnrent,,

Kolkata Metropolitan water and Sanitation Auihorty, December 1gg4.

21' 'The Land Use and Development Control Plan for the Calcutta
Municipal
corporation Area', Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, May 1g96.

22. 'Solid Waste Management in Class I cities in lndia, Report of the committee
constituted by the Hon. supreme court of lndia', March, 1ggg.

23- 'Baseline Water Quality Studies of the Hooghly Estuary', National

, Environmental Engineering Research lnstitute, Nagpur, 1976.

24- 'Report of Air Pollution Survey, Calcutta and Howrah', National Environmental
Engineering Research lnstitute, Nagpur 1977.

IT