PDF

‫ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺧﺪﺍﻭﻧﺪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ )ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ(‬

‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﻲ‬
‫)ﻫﺪﻑ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ SMART PLS‬ﻭ ‪(LISREL‬‬
‫)ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ(‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﻨﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫‪F0‬‬
‫)ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪1394‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ahasanvand61@gmail.com‬‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﻲ )ﻫﺪﻑ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ SMART PLS‬ﻭ ‪(LISREL‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﻨﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫)ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ(‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﻲ‬
‫)ﻫﺪﻑ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ SMART PLS‬ﻭ ‪(LISREL‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻤﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺯﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺑﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ – ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﻫﺮﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻲﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﺳﺮﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺴﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺑﻴﺎﻥﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ‪ -‬ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺗﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺏﻭﺟﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺐﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ‬
‫)ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺳﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ‪ .(111 :1385‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ »‪ SMART PLS‬ﻭ ‪ «LISREL‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫‪S1‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫‪S2‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺯﻭﺭﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻀﻴﻴﻊ ﺣﻖ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫‪S3‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵﺷﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫‪S4‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻢ ﺩﻝﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲﺍﻡ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻡ‬ ‫‪S5‬‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪S6‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪S7‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ؟‬
‫ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﺴﺮﺕ‬
‫‪S8‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻳﺪ؟‬
‫ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟‬ ‫‪S9‬‬
‫ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫‪S10‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؟‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﭼﻴﺰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫‪S11‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻮﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ‪» PLS‬ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ« ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪﻧﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1970‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ LVPLS‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1980‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺭﻭﺵﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪PLS‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ PLS-GUI ،Visual PLS ،PLS-Graph‬ﻭ ‪ Smart PLS‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ‪ PLS‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲﺷﺪﻩ ‪ Smart PLS‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‪ PLS‬ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ‪ SmartPLS.de‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 10000‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺏﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ Smart PLS .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2005‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻳﻨﮕﻞ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻣﺒﻮﺭگ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻭﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﭘﻞ ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎﺵ ﻭ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻞ ﻭ ﻻﺗﻜﺲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ‪ CSV‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ SPSS‬ﻭ ‪ Excel‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫)ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺯﺍﺩﻩ‪ .(1391 ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ Smart PLS‬ﻭ ‪ Lisrel‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ Smart PLS‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪SmartPLS‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ SPSS‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ‪ CSV‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ‪ Smart PLS‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪:(1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ Calculate‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ Bootstrapping‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ t‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ‪ Bootstrapp‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ‪ t‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1.96‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ 0.05‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 2.58‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ 0.01‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﻪﺟﺰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪)Inner Model T-Statistic‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪(1‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫‪1,553‬‬ ‫‪5,877‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪10,095‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪4,575‬‬ ‫‪3,241‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ 1.96‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ 1.96‬ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :2‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ 1.96‬ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ »ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ« ﻭ »ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫»ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﻭ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ‪ -0.410‬ﺑﻪ ‪ -0.477‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻭ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ »ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﻭ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :3‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :2‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺪﻝ(‬ ‫‪Path Coefficients‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪-0,454‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪0,641‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪-0,477‬‬ ‫‪-0.276‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،t‬ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪:‬‬
‫)‪) Path Coefficients (Mean, STDEV, T-Values‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪(3‬‬
‫‪Standard Standard‬‬
‫‪Sample‬‬ ‫‪T Statistics‬‬
‫‪Deviation‬‬ ‫‪Error‬‬
‫)‪Mean (M‬‬ ‫)|‪(|O/STERR‬‬
‫)‪(STDEV) (STERR‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ >‪-‬ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪-0,46‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪5,82‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ>‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪0,64‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪9,59‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ >‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪-0,48‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪6,40‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ>‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪-0,28‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪3,55‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ 0/655‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪:(4‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻝ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪ Blindfolding‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ Calculate‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪5‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ CV-Red‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﺸﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﮕﻲ ‪ CV- Redundancy‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪Lisrel‬‬
‫ﭘﺲﺍﺯﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :6‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‪ RMSEA‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ 0.08‬ﻭ ‪ p‬ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ‪ p‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪-‬ﺧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻭﺍﻗﻊﻧﻤﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﻭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪ 0.08‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ ،T – Value‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :7‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ T – Value‬ﻭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﺪﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :8‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ 0/093‬ﻭ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﺑﻪ ‪ 0/006‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :9‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ 0/079‬ﻭ ‪P-‬‬
‫‪ VALUE‬ﺑﻪ ‪ 0/02691‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ )‪ (10‬ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ Structural Model‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪) Structural Model :10‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﭘﺮﺧﺎﺷﮕﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖﻃﻠﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻠﺐ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﺳﻴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻃﺎﻳﻔﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺭﻭﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﺧﺎﺷﮕﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻴﺰﻩﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺴﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫)‪.(-0.65.*1 = -0.65‬‬
‫‪» -3‬ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ«‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ )‪.(-0.51 * -0.65 *1 = + 0.3315‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﻱ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﻭ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ‪ 0.641‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ‬
‫)ﺁﻥﻫﻢ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ( ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻳﻚ‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ )ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ‪ (- 0.477‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﻢ‬
‫‪ (- 0.477* 0.641 =) -0.31‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ‪-0.276‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ«‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ )ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ‪(-0.66‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻤﻌﺎً‬
‫‪ 0,2641‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪1) (-0,454)*(-0,276)=0,1253‬‬
‫‪2) (-0,454)*(-0,477)*(0,641)=0,1388‬‬
‫‪3) 0.1252+0.1388=0.2641‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ« ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ«‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ‪0,3366‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪(-0.51)*(-0.66)*(1)= 0.3366‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫‪-0,454‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪-0,51‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,641‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬
‫‪1,17‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪-0,477‬‬ ‫‪-0.276‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬
‫‪-0,66‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪:(4‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ«‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺩﺭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ‪ 65.5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺭﺍ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ«‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﻪ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :5‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪Smart PLS‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪LISREL‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪0.641‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪0.607‬‬ ‫‪0.66‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪0.264‬‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﻭ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺱ« ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ‪ -0.276‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ«‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫»ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.3‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺯ ‪ 0.3‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬

‫‪ 6‬ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‪ : 6‬ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪Loadings Outer‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫‪0,80‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S1‬‬
‫‪0,65‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,80‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S2‬‬
‫‪0,70‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪)0,69‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ(‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S3‬‬
‫‪)0,48‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ(‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,84‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S4‬‬
‫‪0,72‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,81‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S5‬‬
‫‪0,66‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,70‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S6‬‬
‫‪0,53‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫)ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ(‬ ‫‪0,93‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫‪S7‬‬
‫)ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ(‬ ‫‪0,94‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,82‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S8‬‬
‫‪0,73‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,89‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S9‬‬
‫‪0,84‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪0,76‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S10‬‬
‫‪0,68‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫‪1,00‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪S11‬‬
‫‪1,00‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ )ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ( ﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻪ ‪ S3‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ )ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ( ﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻪ ‪ S7‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ‪ S1‬ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ S11‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 0.978‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺷﻣﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :7‬ﺿﺭﻳﺏ ﻫﻣﺑﺳﺗﮕﯽ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻣﺣﺎﺳﺑﻪﺷﺩﻩ ﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺭﻡﺍﻓﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﻣﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺯﺭﻝ‬
‫)‪(Correlations‬‬
‫‪lisrel‬‬ ‫‪smart‬‬
‫‪lisrel Pearson‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫**‪.978‬‬
‫‪Correlation‬‬
‫)‪Sig. (2-tailed‬‬ ‫‪.000‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪smar Pearson‬‬
‫**‪.978‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪Correlation‬‬
‫)‪Sig. (2-tailed‬‬ ‫‪.000‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ‪ T‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1.96‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪ Blindfolding‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ Calculate‬ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪ Finish‬ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻚ ‪ Construct Cross Validated Communality‬ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪» SSO .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺠﺬﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ« ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‪» SSE ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺠﺬﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ« ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻭ »)‪ «1- (SSE/SSO‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻳﺎ ‪ CV-COM‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻭﺍﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Construct Crossvalidated Communality‬‬
‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :7‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻳﺎ ‪(CV-COM‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪SSO‬‬ ‫‪SSE‬‬ ‫)‪1-(SSE/SSO‬‬

‫‪75,00‬‬ ‫‪75,00‬‬ ‫‪0,00‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻭﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺯﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪225,00‬‬ ‫‪168,66‬‬ ‫‪0,25‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺭﻭﻣﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪300,00‬‬ ‫‪152,34‬‬ ‫‪0,49‬‬
‫ﻧﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫‪225,00‬‬ ‫‪180,76‬‬ ‫‪0,197‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ Smart PLS‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :11‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪RMSEA‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪ 0.079‬ﻭ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ »ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪-‬ﺧﻲ« ﺑﻪ ‪ 0.02691‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ 0.08‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪P-‬‬
‫‪ VALUE‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ 0.08‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ RMSEA‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ‪ :1‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺶ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ »ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ« ﺑﻪ‬
‫»ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ‪ 1.17‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ )‪ (1‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻜﺲ )‪) (Syntax‬ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬
‫)‪ *.SPJ‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪Set Error Variance of NEZA To 0.00‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 12‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :12‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪1‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻜﺲ ﻣﺪﻝﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪!Eslah Beta balatar az 1.00‬‬

‫‪Raw Data from file 'C:\Users\Tehran\Desktop\Tamrin‬‬
‫'‪Lisrel\neza\Neza.psf‬‬
‫‪Sample Size = 75‬‬
‫‪Latent Variables NEZA ENZEVA MAROMIAT ANOMI‬‬
‫‪Relationships‬‬
‫‪NS1 = 1*NEZA‬‬
‫‪NS2 = NEZA‬‬
‫‪NS3 = NEZA‬‬
‫‪ES4 = 1*ENZEVA‬‬
‫‪ES5 = ENZEVA‬‬
‫‪ES6 = ENZEVA‬‬
‫‪MS7 = 1*MAROMIAT‬‬
‫‪MS8 = MAROMIAT‬‬
‫‪AS11 = 1*ANOMI‬‬
‫‪Set Covariance of AS11 Equal To 0.00‬‬
‫‪NEZA = ENZEVA‬‬
‫‪ENZEVA = MAROMIAT‬‬
‫‪MAROMIAT = ANOMI‬‬
‫‪Admissibility Check = Off‬‬
‫‪Set Error Variance of NEZA Equal To 0.00‬‬
‫‪Path Diagram‬‬
‫‪End of Problem‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ‪ :2‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12‬ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪) 0.08‬ﻣﺮﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ( ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺪﺋﺎﻝ ‪ 0.05‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭼﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺪﻳﺸﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪Maximum‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ )ﺑﻪﻏﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻛﻪ »ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ« ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ Likelihood‬ﺍﺳﺖ( ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :13‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫‪ereralized‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 13‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 13‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪Generalized‬‬
‫‪ Least Sqares‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪27‬‬
(LISREL ‫ ﻭ‬SMART PLS‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬:‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﻲ )ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﻨﻮﻧﺪ‬:‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ (‫)ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﻳﻲ‬:‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ‬
12 ‫ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺷﻜﻞ‬RMSEA ‫ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩ‬.‫ ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ( ﺍﺳﺖ‬12 ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬.‫ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬0.181 ‫ ﺑﻪ‬13 ‫ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬0.093 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
.‫ﺁﻣﻮﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻞﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
SYSTEM FILE from file 'C:\Users\Tehran\Desktop\Tamrin

Lisrel\neza\Nezapath.DSF'
Sample Size = 75
Latent Variables NEZA ENZEVA MAROMIAT ANOMI
Relationships
NS1 = 1.00*NEZA
NS2 = NEZA
NS3 = NEZA
ES4 = 1.00*ENZEVA
ES5 = ENZEVA
ES6 = ENZEVA
MS7 = 1.00*MAROMIAT
MS8 = MAROMIAT
MS9 = MAROMIAT
MS10 = MAROMIAT
AS11 = 1.00*ANOMI
Set Variance of AS11 Equal To 0.00
NEZA = ENZEVA
ENZEVA = MAROMIAT
MAROMIAT = ANOMI
Set Error Covariance of NEZA Equal To 0.00
Path Diagram
Admissibility Check = Off
Method of Estimation: Generalized Least Squares
End of Problem
28
‫ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ« ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 14‬ﻭ ‪ 15‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :14‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ »ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ« ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪:15‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ »ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ« ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺱ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ »ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ« ) ‪Generalized Least‬‬
‫‪ (Squares‬ﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ »ﻧﺰﺍﻉ«‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪(16‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :16‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ »ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ« ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ »ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ« ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ »ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ« )ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ 0.032‬ﻭ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ »ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪-‬ﺧﻲ« ﺑﻪ ‪ 0.339‬ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﺵ‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫‪) 0.05‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﺪﺋﺎﻝ( )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ (0.08‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺱ« ﻭ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﻗﺒﻼً ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺾﺍﻟﻠﻬﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﮔﺎﻡﺑﻪﮔﺎﻡ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ »ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ‪ «8.72‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ )ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ( ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫»ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ«‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺯﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ )‪ ،(1391‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PLS‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺳﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺣﻤﺖﺍﷲ )‪ ،(1385‬ﺁﺳﻴﺐﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪.(http://www.smartpls.ir) -3‬‬
‫‪33‬‬

PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

‫ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺧﺪﺍﻭﻧﺪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ )ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ(‬

‫)ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻉﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﻲ‬

‫)ﻫﺪﻑ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ SMART PLS‬ﻭ ‪(LISREL‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ »‪ SMART PLS‬ﻭ ‪ «LISREL‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪SmartPLS‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪:(1‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ Calculate‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

‫‪)Inner Model T-Statistic‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪(1‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫‪1,553‬‬ ‫‪5,877‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪4,575‬‬ ‫‪3,241‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :2‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :3‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬

‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :2‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺪﻝ(‬ ‫‪Path Coefficients‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪-0,477‬‬ ‫‪-0.276‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪) Path Coefficients (Mean, STDEV, T-Values‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪(3‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ >‪-‬ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪-0,46‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪5,82‬‬

‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ>‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪0,64‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪9,59‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ >‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪-0,48‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪0,07‬‬ ‫‪6,40‬‬

‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ>‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪-0,28‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪0,08‬‬ ‫‪3,55‬‬

‫‪ 0/655‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪:(4‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪5‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪Lisrel‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :6‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻝﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ‪ P-VALUE‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.05‬ﻭ ‪ RMSEA‬ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :8‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :9‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺸﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪) Structural Model :10‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ(‬

‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﻱ »ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﻭ »ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ« ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (- 0.477* 0.641 =) -0.31‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ »ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ« ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ‪-0.276‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫‪-0,477‬‬ ‫‪-0.276‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :5‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪Smart PLS‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪LISREL‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪0.641‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫»ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺱ« ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 0.3‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‪ : 6‬ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪Loadings Outer‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫)ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ(‬ ‫‪0,93‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﺎﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺷﻣﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :7‬ﺿﺭﻳﺏ ﻫﻣﺑﺳﺗﮕﯽ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎی ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ‬

‫)‪Sig. (2-tailed‬‬ ‫‪.000‬‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫)‪Sig. (2-tailed‬‬ ‫‪.000‬‬

‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪Construct Crossvalidated Communality‬‬

‫)ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :7‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻳﺎ ‪(CV-COM‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪SSO‬‬ ‫‪SSE‬‬ ‫)‪1-(SSE/SSO‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺯﻭﺍ‬ ‫‪225,00‬‬ ‫‪168,66‬‬ ‫‪0,25‬‬

‫ﻣﺣﺭﻭﻣﻳﺕ‬ ‫‪300,00‬‬ ‫‪152,34‬‬ ‫‪0,49‬‬

‫ﻧﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫‪225,00‬‬ ‫‪180,76‬‬ ‫‪0,197‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :11‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻝ‬

‫)‪ *.SPJ‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪Set Error Variance of NEZA To 0.00‬‬