CHAPTER III

BOOK SUMMARY
1. 1st BOOK IDENTITY
1.1 Book Title : Principles of Biochemistry
1.2 Author : Geoffrey L. Zubay, William W. Parson, Dennis
E.Vance
1.3 Publsher : Wm. C. Brown Communication
1.4 Year : 1995
1.5 City Publish : U.S.A

2. SUMMARY BOOK
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
I. METABOLISM SRATEGY
Living cells require a steady supply of intermediate metabolic materials and energy,
synthesis and degradation of small molecules, serving two functions: supplying the energy
needed for the synthesis of macromolecules and other energy-requiring processes, and it
complements this process with the amino acid starting material needed for synthesis protein,
fatty acids for lipid synthesis, nucleoside triphosphate for the synthesis of nucleic acids and
sugars for the synthesis of polysaccharides. To maintain a stable state and to allow growth and
reproduction as well, all living cells need energy (ATP) and the starting material for
biosynthesis. Reducing power (NADPH) is also needed because most biosynthesis involves
converting compounds to a more reduced state. While the needs of organisms are different, the
way in whichorganisms are similar, the way in which organisms fulfill their needs can be very
different. Indeed the most fundamental metabolic differences between organisms are related to
the ways in which they fulfill their basic metabolic needs Autotrophs use inorganic
environments without any other way for compounds produced by other organisms.
Photoautotrophs get ATP by phosphorylation electron transfer during excited photochemical
electron cycling. Some photoautotrophs, including plants, can also use solar energy to extract
electrons from water, independence so that photoautotrophs have reached all energy sources
except the sun, and from all carbon electron sources except for water and carbon dioxide (CO2).
For this reason, photoautotropic fixation of carbon dioxide is the main basis of the food chain
in the biosphere. Common heterotrophs depend on preformed organic compounds for all three
primary
needs. Although some carbon dioxide is fixed in heterotrophic metabolism, heterotrophic cells
thrive at the expense of compounds formed by other cells, and are unable to convert clean
(fixation) of carbon dioxide into organic compounds. Some bacteria called photoheterotrophs
are capable of regenerating photochemical ATP but cannot use photochemical reactions to
supply electrons for NADP +.
Most enzymes that are catalyzed in reactions in living cells are arranged in sequence or
pathway. In that path it is the whole sequence that serves functions, not individual
reactions. For example, conversion of chorismate organic compounds to tryptophan occurs in
five discrete steps, each of which requires certain enzymatic activity. The intermediate between
chorismate and tryptophan serves a function except as a tryptophan precursor. The end of the
prosuct, tryptophan, has many uses, including the role as a building block in protein synthesis.
Enzymes with related functions are often compartmentalized in certain organelles, a process
that increases metabolic efficiency in various ways. First, higher concentrations of enzymes
and substances produced from localization cause faster rates of reaction. Second, this higher
concentration facilitates pathway regulation by limiting the starting material or key
intermediates of organelles and allowing direct interaction of one enzyme with another. fatty
acid metabolism in extraordinary eukaryotes describes the type Settings. The enzymes involved
in catabolism of fatty acids are all located inside the mitochondria, while all the enzymes
involved in the synthesis of fatty acids are outside the mitochondria in the cytosol.

FUNCTIONAL COUPLING ROAD

Large metabolic charts have been designed to display all major biochemical pathways.
Such graphs present confusing interconnected paths, making it difficult to appreciate the
relationship between different paths. The overall operational aspect of metabolism can
be clarified by simple block diagrams that eliminate detail and focus on functional
relationships. The metabolism of the system is symbolized by two functional blocks:

1. Katabolism or degradative metabolism. Foods that are oxidized to carbon

dioxide. Most of the electrons released in this oxidation are transferred to oxygen, with
the concomitant production of ATP (phosphorylation electron-transfer). Other electrons
are used to reduce agents for biosynthesis. The main pathway in this block is the
tricarboxylic glycolytic and acid (TCA) sequence. This same sequence, with the pentose
phosphate pathway, also provides a carbon framework for cell biosynthesis processes.

2. Biosynthesis, or anabolism. This block includes far greater chemical

complexity than the first. The initial material produced by glycolysis and the TCA cycle
is converted into hundreds of cell components, with NADPH serving as a reducing agent
when needed, and with ATP functioning as a universal coupling agent or energytransducing
compound. The synthesis of the starting material is followed by the synthesis of
macromolecules and growth.

REGULATION OF GLICOLISIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS

Control of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is limited to three points, all located
outside the pool. the control points will be arranged in three small pseudocycles. This
difference ensures that the thermodynamic reaction is feasible in both directions, but
does not dictate which reactions are active and which are not active in any particular
metabolic condition. Activity status is determined by allosteric factors of small
molecules, which interact with regulatory enzymes that catalyze reactions in each
pseudocycles. Glucagon and epinephrine also regulate pseudocycle II so that it can stimulate
gluconeogenesis while inhibiting glycolysis. They do this reaction chain trough which
results in a decrease in the allosteric concentration of the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
effector. This effector stimulates phosphofructokinase while inhibiting fructose
bisphosphate phosphatase.

2. 2nd BOOK IDENTITY

2.1 Book Title : Principles of Biochemistry (International
Edition),
2.2 Author : Horton, H. Robert & Moran,
2.3 Publsher : Evengelist
2.4 Year : 2010
2.5 City Publish : UK
 STRUCTURE AND OLIGOSAKARIDA AND
POLICAKARIDA METABOLISM
In the special case of glycosyl transferases, the main reason for addition in the synthesis of
oligosaccharide is because this anzim is found in different bound membrane compartments.
The newly produced glycoproteins come in contact with glycosyl transfer asester of course
when they are in the
cellular compartment where syltransferaseglyco is located. The initial stage of printing
oligosaccharides for proteins often begins before protein synthesis is complete. Proteins can
become glycoproteins with the addition of glycans which are usually synthesized in
ribosomes that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins and glycoproteins are combined
in the interior of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum associated with hydrophobic amino acids,
which are referred to as NH2 - terminus sequences. While protein synthesis is complete
before a protein leaves the endoplasmic reticulum. In the body of the Golgi the biosynthesis
of oligosaccharides continues with a skeletal removal and addition of sugar residues. After
exiting the Golgi body with advanced shoots, glycoproteins are sent to one of the three
plasma membrane locations to become part of the glycoprotein, extra cellular from certain
glycoproteins or lysosomes. Because of the biosynthesis of o- and N- through relatively
different routes, this discussion will therefore be specifically separated. N-Linked
Oligosaccharides make use of Lipid carriers. The initial stages of the general core synthesis
of all oligosaccharides include 5 related sugars. This illustrates the common biosynthetic
pathway where sugar is added to the polyprenol-related membrane lipid called dolicholfosfat.
Structure and Metabolism of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides Polysaccharides and
oligosaccharides are formed from various types of hexos. Polymer carbohydrates are the
main structural components in plants and bacterial cell walls and vertebrate extracellular
matrices. Energy storage polysaccharides and cellulose are homopolymers composed of
exclusive glucose, with large amounts of monosaccharides used to build other
polysaccharides. This list includes D-monnose, Dand L-galactose, D-xylose, L arabinose, D-
glucoronic acid, L-iduronic acid, N-acetyl-Dglucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-
acid acetylneuraminic. Many of these sugar building blocks are discussed in this chapter.
Serious diseases often result from the inability of the organism to metabolize certain
substances that are ingested as nutrients. Galactosemia is a disease that results
from the inability to convert galactose to glucose. In the most common form of this
disease transferase is either reduced or absent due to genetic defects. In the case of
galactosemia the lost function can be compensated with dietary control. The main source
of galactose in food (especially infants) is lactose disaccharide found in milk. The
damaging effects of galactose accumulation can be minimized by feeding infants with
lactose-free milk from the time of birth. Galactose needed for membranes and the
synthesis of glycoproteins can be formed from glucose-1-phosphate. Structurally, the
simplest and most well-known of heteropolysaccharides containing more than one type of
monomer is glycosaminoglycan. This is a long, branched polysaccharide consisting of
repeating disaccharide subunits where one of the two sugars is either N-acetylglucosamine or
N-acetylgalactosamine. Glycosaminoglycans are usually found in extracellular spaces in
multicellular organisms, where they produce a compressed thick viscous matrix.

3. ASSESSMENT OF THE BOOK CONTENT

3.1 Advantages of Book Contents
This book that discusses carbohydrate metabolism is very good. Writing is very
neat and in accordance with scientific writing. The explanation given is also very close
to the material of carbohydrate metabolism does not discuss the other discussions that do
not cover the material. The material presented in this book is also very broad in scope,
thus increasing the knowledge of the reader after reading this book. Besides this book is
also equipped with images that make it easier for readers to understand the contents of
the book. In addition, with the presence of the reader, the reader will not get bored
quickly to read it, because the image brings the reader the appeal to understand the
contents of the book only with that picture. Maybe if this book is not equipped with
pictures it will make someone reluctant to read it because the content is just writing.

3.2 Weakness of Book Content

This book is very good, the writing technique is very neat, and it is equipped
with a very broad picture and coverage, but in the discussion of carbohydrate metabolism this
book does not explain anabolism and catabolism by points of points. So when I read this
book I was confused because the explanation was not like a biochemical book like the
biochemical book I had read. If this book discusses material on anabolism and catabolism on
perpoin points, it will be easier for readers to understand the material of carbohydrate
metabolism.

CHAPTER
IMPLICATIONS
 THEORI / CONCEPT
• First Book
This book is very suitable for students, especially students majoring in biology.
which in this book has explained the material of carbohydrates and everything related to
carbohydrates well, clearly and descriptively. So that when studied, it will be easier for
the understanding to understand the contents of the Carbohydrate material that is in this
book.
• Second Book
The 2 carbohydrate material in this book is very useful for students, because the
carbohydrate material in this book has been well explained so that it can add insight to
students about carbohydrates.
 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN INDONESIA
Based on the material in this book, the fat material described is very useful for
everyday life. and by remembering this fat material, it will be reflected in everyday life.
For example in the fields of medicine, food and industry.
 STUDENT ANALYSIS
In the first book Carbohydrate material has been explained quite well, so from
that explanation, I will be able to apply what Carbohydrates actually are, how to
overcome Carbohydrates for the body and what are the sources of Carbohydrates. -there
is the first book that explains how fat plays a role in metabolic processes, and what
diseases are caused by carbohydrates and fatty acids if they are already very excessive
for the human body. In the second book material carbohydrates and cell membranes are
also explained by multiply and clear. actually the critical book material that is intended
to be discussed is not this material, but the material discussed in it is good enough and
invites us to bring the material presented in it. the material that has been changed is
sufficiently written by the author. and the benefit of this book that I got is that I now
know nothing about the constituents of the cell membranes of living things.

CHAPTER
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• CONCLUSION
From these two books, I can conclude that the material discussed in these two
books is very good and invites us to bring these two books together. and this book is
very useful for students. Because in book 3 Carbohydrate has explained very well and
clearly. So that readers will better understand the contents of the Carbohydrate material.
and in book 6 material carbohydrates and cell membranes are also very good. so that if
the reader reads this book, the reader will better understand the contents of the
carbohydrate and cell membrane material. Both of these books have also presented
drawings to clarify the contents of the material in the second book.
• SUGGESTION
My suggestion for these two books is that it is better if it is in a book first, the
supporting images of the material are colored so that the book is more interesting and
easier for the reader to interpret through colorful images that the reader will see. and for
the second book, it's better if the sources for the discussion material in the book are
better if they are taken from journal sources as well. don't be more dominant about the
sources of the book