visual perception and

imaging

Dr. S.Md.Mansoor Roomi B.E, M.E(Power), M.E(Comn), PhD

Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai

A picture is worth more than thousand words

Never Stop ‘?’
Visual Perception and Imaging
Human Vision System
 Sensors of Eye

Cones
cone-shaped
less sensitive
operate in high light
color vision
Rods
rod-shaped
highly sensitive
operate at night
gray-scale vision
Image Formation

Courtesy : www.lvyRose.co.uk
 From Eye to Brain

Reception-- Transduction Transmission

the stimulation of -- transforming --delivering
sensory receptor this cell
this neural
cells by energy stimulation into
information to
(light) neural impulses
the brain to be
processed
Joy of Human Sight!!!!!!
Know your Vision
What is invisible???
What do you See???

Copyright A.Kitaoka 2003

Human versus Insect Vision

Courtesy: Norton Presentation Manager

Spider Vision Makes you
wonder what
exactly
spider see!!!

Courtesy: farm5.static.flickr.com
Mimic of Human Eye
Pinhole Camera

Bacon (214-
1294) - Used to
observe
eclipses
 A Tale of Two Coordinate Systems

v y

u
Camera
w
o x
Two important coordinate systems:
1. World coordinate system z “The World”
2. Camera coordinate system
Rods and Cons of Digital Camera
Components of Digital Camera
 Sensation vs. Perception
Sensation
“The process by which our sensory receptors
and nervous system receive and represent
stimulus energies from our environment.”
Perception
“The process of organizing
and interpreting sensory
information, enabling us
to recognize meaningful
objects and events.”

The brain The brain makes

receives input sense out of the
from the input from
sensory organs. sensory organs.

33
Joy of Human Sight!!!!!!
Making sense of the world
Top-down
What am I processing:
seeing? using models,
ideas, and
expectations to
interpret sensory
information
Bottom-up
processing:
taking sensory
information and Is that
then assembling something I’ve
and integrating it seen before?
35
Every picture tells a story

Goal of computer vision is to write computer programs that can

interpret images
The Eye- Biological Camera

• Lens, cornea
and fluids focus
light.
• Six eye
muscles orient
the eye
• Iris adjusts light
• Retina captures
images
pupil
 Light receptors in the retina:
Cones
• Located in the fovea and highly sensitive to the
color, cones in each eye number between 6 and
7 million.
• Resolve fine details, because each one is
connected to its own nerve end.
• Muscles controlling the eye rotate until the
image of an objects of interest falls on the fovea.
• Cone vision is called photopic or bright-light
vision
 Light receptors in the retina:
Rods
• Some 75 to 150 million are distributed over the
retinal surface.
• Several rods are connected to a single never
end, therefore reduce the amount of detail
discernible by these receptors.
• Serve to give a general, overall picture of the
field of view.
• Not involved in color vision and are sensitive to
low level illumination
• Scotopic or dim-light vision
Distribution of cones and rods
 Image Formation

15 x

100 0.017

x  15 * 0.017 / 100
 How do we see the world?

• Let’s design a camera

– Idea 1: put a piece of film in front of an object
– Do we get a reasonable image?
 Pinhole camera

• Add a barrier to block off most of the rays

– This reduces blurring
– The opening known as the aperture
– How does this transform the image?
 Camera

• The first camera

– Known to Aristotle
– Depth of the room is the focal length
– Pencil of rays – all rays through a point
– Can we measure distances?
 Shrinking the aperture

• Why not make the aperture as small as

possible?
– Less light gets through
– Diffraction effects…
Shrinking the aperture
 Adding a lens

“circle of
confusion”

• A lens focuses light onto the film

– There is a specific distance at which objects are “in
focus”
• other points project to a “circle of confusion” in the image
– Changing the shape of the lens changes this distance
 Cameras
• Really cool
• Not too expensive nowadays (<Rs 10,000)

Nikon D50
Single-sensor Imaging

50
Beyond Visible

51
Image processing chain - subject to output

digital
Analogue
Image?
O x

f(x,y)

Coordinate convention ?
Memory Requirement ?
8 bits provide
256 possible
gray levels
Understanding
 Send your feedback to
smmroomi@tce.edu

Thanks and Regards

Dr S.Md.Mansoor Roomi