Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:
integrating factor
exact differential
common differential

This section will use the following four exact differentials that occurs frequently.

1.

2.

3.

4.

The Determination of Integrating Factor

Tags:
exact equation
partial differentiation
integrating factor
function of x alone
function of y alone

From the differential equation

Rule 1

If , a function of x alone, then is the

integrating factor.

Rule 2

If , a function of y alone, then is the

integrating factor.

Note that the above criteria is of no use if the equation does not have an integrating factor that is a
function of x or y alone.
Steps

1. Take the coefficient of dx as M and the coefficient of dy as N.

2. Evaluate ∂M/∂y and ∂N/∂x.
3. Take the difference ∂M/∂y - ∂N/∂x.
4. Divide the result of Step 3 by N. If the quotient is a function of x alone, use the integrating
factor defined in Rule 1 above and proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of x
alone, proceed to Step 5.
5. Divide the result of Step 3 by M. If the quotient is a function of y alone, use the integrating
factor defined in Rule 2 above and proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of y
alone, look for another method of solving the equation.
6. Multiply both sides of the given equation by the integrating factor u, the new equation which
is uM dx + uN dy = 0 should be exact.
7. Solve the result of Step 6 by exact equation or by inspection.

Problem 01 | Determination of Integrating Factor

Tags:
partial differentiation
integrating factor
function of x alone

Problem 01

Solution 01
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 → a function of x alone

Integrating factor

Thus,

answer
Problem 02 | Determination of Integrating Factor
Tags:
partial differentiation
integrating factor
function of x alone

Problem 02

Solution 02
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→ a function of x alone

Integrating factor

Thus,
 answer

Problem 03 | Determination of Integrating Factor

Tags:
partial differentiation
integrating factor
function of y alone

Problem 03

Solution 03
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 → neither a function of x alone nor y alone

→ a function of y alone

Integrating factor

Thus,

answer

Problem 04

Solution 04
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 → neither a function of x alone nor y alone

→ a function y alone

Integrating factor

Thus,
 answer

Substitution Suggested by the Equation | Bernoulli's

Equation
Tags:
substitution
linear differential equation
integrating factor
Bernoulli's equation
suggested substitution

Substitution Suggested by the Equation

Example 1

The quantity (2x - y) appears twice in the equation. Let

Substitute,

then continue solving.

Example 2

The quantity (-sin y dy) is the exact derivative of cos y. Let

Substitute,

then continue solving.

Bernoulli's Equation
Bernoulli's equation is in the form

If x is the dependent variable, Bernoulli's equation can be recognized in the form

.

If n = 1, the variables are separable.

If n = 0, the equation is linear.
If n ≠ 1, Bernoulli's equation.

Steps in solving Bernoulli's equation

ndefinite Integrals
Indefinite Integrals
If F(x) is a function whose derivative F'(x) = f(x) on certain interval of the x-axis, then F(x) is called
the anti-derivative of indefinite integral f(x). When we integrate the differential of a function we get
that function plus an arbitrary constant. In symbols we write

where the symbol , called the integral sign, specifies the operation of integration upon f(x) dx; that
is, we are to find a function whose derivative is f(x) or whose differential is f(x) dx. The dx tells us
that the variable of integration is x.
- See more at: http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/indefinite-
integrals#sthash.J5q1Fvlb.dpuf

1. Write the equation into the form .

2. Identify , , and .
3. Write the quantity and let .

4. Determine the integrating factor .

5. The solution is defined by .

6. Bring the result back to the original variable.

7. 1 - 3 Examples | Indefinite Integrals
8. Tags:
9. power formula
10. integration
12. Evaluate the following integrals:

13. Example 1:

14. Example 2:

15. Example 3:

16. Solution to Example 1:

17. HideClick here to show or hide the solution

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24. answer
25.
26. Solution to Example 2:
27. HideClick here to show or hide the solution

28.

29. This is the form . If we let , then is raised to a power 4 and is

multiplied by the differential of the function corresponding to ,
the integral can be evaluated as follows:
 answer

30. It should be pointed out that no integral can be evaluated directly unless it contains, in
addition to the expression identified with , the exact differential of the function
corresponding to .
31.
32. Solution to Example 3:
33. HideClick here to show or hide the solution

34.

35.

36.
37. answer

4 - 6 Examples | Indefinite Integrals

Tags:
power formula
integration

Evaluate the following:

Example 4:

Example 5:

Example 6:

Solution to Example 4
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This is not of the form because of the missing constant factor 3 in the integrand.
Identifying , , then the differential . We must then insert 3 in the
integrand and to compensate for it, we place the reciprocal 1/3 before the integral sign. This in effect
multiplying by one does not affect the value of the function.
Let , then

answer

Solution to Example 5
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Let
u = 2x3 + 2x + 1
du = (6x2 + 2) dx = 2(3x2 + 1) dx
n = -2/3

answer

Solution to Example 6
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If we let and , then . But there is no in the given integrand. It is
easy to insert -4 in the integrand and offset this by placing -1/4 before the integral sign but nothing
can be done about the missing factor . We therefore expand and integrate term by
term.

answer

Definite Integral
The definite integral of f(x) is the difference between two values of the integral of f(x) for two distinct
values of the variable x. If the integral of f(x) dx = F(x) + C, the definite integral is denoted by the
symbol

The quantity F(b) - F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) between the limits a and b or simply the
definite integral from a to b. It is called the definite integral because the result involves neither x nor
the constant C and therefore has a definite value. The numbers a and b are called the limits of
integration, a being the lower limit and b the upper limit.

General Properties of Definite Integral

1. The sign of the integral changes if the limits are interchanged.

2. The interval of integration may be broken up into any number of subintervals, and integrate
over each interval separately.
 3. The definite integral of a given integrand is independent of the variable of integration. Hence,
it makes no difference what letter is used for the variable of integration.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions | Fundamental Integration

Formulas
In applying the formula (Example: Formula 1 below), it is important to note that the numerator du is
the differential of the variable quantity u which appears squared inside the square root symbol. We
mentally put the quantity under the radical into the form of the square of the constant minus the
square of the variable.

1.

2.

3.

‹ Trigonometric Functions | Fundamental Integration Formulasup