Torsion

Examples

•A Solid Shaft in rolling mill transmit 20 KW

at 2 𝑟𝑒𝑣Τ𝑠. Determine the diameter of the
shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed
2
40 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚 and angle of twist is limited to
𝑜 Τ 2
6 in a length of 3 m. Use 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑁 𝑚 .
Two solid shafts of different materials are rigidly fastened together and
attached to rigid supports as shown in Fig. 3-4. The aluminum segment is
75mm in diameter, and 𝐺𝑎 = 28𝑥109 𝑃𝑎. The steel segment has a diameter
of 50 mm and 𝐺𝑠 = 83𝑥109 𝑃𝑎. The torque, 𝑇 = 1000 𝑁. 𝑚 is applied at
the junction of the two segments. Compute the maximum shearing stress
developed in the assembly.
A steel shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded as shown in Fig.
3-5 by torques applied to gears fastened to it. Using 𝐺 = 83𝑥103 𝑀𝑁 Τ𝑚2 ,
compute in degrees the relative angle of rotation between gears A and D.
• A stepped steel shaft consists of a hollow shaft 2 m long, with an
outside diameter of 100 mm and an inside diameter of 70 mm, rigidly
attached to a solid shaft 1.5 m long, and 70 mm in diameter.
Determine the maximum torque that can be applied without
exceeding a shearing stress of 70 𝑀𝑁 Τ𝑚2 or a twist of 2.5 deg in the
3.5-m length. Use 𝐺 = 83 𝐺𝑁Τ𝑚2 .
• A steel shaft is loaded as shown in fig. P-314. Using 𝐺 = 83 GN/m^2,
determine the required diameter of the shaft if the shearing stress is
limited to 60 MN/m^2 and the angle of rotation at the free end is not
to exceed 4 deg.
• A steel shaft with constant diameter of 60 mm is loaded by torques
applied to gears attached to it as shown in Fig. using G = 83𝑥109 𝑃𝑎,
determine the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.
Flanged Bolt Coupling
 The torque is transmitted by the
shearing force P created in the
bolts.

𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
In shaft connection called flanged bolt couplings (see
𝜋𝑑 2
figure), the torque is transmitted by the shearing force P
created in he bolts that is assumed to be uniformly
= 𝜏𝑅𝑛
4
distributed. For any number of bolts n, the torque capacity Number of bolts
of the coupling is
Radius of the bolt circle
Shear Stress
Area of bolts
If a coupling has two concentric rows of bolts, the torque
capacity is

𝑇 = 𝑃1 𝑅1 𝑛1 + 𝑃2 𝑅2 𝑛2
where the subscript 1 refer to bolts on the outer circle an
subscript 2 refer to bolts on the inner circle.
For rigid flanges, the shear deformations in the bolts are proportional to
their radial distances from the shaft axis. The shearing strains are
related by
𝛾1 𝛾2
=
𝑅1 𝑅2
Using Hooke's law for shear, G = τ / γ, we have
𝜏1 𝜏2 𝑃1 𝑃2
= ൗ𝐴 ൗ𝐴
1 2
𝐺1 𝑅1 𝐺2 𝑅2 =
𝐺1 𝑅1 𝐺2 𝑅2
If the bolts on the two circles have the same area,
A1 = A2, and if the bolts are made of the same material,
G1 = G2, the relation between P1 and P2 reduces to

𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑅1 𝑅2
Examples
• A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm-diameter bolts spaced
evenly around a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine the
torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress in the
bolts is 40 MPa.
• In a rivet group subjected to a twisting couple T, show that the torsion
formula τ = Tρ/J can be used to find the shearing stress τ at the center
of any rivet. Let J = ΣAρ2, where A is the area of a rivet at the radial
distance ρ from the centroid of the rivet group.
The plate shown is fastened to the fixed
member by three 10-mm-diameter rivets.
Compute the value of the loads P so that
the average shearing stress in any rivet
does not exceed 70 MPa.
Plate: Flange Bolt Coupling
• A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight steel 20-mm-diameter bolts
spaced evenly around a bolt circle 300 mm in diameter. Determine the
torque capacity of the coupling if the allowable shearing stress in the bolts
is 40 MN/m^2
• A flanged bolt coupling is used to connect a solid shaft 90 mm in diameter
to a hollow shaft 100 mm in outside diameter and 90 mm in inside
diameter. If the allowable shearing stress in the shafts and the bolts is 60
MN/m^2. How many 10 mm diameter streel bolts must be used on a 200-
mm-diameter bolt circle so that the coupling will be as strong as the
weaker shaft.
• A plate is fastened to a fixed member by four 20 mm diameter rivets
arranged as shown. Compute the maximum and minimum stress
developed.
Torsion of Thin-walled Tubes
Torsion of thin-walled tube
• The torque applied to thin-walled
tubes is expressed as
𝑇 = 2𝐴𝑞
where T is the torque in N·mm, A is the area enclosed by the
center line of the tube (as shown in the stripe-filled portion) in
mm2, and q is the shear flow in N/mm.

The average shearing stress across any thickness t is

𝑞 𝑇
𝜏= =
𝑡 2𝐴𝑡
Example
• A tube has a semicircular shape shown in Fig. 3-11. If stress
concentration at the corners is neglected, what torque will cause a
shearing stress of 40 𝑀𝑁 Τ𝑚2 ?
A tube 3mm thick has the elliptical shape shown in
Fig-338. What torque will cause a shearing stress of
60 MN/m^2
 Plate: Torsion of thin-walled Tubes
• A torque of 600 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 is applied to the rectangular
section shown in Fig. P-337. Determine the wall
thickness (t) so as not to exceed a shear stress pf 60
MPa. What is the shear stress in the short sides?
Neglect stress concentration at the corners.
• A tube 3mm thick has the shape shown in Fig. P-339.
Find the shearing stress caused by a torque of 700 𝑁 ∙
𝑚 if dimension 𝑎 = 75 𝑚𝑚.